1
|
Tao A, Wang J, Luo B, Liu B, Wang Z, Chen X, Zou T, Chen J, You J. Research progress on cottonseed meal as a protein source in pig nutrition: An updated review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 18:220-233. [PMID: 39281049 PMCID: PMC11402386 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
At a global level, the supply of protein sources is insufficient to support the current magnitude of pig production. Moreover, given the exorbitant expense of conventional protein feed options like soybean meal and fish meal, it becomes imperative to promptly explore alternative sources of protein feed for the sustainable advancement of the pig industry. Cottonseed meal, a by-product from the extraction of cottonseed oil, exhibits significant potential as a protein source for pig feed owing to its high protein content, high yield, low cost, well-balanced amino acid composition, and sufficient accessibility. However, cottonseed meal possesses several anti-nutritional factors, especially gossypol, which adversely affect growth and reproductive performance, resulting in the limited utilization of cottonseed meal in pig feed. To maximize the benefits of cottonseed meal and promote its application in pig production, it is imperative to acquire comprehensive knowledge regarding its nutritional value and current utilization. In this review, we initially presented a summary of the nutritional values of cottonseed meal, primary anti-nutritional factors, and effective approaches for improving its utilization as a protein source feed. Subsequently, we comprehensively summarized the latest research progress of cottonseed meal application in pig nutrition over the past decade. The outcome of this review serves as a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the research and application of cottonseed meal in pig nutrition and promotes the reduction of soybean meal utilization in the pig industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An Tao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Bin Luo
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zirui Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xingping Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Tiande Zou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jinming You
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang C, Li X, Pan J, Ma C, Zhang S, Zang C, Yang K. Integrative transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis to elucidate the effect of gossypol on Enterobacter sp. GD5. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306597. [PMID: 39106246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Gossypol, a yellow polyphenolic compound found in the Gossypium genus, is toxic to animals that ingest cotton-derived feed materials. However, ruminants display a notable tolerance to gossypol, attributed to the pivotal role of ruminal microorganisms in its degradation. The mechanisms of how rumen microorganisms degrade and tolerate gossypol remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, Enterobacter sp. GD5 was isolated from rumen fluid, and the effects of gossypol on its metabolism and gene expression were investigated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and RNA analyses. The LC-MS results revealed that gossypol significantly altered the metabolic profiles of 15 metabolites (eight upregulated and seven downregulated). The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis results showed that significantly different metabolites were associated with glutathione metabolism in both positive and negative ion modes, where gossypol significantly affected the biosynthesis of amino acids in the negative ion mode. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that gossypol significantly affected 132 genes (104 upregulated and 28 downregulated), with significant changes observed in the expression of catalase peroxidase, glutaredoxin-1, glutathione reductase, thioredoxin 2, thioredoxin reductase, and alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit F, which are related to antioxidative stress. Furthermore, Gene Ontology analysis revealed significant changes in homeostatic processes following gossypol supplementation. Overall, these results indicate that gossypol induces oxidative stress, resulting in the increased expression of antioxidative stress-related genes in Enterobacter sp. GD5, which may partially explain its tolerance to gossypol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CaiDie Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat & Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - XiaoBin Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat & Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jun Pan
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat & Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chen Ma
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat & Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - ShiQi Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat & Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Changjiang Zang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat & Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - KaiLun Yang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat & Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang L, Zheng H, Zhang X, Chen X, Liu Y, Tang Y, Zhang W, Wang Z, Zhao L, Guo Y. Effective Degradation of Free Gossypol in Defatted Cottonseed Meal by Bacterial Laccases: Performance and Toxicity Analysis. Foods 2024; 13:566. [PMID: 38397543 PMCID: PMC10888038 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cottonseed meal (CSM) is the major by-product of the cottonseed oil extraction process with high protein content. However, the presence of free gossypol (FG) in CSM severely restricts its utilization in the food and animal feed industries. The development of a biological strategy for the effective removal of FG in CSM has become an urgent need. In this study, three bacterial laccases including CotA from Bacillus licheniformis, CueO from Escherichia coli, and LcLac from Loigolactobacillus coryniformis were heterologously expressed and investigated for their FG degradation ability. The results showed that CotA laccase displayed the highest FG-degrading capacity among the three laccases, achieving 100% FG degradation at 37 °C and pH 7.0 in 1 h without the addition of a redox mediator. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that the hepatotoxicity of FG was effectively eliminated after oxidative degradation by CotA laccase. Furthermore, the addition of CotA laccase could achieve 87% to 98% FG degradation in defatted CSM within 2 h. In conclusion, CotA laccase can be developed as an effective biocatalyst for the detoxification of FG in CSM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.C.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Hao Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.C.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xingke Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.C.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xiaoxue Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.C.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yanrong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.L.); (Y.T.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yu Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.L.); (Y.T.); (L.Z.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.C.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.C.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Lihong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.L.); (Y.T.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yongpeng Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.C.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lv L, Xiong F, Liu Y, Pei S, He S, Li S, Yang H. The rumen-derived Lact. mucosae LLK-XR1 exhibited greater free gossypol degradation capacity during solid-state fermentation of cottonseed meal and probiotic potential. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:15. [PMID: 38183000 PMCID: PMC10768434 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to isolate the rumen-derived bacteria with the ability to degrade free gossypol (FG), and to evaluate the probiotic potential in vitro for ensuring safe utilization. METHODS The strains were anaerobically isolated from fresh rumen fluid of sheep with long-term fed cottonseed meal (CSM) with the screening agar medium containing gossypol as the sole carbon source. Afterwards, the isolated strain incubated with CSM was subjected to the determination of the FG degradation and in vitro evaluation of probiotic characteristics. RESULTS The target strain labeled Lact. mucosae LLK-XR1 [Accession number: OQ652016.1] was obtained, and its growth on MRS Liquid medium exhibited degradation efficiency of FG up to 69.5% which was significantly greater than its growth on Man-Rogosa-Sharpe medium with glucose free for 24 h (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, LLK-XR1 showed 40.652% degradation rate of FG for unautoclaved, non-pulverized, and no additional nutrients supplementation CSM. Furthermore, LLK-XR1 presented good survivability at pH 3.0 (above 88.6%), and 0.3% bile (78.5%). LLK-XR1 showed sensitivity to broad-spectrum antibiotics except Sulfamethoxazole, Ciprofloxacin and Gentamycin and significantly inhibited E. coli CICC 10,899, Staph. aureus CICC 21,600, and Salmonella. Typhimurium CICC 21,483. LLK-XR1 demonstrated good cell surface hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation ability. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, this study for the first time noted that rumen-originated Lact. mucosae LLK-XR1 with probiotic properties exhibited substantial FG degradation capacity when it was applied to the solid-state fermentation of CSM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangkang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fengliang Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shiteng Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanshan He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongjian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang Y, Du X, Xu Q, Yin C, Zhang H, Liu Y, Liu X, Yan H. Biodegradation of Gossypol by Aspergillus terreus-YJ01. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2148. [PMID: 37763992 PMCID: PMC10535836 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gossypol, generally found in the roots, stems, leaves, and, especially, the seeds of cotton plants, is highly toxic to animals and humans, which inhibits the use of cotton stalks as a feed resource. Here, a promising fungal strain for biodegrading gossypol was successfully isolated from the soil of cotton stalk piles in Xinjiang Province, China, and identified as Aspergillus terreus-YJ01 with the analysis of ITS. Initial gossypol of 250 mg·L-1 could be removed by 97% within 96 h by YJ01, and initial gossypol of 150 mg·L-1 could also be catalyzed by 98% or 99% within 36 h by the intracellular or extracellular crude enzymes of YJ01. Sucrose and sodium nitrate were found to be the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources for the growth of YJ01, and the optimal initial pH and inoculum size for the growth of YJ01 were 6.0 and 1%, respectively. To further elucidate the mechanisms underlying gossypol biodegradation by YJ01, the draft genome of YJ01 was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq, which is 31,566,870 bp in length with a GC content of 52.27% and a total of 9737 genes. Eight genes and enzymes were predicted to be involved in gossypol biodegradation. Among them, phosphoglycerate kinase, citrate synthase, and other enzymes are related to the energy supply process. With sufficient energy, β-1, 4-endo-xylanase may achieve the purpose of biodegrading gossypol. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into both the basic research and the application of A. terreus-YJ01 in the biodegradation of gossypol in cotton stalks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hai Yan
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li J, Gao T, Hao Z, Guo X, Zhu B. Anaerobic solid-state fermentation with Bacillus subtilis for digesting free gossypol and improving nutritional quality in cottonseed meal. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1017637. [PMID: 36570163 PMCID: PMC9773203 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1017637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial fermentation is an effective method to degrade free-gossypol, which is a toxic substance restricting the utilization of cottonseed meal in animal husbandry. However, there are few researches on the nutritional effect and the change of bacterial community on cottonseed meal fermented with anaerobic solid-state fermentation. This study evaluated the effects of fermentation with Bacillus sp. on gossypol degradation and nutritional quality improvement in cottonseed meal (CM), as well as the changes of bacterial community structure during fermentation. The strains with high activity for digesting free gossypol were screened from high protease-producing strains preserved in the laboratory. Then the strains which had both the gossypol degradation activity and protease producing activity were selected to degrade macromolecular protein and free gossypol in CM. The unsterilized SSF medium was inoculated with 109 CFU/kg Bacillus culture and fermented at room temperature for 14 days. Each group had three parallels. And the effects of anaerobic solid-state fermentation on unsterilized CM was evaluated. Results showed that for the seven strains with high activity for digesting free gossypol and producing protease that were screened, free gossypol content in fermented cottonseed meal (FCM) decreased and acid-soluble protein (ASP) contents increased. Among them, strain M-15 had the best fermentation effect, with the free gossypol degradation rate of 93.46% and acid soluble protein content of 13.26%. M-15 was identified as Bacillus subtilis. During fermentation with M-15, the bacterial diversity in CM was reduced, but not significant and the community structure was simpler significantly. The strain M-15 selected in this experiment reduced the free gossypol content and improved the nutritional quality of CM through anaerobic solid-state fermentation, which can be used for industrial large-scale production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Feed Microbial Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Baoding, China
| | - Tongguo Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Feed Microbial Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Zhimin Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaojun Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Feed Microbial Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Baocheng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Feed Microbial Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Z, Yang D, Liu L, Chang Z, Peng N. Effective gossypol removal from cottonseed meal through optimized solid-state fermentation by Bacillus coagulans. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:252. [PMID: 36456988 PMCID: PMC9714218 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01976-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cottonseed meal (CSM) is the main by-product of the cottonseed oil extraction process with high protein content, which is an important protein source for feed industry. However, CSM contains free gossypol (FG), a toxic substance that is detrimental to animal health and greatly limits its application. Microbial fermentation is currently considered to be one of the most effective methods to reduce FG and other anti-nutritional factors in CSM. Previously, yeast and bacteria species are used for degradation of FG in CSM, but showing less detoxification efficiency. Bacillus coagulans combines the properties of both lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus, producing both lactic acid and spores, and is considered a potential probiotic. In this study, we aimed to evaluate and optimize the effect of the solid-state fermentation process using a Bacillus coagulans to gossypol removal contained cottonseed meal. RESULTS 36 B. coagulans strains were isolated and found to have the ability to remove free gossypol. Through the evaluation of strains and optimization of fermentation conditions including fermentation temperature, ratio of material to water, inoculation amount, fermentation time and pH, we have established a solid-state fermentation process using a Bacillus coagulans strain S17 on CSM substrate with 1:1 of the material-to-water ratio, 15% (v/w) seed inoculation, 2% expanded corn flour, 1% bran, and 0.3%-0.8% metal irons at 40 °C for 52 h. After fermentation, the FG content in CSM was reduced from 923.80 to 167.90 mg/kg with 81.83% detoxification efficiency. Meanwhile, the crude protein content in CSM increased from 47.98 to 52.82%, and importantly, the spore concentration of strain S17 reached 1.68 × 1010 CFU/g dry material. CONCLUSION The study showed that B. coagulans have the potential strong ability to degrade free gossypol through cottonseed meal fermentation. This study presents a feasible process for improving the resource utilization rate and nutritional value of CSM via solid-state fermentation through B. coagulans S17.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenting Zhang
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei People’s Republic of China ,grid.413458.f0000 0000 9330 9891School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025 Guizhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Danlu Yang
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhangbing Chang
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Peng
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei People’s Republic of China ,National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Biodegradation of Free Gossypol by Helicoverpa armigera Carboxylesterase Expressed in Pichia pastoris. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120816. [PMID: 36548713 PMCID: PMC9788223 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gossypol is a polyphenolic toxic secondary metabolite derived from cotton. Free gossypol in cotton meal is remarkably harmful to animals. Furthermore, microbial degradation of gossypol produces metabolites that reduce feed quality. We adopted an enzymatic method to degrade free gossypol safely and effectively. We cloned the gene cce001a encoding carboxylesterase (CarE) into pPICZαA and transformed it into Pichia pastoris GS115. The target protein was successfully obtained, and CarE CCE001a could effectively degrade free gossypol with a degradation rate of 89%. When esterase was added, the exposed toxic groups of gossypol reacted with different amino acids and amines to form bound gossypol, generating substances with (M + H) m/z ratios of 560.15, 600.25, and 713.46. The molecular formula was C27H28O13, C34H36N2O6, and C47H59N3O3. The observed instability of the hydroxyl groups caused the substitution and shedding of the group, forming a substance with m/z of 488.26 and molecular formula C31H36O5. These properties render the CarE CCE001a a valid candidate for the detoxification of cotton meal. Furthermore, the findings help elucidate the degradation process of gossypol in vitro.
Collapse
|
9
|
Li WJ, Zhang L, Wu HX, Li M, Wang T, Zhang WB, Du ZY, Zhang ML. Intestinal Microbiota Mediates Gossypol-Induced Intestinal Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis in Fish. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6688-6697. [PMID: 35635005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gossypol, the main antinutritional factor in cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC), could affect the growth conditions of fish, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, an 8-week feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effects of gossypol on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Three experimental diets were designed, including control diet (CON), control diet supplemented with 150 mg/kg gossypol (ML), and 300 mg/kg gossypol (MH). 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that gossypol significantly reduced the richness and diversity of the gut microbiota. Untargeted metabolite analysis revealed that most metabolites were down-regulated by gossypol, and riboflavin was the key metabolite with significant difference between CON-treated and gossypol-treated groups. Gossypol caused intestinal inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Through fecal bacteria transplantation experiments, we demonstrated that intestinal microbiota mediated gossypol-induced negative effects, suggesting that intestinal microbiota and its metabolite may account for the harmful effects of gossypol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Li
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Le Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hong-Xia Wu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Miao Li
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wen-Bing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
High-Gossypol Whole Cottonseed Exhibited Mediocre Rumen Degradability and Less Microbial Fermentation Efficiency than Cottonseed Hull and Cottonseed Meal with an In Vitro Gas Production Technique. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8030103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To explore whether or not the gossypol varied in cottonseed by-products affect rumen degradability and fermentation efficiency, an in vitro cumulative gas production experiment was applied with mixed rumen microorganism to compare rumen fermentation characteristics of whole cottonseed (WCS, n = 3 samples), cottonseed meal (CSM, n = 3 samples), and cottonseed hull (CSH, n = 2 samples). The five-replicate fermentation per sample per incubation time continuously lasted for 0.5, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h with an automated gas production recording system. Regardless of distinct nutrient differences, the free gossypol level in these cottonseed by-products ranked: WCS > CSH > CSM. After 48 h of incubation, the in vitro dry matter degradability and ammonia N concentration ranked as: CSM > WCS > CSH. The cumulative gas production and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) levels in the culture fluids ranked: CSM > CSH > WCS, in which the average production rate ranked: CSM > WCS > CSH. Regarding the molar VFA pattern, WCS in comparison with CSH and CSM presented the lowest production of non-glucogenic acids (e.g., acetate) and exhibited the highest fermentation efficiency of energy from carbohydrates to VFAs. There was a significant negative correlation between the gossypol content and cumulative gas and total VFA production, suggesting that the greater gossypol in cottonseed by-products, the more detrimental effect occurred for rumen fermentation. In a brief, WCS exhibited mediocre rumen degradability and less microbial fermentation efficiency than CSH and CSM, depending on their gossypol levels.
Collapse
|