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Ye J, Wu J, Shi T, Chen C, Li J, Wang P, Song Y, Yu Q, Zhu Z. New magnetic proxies to reveal source and bioavailability of heavy metals in contaminated soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 479:135665. [PMID: 39217926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Environmental magnetism plays an important role in monitoring heavy metal pollution, but most studies are confined to indicating only the levels of heavy metals using magnetic parameters. This study established new magnetic proxies for accurately depicting the sources and bioavailability of heavy metals in contaminated soils. We observed different relationships between χ and SIRM in the soils contaminated by non-ferrous metal smelting compared to those polluted by coal combustion and steel smelting. Furthermore, we found that the soft magnetic components (IRMsoft) in the soils were mainly controlled by the non-ferrous metal smelting activities, while the hard magnetic components (HIRM) might be affected by the iron erosion. These new magnetic proxies enriched the source composition spectrum and improved the accuracy of the source apportionment analyses (principal component analysis and positive matrix factorization), yielding a result that was comparable to that by Pb isotope fingerprinting. We also found strong relationships between magnetic parameters (especially IRMsoft) and bioavailable fractions of heavy metals, indicating that magnetic measurement may be a powerful tool for monitoring the bioavailability of heavy metals. This study expands the application fields of magnetism in environmental science research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Taiheng Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Canzhi Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Pengcong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Youpeng Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qianqian Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zongmin Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Górka-Kostrubiec B, Werner T, Karasiński G. Measuring magnetic susceptibility of particulate matter collected on filters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:4733-4746. [PMID: 38108987 PMCID: PMC10794260 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic susceptibility (κ) of particulate matter (PM) is a useful tool in estimation concentration of iron-rich particles and provides useful information on the emission sources and pathways of spread of PM in the atmosphere. However, there is currently no established protocol for measuring the magnetic susceptibility of PM collected on filters used in standard monitoring of PM concentration. This paper presents a step-by-step process for collecting PM on filters in automatic samplers and measuring their κ. The procedure outlines requirements for data quality, measurement uncertainty, exposure time and conditions, and the amount of material collected on the filters. The study analyzed a 2-year dataset of magnetic susceptibility measurements by MFK-1 kappabridge (Agico, Czech Republic) for PM10 and PM2.5 collected at two locations, Warsaw and Cracow, in Poland using low-volume PM samplers. By strictly following the procedure for conditioning filters, measuring magnetic susceptibility and mass of PM, the study found that it is possible to obtain repeatable data with good measurement accuracy and acceptable errors. This makes magnetic susceptibility an additional reliable parameter for tracking of emission sources of iron-rich particles. Successful implementation of this magnetic method as a standard procedure for monitoring PM in addition to the PM mass collected on filters could be used to analyze sources of emission of Fe-particles and their contribution to the PM mass, especially in urban and industrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Górka-Kostrubiec
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Księcia Janusza 64, 01-452, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Werner
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Księcia Janusza 64, 01-452, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Karasiński
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Księcia Janusza 64, 01-452, Warsaw, Poland
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Magiera T, Górka-Kostrubiec B, Szumiata T, Bućko MS. Technogenic magnetic particles in topsoil: Characteristic features for different emission sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161186. [PMID: 36581291 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Variations in mineralogical composition, grain size internal structure and stoichiometry of technogenic magnetic particles (TMPs) deposited in topsoil may provide crucial information necessary to trace main pollution sources and recognize various technological processes. The aim of the study was to characterize, by means of magnetic parameters and Mössbauer spectra, the TMPs from non-ferrous metallurgy, cement, coke, glass production as well as long range transport (LRT) and compare the obtained data with previous results focused on iron mining and metallurgy. This research shows that only certain pollution sources (e.g. mainly iron mining, iron metallurgy, LRT and partly glass production) can be successfully distinguished by the applied parameters. The main features characteristic for TMPs produced by Fe-mining are: high values of concentration-dependent magnetic parameters, low values of coercivity, significant contribution from coarse MD (multi-domain) grains and a relatively high stoichiometry of magnetite. The most discriminative feature for TMPs generated by the glass industry is the abundance of goethite in the topsoil samples, which is confirmed by magnetic and Mössbauer techniques. The TMPs released by the Ni-Cu smelter and the Pb-Zn waste exhibit significant differences in the Mössbauer parameters, indicating different stoichiometry of magnetite for each group. Such variations are due to replacement of Fe by other elements at tetrahedral sites in the case of TMPs released from the Ni-Cu smelter. TMPs characteristic for the LRT emissions contain higher amount of finer fraction of low-stoichiometry magnetite (mostly single-domain SD particles) than those originating from other sources. The TMPs accumulated in the topsoils around the coking plants cannot be clearly discriminated by the applied methodology due to strong influence of the local pollution sources. Magnetic studies of the TMPs generated by cement production are complicated, since their properties mainly depend on individual technology (e.g. additives) used by the local cement plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Magiera
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Beata Górka-Kostrubiec
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ks. Janusza 64, 01-452 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Szumiata
- University of Technology and Humanities, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Physics, 26-600 Radom, ul. Stasieckiego 54, Poland
| | - Michał S Bućko
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
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Removal of Methyl Red from Aqueous Solution Using Polyethyleneimine Crosslinked Alginate Beads with Waste Foundry Dust as a Magnetic Material. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159030. [PMID: 35897402 PMCID: PMC9330805 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a cost-effective adsorbent based on sodium alginate (SA) with waste foundry dust (WFD) was fabricated for the removal of methyl red (MR) from aqueous media. However, the utilization of WFD/SA beads to remove anionic dyes (such as MR) from effluents has limitations associated with their functional groups. To improve the adsorption performance, WFD/SA-polyethyleneimine (PEI) beads were formed via PEI crosslinking onto WFD/SA beads, which could be attributed to the formation of amide bonds from the carboxyl and amino groups due to the change of N-H bonds in the reaction. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated that PEI was crosslinked on the WFD/SA via a chemical reaction. In the FTIR spectra of WFD/SA-PEI, peaks of the –COO (asymmetric) stretching vibration shifted to 1598 and 1395 cm−1, which could be attributed to the hydrogen-bonding effect of the N–H groups in PEI. In the N1s spectrum, three deconvoluted peaks were assigned to N in –N= (398.2 eV), –NH/–NH2 (399.6 eV), and NO2 (405.2 eV). WFD/SA-PEI beads were assessed and optimized for aqueous MR adsorption. The WFD/SA-PEI beads showed a high removal efficiency for MR (89.1%) at an initial concentration of 1000 mg/L, and presented a maximum MR adsorption capacity of 672.7 mg/g MR. The adsorption process showed a good fit with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The amino and hydroxyl groups in the WFD/SA-PEI beads facilitate strong hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. Moreover, these WFD/SA-PEI beads were easily recovered after the adsorption process.
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Investigations of Metal Pollution in Road Dust of Steel Industrial Area and Application of Magnetic Separation. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14020919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pollution characteristics and ecological risks for metals in non-magnetic and magnetic road dust from steel industrial areas were investigated by applying a magnetic separation method. Metal (except for Al, Li, Ti, As, and Sb) concentrations in the magnetic road dust were 1.2 (Sn) to 7.8 (Fe) times higher than those in the non-magnetic road dust. For the magnetic road dust, the geo-accumulation index revealed a strongly to extremely polluted status for Cr, Zn, Cd, and Sb, a strongly polluted status for Mn, Cu, and Pb, and a moderately to strongly polluted status for Fe, Ni, Mo, and Hg. This result indicates that the dominant metal pollution sources of road dust in industrial areas were the traffic activities of heavy-duty vehicles. The mean content of magnetic particles accounted for 44.7% of the total road dust. The metal loadings in the magnetic road dust were 86% (Fe), 77% (Cr), 67% (Mn), 86% (Ni), 76% (Cu), 72% (Zn), 64% (Mo), and 62% (Cd), respectively. Removal of the magnetic fraction from road dust using magnetic separation techniques not only reduces metal contamination but can also improve effective road cleaning strategies or reduce waste generation.
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Magiera T, Górka-Kostrubiec B, Szumiata T, Wawer M. Technogenic magnetic particles from steel metallurgy and iron mining in topsoil: Indicative characteristic by magnetic parameters and Mössbauer spectra. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 775:145605. [PMID: 33618301 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Technogenic magnetic particles (TMPs), produced during various industrial processes, are released into the atmosphere as dust and get deposited on the surrounding topsoil. The mineralogical and structural differences of TMPs produced in different technological processes should be reflected in their magnetic properties and therefore should be indicative for industrial pollution sources. The goal of this study was to characterize the TMPs by novel methodological approach, based on combination of magnetic methods and Mössbauer spectroscopy to indicate parameters that are discriminative enough to be used as environmental indicators for iron metallurgy, steel production, and iron mining. We collected the topsoil samples in the vicinity of 4 European iron- and steelworks, located in three different countries (Poland, Norway, and Czech Republic) and operating for minimum 40 years. We sampled also topsoil close to the opencast iron mine, iron ore dressing plant, and over strongly magnetic natural background. Analysis of the hyperfine parameters of the Mössbauer spectra revealed that TMPs are "magnetite-like" minerals with low stoichiometry. It is indicated by ratio of iron ions contributions in B sites (octahedral) and A sites (tetrahedral) in magnetite spinel structure, which is much lower than 2.0 (theoretical value for stoichiometric magnetite). The characteristic feature of TMPs collected from the vicinity of old metallurgical plants (>180 years) was the high contribution of surface components probably related to the surface oxidation/maghemitization. We found that, TMPs can be easily differentiated from geogenic magnetite based on their magnetic parameters. The TMP produced by the iron and steel metallurgy had relatively narrow ranges of magnetic parameters (saturation ratio Mrs/Ms, <0.15, coercivity ratio Bcr/Bc 2.5-6.0 and saturation to susceptibility ratio Mrs/χ 3.5-15). These magnetic parameters may be indicative for TMPs emitted by these pollution sources and helpful in the study of historical pollution sources in topsoil in urban and post-industrial areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Magiera
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 34, PL-41-819 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Beata Górka-Kostrubiec
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ks. Janusza 64, 01-452 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Szumiata
- University of Technology and Humanities, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Physics, 26-600 Radom, ul. Stasieckiego 54, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wawer
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 34, PL-41-819 Zabrze, Poland
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Mineralogical and Chemical Specificity of Dusts Originating from Iron and Non-Ferrous Metallurgy in the Light of Their Magnetic Susceptibility. MINERALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/min11020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims at detailed characteristics and comparison between dusts from various iron and non-ferrous metal production processes in order to identify individual mineral phases, chemical composition, and their influence on the values of magnetic susceptibility. Various analytical methods used include inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy integrated with magnetic susceptibility measurements and thermomagnetic analysis. Metallurgical wastes that have arisen at different production stages of iron and non-ferrous steel are subjected to investigation. The analyzed dust samples from the iron and non-ferrous metallurgy differ in terms of magnetic susceptibility as well as their mineral and chemical composition. The research confirmed the presence of many very different mineral phases. In particular, interesting phases have been observed in non-ferrous dust, for example challacolloite, which was found for the first time in the dusts of non-ferrous metallurgy. Other characteristic minerals found in non-ferrous metallurgy dusts are zincite, anglesite, and lanarkite, while dusts of iron metallurgy contain mostly metallic iron and iron-bearing minerals (magnetite, hematite, franklinite, jacobsite, and wüstite), but also significant amounts of zincite and calcite.
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