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Karimi Z, Zarifkar A, Mirzaei E, Dianatpour M, Dara M, Aligholi H. Therapeutic effects of nanosilibinin in valproic acid-zebrafish model of autism spectrum disorder: Focusing on Wnt signaling pathway and autism spectrum disorder-related cytokines. Int J Dev Neurosci 2024; 84:454-468. [PMID: 38961588 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we delved into the intricate world of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and its connection to the disturbance in the Wnt signaling pathway and immunological abnormalities. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of silibinin, a remarkable modulator of both the Wnt signaling pathway and the immune system, on the neurobehavioral and molecular patterns observed in a zebrafish model of ASD induced by valproic acid (VPA). Because silibinin is a hydrophobic molecule and highly insoluble in water, it was used in the form of silibinin nanoparticles (nanosilibinin, NS). After assessing survival, hatching rate, and morphology of zebrafish larvae exposed to different concentrations of NS, the appropriate concentrations were chosen. Then, zebrafish embryos were exposed to VPA (1 μM) and NS (100 and 200 μM) at the same time for 120 h. Next, anxiety and inattentive behaviors and the expression of CHD8, CTNNB, GSK3beta, LRP6, TNFalpha, IL1beta, and BDNF genes were assessed 7 days post fertilization. The results indicated that higher concentrations of NS had adverse effects on survival, hatching, and morphological development. The concentrations of 100 and 200 μM of NS could ameliorate the anxiety-like behavior and learning deficit and decrease ASD-related cytokines (IL1beta and TNFalpha) in VPA-treated larvae. In addition, only 100 μM of NS prevented raising the gene expression of Wnt signaling-related factors (CHD8, CTNNB, GSK3beta, and LRP6). In conclusion, NS treatment for the first 120 h showed therapeutic effect on an autism-like phenotype probably via reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines genes and changing the expression of Wnt signaling components genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Karimi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Science and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Asadollah Zarifkar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Dianatpour
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahintaj Dara
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hadi Aligholi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Science and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Hsieh HL, Yu MC, Chang YC, Wu YH, Huang KH, Tsai MM. Lonicera japonica Thunb. Ethanol Extract Exerts a Protective Effect on Normal Human Gastric Epithelial Cells by Modulating the Activity of Tumor-Necrosis-Factor-α-Induced Inflammatory Cyclooxygenase 2/Prostaglandin E2 and Matrix Metalloproteinase 9. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:7303-7323. [PMID: 39057074 PMCID: PMC11276375 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46070433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric inflammation-related disorders are commonly observed digestive system illnesses characterized by the activation of proinflammatory cytokines, particularly tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). This results in the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PEG2) and matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9). These factors contribute to the pathogenesis of gastric inflammation disorders. We examined the preventive effects of Lonicera japonica Thunb. ethanol extract (Lj-EtOH) on gastric inflammation induced by TNF-α in normal human gastric mucosa epithelial cells (GES-1). The GES-1 cell line was used to establish a model that simulated the overexpression of COX-2/PGE2 and MMP-9 proteins induced by TNF-α to examine the anti-inflammatory properties of Lj extracts. The results indicated that Lj-EtOH exhibits significant inhibitory effects on COX-2/PEG2 and MMP-9 activity, attenuates cell migration, and provides protection against TNF-α-induced gastric inflammation. The protective effects of Lj-EtOH are associated with the modulation of COX-2/PEG2 and MMP-9 through the activation of TNFR-ERK 1/2 signaling pathways as well as the involvement of c-Fos and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Based on our findings, Lj-EtOH exhibits a preventive effect on human gastric epithelial cells. Consequently, it may represent a novel treatment for the management of gastric inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Lung Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (H.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-H.W.)
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, R&D Center of Biochemical Engineering Technology, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 301, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chin Yu
- Department of General Surgery, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei 236, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (H.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-H.W.)
| | - Yi-Hsuan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (H.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-H.W.)
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Huang
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Clinical Serology and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ming Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (H.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-H.W.)
- Department of General Surgery, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei 236, Taiwan;
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
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Mota J, Faria-Silva C, Resendes A, Santos MI, Carvalheiro MC, Lima A, Simões S. Silymarin inhibits dermal gelatinolytic activity and reduces cutaneous inflammation. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38684022 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2347452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is well-known for its antioxidant activity due to the presence of silymarin. Albeit some studies show a potential for skin inflammation, its activity against dermal MMP-9 and MMP-2 remains to be studied. Silymarin isolated from an S. marianum herbal extract was tested for gelatinase inhibition in the presence of isolated MMP-9 and in dermal adenocarcinome HaCaT cells. Silymarin was then further tested in vivo, using a cutaneous inflammation mice model mediated by reactive oxygen species. Silymarin was able to significantly inhibit gelatinolytic activity in vitro without impairing cell growth and viability. Furthermore, inhibition was more pronounced in cells than with the isolated gelatinase, suggesting an additional effect upon metabolic pathways. In vivo, silymarin was able to reduce ear edema up to 74% and attenuated histological lesions. Results highlight silymarin potential for application in skin inflammatory disorders via gelatinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Mota
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Faria-Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Resendes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Isabel Santos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuela Colla Carvalheiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Lima
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra Simões
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Matsuoka T, Yashiro M. Molecular Insight into Gastric Cancer Invasion-Current Status and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:54. [PMID: 38201481 PMCID: PMC10778111 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. There has been no efficient therapy for stage IV GC patients due to this disease's heterogeneity and dissemination ability. Despite the rapid advancement of molecular targeted therapies, such as HER2 and immune checkpoint inhibitors, survival of GC patients is still unsatisfactory because the understanding of the mechanism of GC progression is still incomplete. Invasion is the most important feature of GC metastasis, which causes poor mortality in patients. Recently, genomic research has critically deepened our knowledge of which gene products are dysregulated in invasive GC. Furthermore, the study of the interaction of GC cells with the tumor microenvironment has emerged as a principal subject in driving invasion and metastasis. These results are expected to provide a profound knowledge of how biological molecules are implicated in GC development. This review summarizes the advances in our current understanding of the molecular mechanism of GC invasion. We also highlight the future directions of the invasion therapeutics of GC. Compared to conventional therapy using protease or molecular inhibitors alone, multi-therapy targeting invasion plasticity may seem to be an assuring direction for the progression of novel strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 5458585, Japan;
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Sun KH, Lee MY, Jeon YJ. Inhibition of Phagocytosis by Silibinin in Mouse Macrophages. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:8126-8137. [PMID: 37886956 PMCID: PMC10605117 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of silibinin, derived from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced morphological changes in mouse macrophages. Silibinin was treated at various doses and time points to assess its effects on macrophage activation, including morphological changes and phagocytosis. Silibinin effectively inhibited LPS-induced pseudopodia formation and size increase, while unstimulated cells remained round. Silibinin's impact on phagocytosis was dose- and time-dependent, showing a decrease. We explored its mechanism of action on kinases using a MAPK array. Among the three MAPK family members tested, silibinin had a limited effect on JNK and p38 but significantly inhibited ERK1/2 and related RSK1/2. Silibinin also inhibited MKK6, AKT3, MSK2, p70S6K, and GSK-3β. These findings highlight silibinin's potent inhibitory effects on phagocytosis and morphological changes in macrophages. We suggest its potential as an anti-inflammatory agent due to its ability to target key inflammatory pathways involving ERK1/2 and related kinases. Overall, this study demonstrates the promising therapeutic properties of silibinin in modulating macrophage function and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hoon Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea;
| | - Min-Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea;
| | - Young-Jin Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea;
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Karayiannis I, Martinez-Gonzalez B, Kontizas E, Kokkota AV, Petraki K, Mentis A, Kollia P, Sgouras DN. Induction of MMP-3 and MMP-9 expression during Helicobacter pylori infection via MAPK signaling pathways. Helicobacter 2023; 28:e12987. [PMID: 37139985 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-induced gastric pathology involves remodeling of extracellular matrix mediated by aberrant activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). We have previously shown that in vitro H. pylori infection leads to MMP-3 and MMP-9 overexpression, associated with phosphorylation of bacterial oncoprotein CagA. We extended these findings in an in vivo model of H. pylori infection and further assessed the involvement of MAPK pathways in MMP expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were infected with H. pylori strains HPARE, HPARE ΔCagA, and SS1, for 6 and 9 months. Transcriptional expression of Mmp-3 and Mmp-9 was evaluated via qPCR while respective protein levels in the gastric mucosa were determined immunohistochemically. Epithelial cell lines AGS and GES-1 were infected with H. pylori strain P12 in the presence of chemical inhibitors of JNK, ERK1/2, and p38 pathways, for 24 h. mRNA and protein expression of MMP-3 and MMP-9 were determined via qPCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS We observed transcriptional activation of Mmp-3 and Mmp-9 as well as aberrant MMP-3 and MMP-9 protein expression in murine gastric tissue following H. pylori infection. CagA expression was associated with MMP upregulation, particularly during the early time points of infection. We found that inhibition of ERK1/2 resulted in reduced mRNA and protein expression of MMP-3 and MMP-9 during H. pylori infection, in both cell lines. Expressed protein levels of both MMPs were also found reduced in the presence of JNK pathway inhibitors in both cell lines. However, p38 inhibition resulted in a more complex effect, probably attributed to the accumulation of phospho-p38 and increased phospho-ERK1/2 activity due to crosstalk between MAPK pathways. CONCLUSIONS H. pylori colonization leads to the upregulation of MMP-3 and MMP-9 in vivo, which primarily involves ERK1/2 and JNK pathways. Therefore, their inhibition may potentially offer a protective effect against gastric carcinogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Karayiannis
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, School of Physical Sciences, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | - Andreas Mentis
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagoula Kollia
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, School of Physical Sciences, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Koushki M, Farrokhi Yekta R, Amiri-Dashatan N. Critical review of therapeutic potential of silymarin in cancer: A bioactive polyphenolic flavonoid. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
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Yang CLH, Chik SCC, Lau ASY, Chan GCF. Coriolus versicolor and its bioactive molecule are potential immunomodulators against cancer cell metastasis via inactivation of MAPK pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 301:115790. [PMID: 36208821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Coriolus versicolor (CV) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 2000 years as a premium medicine for enhancing good health and longevity. The immunomodulatory and anti-cancer effects of polysaccharopeptides (PSP) from cultured CV have been extensively studied; however, the effect and the mechanism of action of other small molecules from CV remain unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY we aim to examine the immunomodulatory and anti-cancer effects of the small molecules from CV (SMCV) and identify the active compounds that are responsible for the biological effects against glioblastoma multiforme cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of SMCV/active compound on cytokine and MMP mRNA expressions and productions were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. An active compound from SMCV was identified with a bioassay-guided fractionation scheme. The potential mode of action of the active compound was further investigated by identifying the cell signaling pathway. The protein expressions of phospho-ERK, phospho-JNK and phospho-p38 MAPKs were measured by Western Blotting. The anti-invasive effect of SMCV/bioactive compound against T98G, lung carcinoma (A549), and breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231) cells were determined using invasion assay. RESULTS Our results showed that SMCV had strong immunomodulatory effect by suppressing LPS-induced TNF-α production, whereas increasing poly I:C-induced IFN-β level in PBMac. SMCV not only possessed indirect anti-cancer effect by suppressing TNF-α-induced MMP-3 production in glioblastoma T98G cells, but also directly reduced the invasion ability of malignant cells including T98G, A549 and MDA-MB-231. Using bioassay-guided fractionation scheme, we isolated 9-KODE methyl ester (compound AM) that was responsible for the bioactivity of SMCV. This compound suppressed TNF-α-induced MMP-3 production in T98G cells and the suppression may be correlated with the inactivation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Moreover, compound AM also directly reduced T98G cell invasion. CONCLUSION Results of our present study provides scientific evidence that SMCV possesses immunomodulatory and anti-cancer effects. Its bioactive compound, compound AM, is a potential new drug candidate against the invasion and metastasis of glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Lai-Hung Yang
- BAGI Biosciences, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Molecular Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Stanley Chi-Chung Chik
- BAGI Biosciences, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Molecular Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Allan Sik-Yin Lau
- Molecular Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Godfrey Chi-Fung Chan
- Molecular Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Firouzi J, Sotoodehnejadnematalahi F, Shokouhifar A, Rahimi M, Sodeifi N, Sahranavardfar P, Azimi M, Janzamin E, Safa M, Ebrahimi M. Silibinin exhibits anti-tumor effects in a breast cancer stem cell model by targeting stemness and induction of differentiation and apoptosis. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2022; 12:415-429. [PMID: 36381630 PMCID: PMC9596878 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2022.23336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Malignant breast cancer (BC) frequently contains a rare population of cells called cancer stem cells which underlie tumor relapse and metastasis, and targeting these cells may improve treatment options and outcomes for patients with BC. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of silibinin on the self-renewal capacity, tumorgenicity, and metastatic potential of mammospheres. Methods: The effect of silibinin on viability and proliferation of MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 mammospheres, and MDA-MB-468 cell aggregation was determined after 72-120 hours of treatment. Colony and sphere formation ability, and the expression of stemness, differentiation, and epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT)-associated genes were assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in mammospheres treated with an IC50 dose of silibinin. Additionally, the antitumor capacity of silibinin was assessed in vivo, in mice. Results: The results of the present study showed that silibinin decreased the viability of all mammospheres derived from MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-468 cell aggregation in a dose-dependent manner. Colony and sphere-forming ability, as well as the expression of genes associated with EMT were reduced in mammospheres treated with silibinin. Additionally, the expression of genes associated with stemness and metastasis was also decreased and the expression of genes associated with differentiation were increased. Intra-tumoral injection of 2 mg/kg silibinin decreased tumor volumes in mice by 2.8 fold. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that silibinin may have exerted its anti-tumor effects in BC by targeting the BC stem cells, reducing the tumorgenicity and metastasis. Therefore, silibinin may be a potential adjuvant for treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Firouzi
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148
| | | | - Alireza Shokouhifar
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148
| | - Mahsa Rahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148
| | - Niloufar Sodeifi
- Department of Pathology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148, Iran
| | - Parisa Sahranavardfar
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148
| | - Masoumeh Azimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148
| | - Ehsan Janzamin
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148
| | - Majid Safa
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148
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Hsieh HL, Yu MC, Cheng LC, Chu MY, Huang TH, Yeh TS, Tsai MM. Quercetin exerts anti-inflammatory effects via inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-α-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in normal human gastric epithelial cells. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:1139-1158. [PMID: 35431500 PMCID: PMC8985486 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i11.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric injury is the most common digestive system disease worldwide and involves inflammation, which can lead to gastric ulcer or gastric cancer (GC). Matrix metallopeptidase-9 [MMP-9 (gelatinase-B)] plays an important role in inflammation and GC progression. Quercetin and quercetin-rich diets represent potential food supplements and a source of medications for treating gastric injury given their anti-inflammatory activities. However, the effects and mechanisms of action of quercetin on human chronic gastritis and whether quercetin can relieve symptoms remain unclear.
AIM To assess whether tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced MMP-9 expression mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin in normal human gastric mucosal epithelial cells.
METHODS The normal human gastric mucosa epithelial cell line GES-1 was used to establish a normal human gastric epithelial cell model of TNF-α-induced MMP-9 protein overexpression to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin. The cell counting Kit-8 assay was used to evaluate the effects of varying quercetin doses on cell viability in the normal GES-1 cell line. Cell migration was measured using Transwell assay. The expression of proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (c-Src), phospho (p)-c-Src, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2), p-ERK1/2, c-Fos, p-c-Fos, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB/p65), and p-p65 and the effects of their inhibitors were examined using Western blot analysis and measurement of luciferase activity. p65 expression was detected by immunofluorescence. MMP-9 mRNA and protein levels were measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR) and gelatin zymography, respectively.
RESULTS qRT-PCR and gelatin zymography showed that TNF-α induced MMP-9 mRNA and protein expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These effects were reduced by the pretreatment of GES-1 cells with quercetin or a TNF-α antagonist (TNFR inhibitor) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Quercetin and TNF-α antagonists decreased the TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of c-Src, ERK1/2, c-Fos, and p65 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Quercetin, TNF-α antagonist, PP1, U0126, and tanshinone IIA (TSIIA) reduced TNF-α-induced c-Fos phosphorylation and AP-1–Luciferase (Luc) activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Pretreatment with quercetin, TNF-α antagonist, PP1, U0126, or Bay 11-7082 reduced TNF-α-induced p65 phosphorylation and translocation and p65–Luc activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. TNF-α significantly increased GES-1 cell migration, and these results were reduced by pretreatment with quercetin or a TNF-α antagonist.
CONCLUSION Quercetin significantly downregulates TNF-α-induced MMP-9 expression in GES-1 cells via the TNFR-c-Src–ERK1/2 and c-Fos or NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Lung Hsieh
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chin Yu
- Department of General Surgery, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei 236, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Cheng
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yi Chu
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hao Huang
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Sen Yeh
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ming Tsai
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of General Surgery, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei 236, Taiwan
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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11
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Sokolova O, Naumann M. Matrix Metalloproteinases in Helicobacter pylori-Associated Gastritis and Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031883. [PMID: 35163805 PMCID: PMC8836485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of the cancer-related mortality worldwide. The etiology of this disease is complex and involves genetic predisposition and environmental factors, including Helicobacter pylori. Infection of the stomach with H. pylori leads to gastritis and gastric atrophy, which can progress stepwise to gastric cancer. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) actively participate in the pathology development. The further progression of gastric cancer seems to be less dependent on bacteria but of intra-tumor cell dynamics. Bioinformatics data confirmed an important role of the extracellular matrix constituents and specific MMPs in stomach carcinoma invasion and metastasis, and revised their potential as predictors of the disease outcome. In this review, we describe, in detail, the impact of MMPs in H. pylori-associated gastritis and gastric cancer.
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12
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Abd Eldaim MA, Barakat ER, Alkafafy M, Elaziz SAA. Antioxidant and anti-apoptotic prophylactic effect of silymarin against lead-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:57997-58006. [PMID: 34100211 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14722-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed prophylactic potentials of silymarin against lead-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats with the respect to its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activities. Forty male albino rats were distributed into four groups. Control group is provided with distilled water. Lead acetate group was given lead acetate (100 mg/kg bwt) orally for 10 weeks. The third and fourth groups administered silymarin at doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg bwt, respectively, 1 h before administration of lead acetate for 10 weeks. Lead acetate altered liver structure and function that represented by significant elevation of the activities of serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferases and serum levels of urea and creatinine. Hepatic and renal tissues' malondialdehyde concentrations were increased, while reduced glutathione content and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were reduced in the lead acetate group. Also, lead acetate increased caspase-3 mRNA expression and inhibited alpha-fetoprotein mRNA expression in hepatic tissues, as well as it altered liver and kidney tissues' architectures. In contrast, silymarin ameliorated in a dose dependent mannar the toxic effects of lead acetate on the liver and kidneys through modulation of lead acetate which altered liver and kidney function and structures via reducing lipid oxidation and pathological changes of hepatic and renal tissue structure, improving antioxidant defense system of liver and kidneys, and decreasing pro-apoptotic gene expression in hepatic tissue. This study indicated that silymarin ameliorated lead acetate-induced hepatorenal toxicity via its antioxidant and cytoprotective potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabrouk Attia Abd Eldaim
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Sheben El-Koom, 32512, Egypt.
| | - Eman Ragab Barakat
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, 32897, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Alkafafy
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy Ahmed Abd Elaziz
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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13
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Fallah M, Davoodvandi A, Nikmanzar S, Aghili S, Mirazimi SMA, Aschner M, Rashidian A, Hamblin MR, Chamanara M, Naghsh N, Mirzaei H. Silymarin (milk thistle extract) as a therapeutic agent in gastrointestinal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112024. [PMID: 34399200 PMCID: PMC8458260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Silymarin contains a group of closely-related flavonolignan compounds including silibinin, and is extracted from Silybum marianum species, also called milk thistle. Silymarin has been shown to protect the liver in both experimental models and clinical studies. The chemopreventive activity of silymarin has shown some efficacy against cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Silymarin can modulate apoptosis in vitro and survival in vivo, by interfering with the expression of cell cycle regulators and apoptosis-associated proteins. In addition to its anti-metastatic activity, silymarin has also been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. The chemoprotective effects of silymarin and silibinin (its major constituent) suggest they could be applied to reduce the side effects and increase the anti-cancer effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in various cancer types, especially in gastrointestinal cancers. This review examines the recent studies and summarizes the mechanistic pathways and down-stream targets of silymarin in the therapy of gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Fallah
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Davoodvandi
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Nikmanzar
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sarehnaz Aghili
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Ali Mirazimi
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10463, USA
| | - Amir Rashidian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Mohsen Chamanara
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Toxicology Research Center, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Navid Naghsh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Mercogliano MF, Bruni S, Mauro F, Elizalde PV, Schillaci R. Harnessing Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha to Achieve Effective Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030564. [PMID: 33540543 PMCID: PMC7985780 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is a pleiotropic cytokine known to have contradictory roles in oncoimmunology. Indeed, TNFα has a central role in the onset of the immune response, inducing both activation and the effector function of macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and B and T lymphocytes. Within the tumor microenvironment, however, TNFα is one of the main mediators of cancer-related inflammation. It is involved in the recruitment and differentiation of immune suppressor cells, leading to evasion of tumor immune surveillance. These characteristics turn TNFα into an attractive target to overcome therapy resistance and tackle cancer. This review focuses on the diverse molecular mechanisms that place TNFα as a source of resistance to immunotherapy such as monoclonal antibodies against cancer cells or immune checkpoints and adoptive cell therapy. We also expose the benefits of TNFα blocking strategies in combination with immunotherapy to improve the antitumor effect and prevent or treat adverse immune-related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Mercogliano
- Laboratorio de Biofisicoquímica de Proteínas, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
| | - Sofía Bruni
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; (S.B.); (F.M.); (P.V.E.)
| | - Florencia Mauro
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; (S.B.); (F.M.); (P.V.E.)
| | - Patricia Virginia Elizalde
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; (S.B.); (F.M.); (P.V.E.)
| | - Roxana Schillaci
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; (S.B.); (F.M.); (P.V.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-11-4783-2869; Fax: +54-11-4786-2564
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15
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Upadhyay T, Ansari VA, Ahmad U, Sultana N, Akhtar J. Exploring Nanoemulsion for Liver Cancer Therapy. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394716666200302123336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for 8.8 million deaths in
2015. Among these, at least 0.78 million people died of liver cancer alone. The recognized risk
factors for liver cancer include chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection,
exposure to dietary aflatoxin, fatty liver disease, alcohol-induced cirrhosis, obesity, smoking,
diabetes, and iron overload. The treatment plan for early diagnosed patients includes radiation
therapy, tumour ablation, surgery, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy. Some sort of drug delivery
vehicles has to be used when the treatment plan is targeted chemotherapy. Nanoemulsions are a
class of biphasic liquid dosage form which are mixtures of oil and water stabilized by a surfactant.
They are either transparent or bluish in hue and serve as a wonderful carrier system for chemotherapeutic
drugs. These vehicles have a particle size in the range of 20-200 nm allowing them
to be delivered successfully in the deepest of tissues. Recent publications on nanoemulsions
reveal their acceptance and a popular choice for delivering both synthetic and herbal drugs to the
liver. This work focuses on some anti-cancer agents that utilized the advantages of nanoemulsion
for liver cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Upadhyay
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow-226026, India
| | | | - Usama Ahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow-226026, India
| | - Nazneen Sultana
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow-226026, India
| | - Juber Akhtar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow-226026, India
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16
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Bittencourt MLF, Rodrigues RP, Kitagawa RR, Gonçalves RDCR. The gastroprotective potential of silibinin against Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric tumor cells. Life Sci 2020; 256:117977. [PMID: 32603822 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Silibinin is the major component of flavonolignans complex mixture (Silymarin), which is obtained from Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Despite several reports about silibinin, little is known about its effects on gastric diseases. Then, the present study aims to evaluate the silibinin effect against Helicobacter pylori infection, gastric tumor cells and immunomodulation. MAIN METHODS The anti-H. pylori effect was performed on 43504 and 43629 strains by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination, observing morphological alterations by scanning electron microscopy and in silico evaluation by molecular docking. Immunomodulatory activity (Interleukins-6 and 10, TNF-α and NO inhibition) was determined in H. pylori-stimulated macrophages and the cytotoxic activity on gastric adenocarcinoma cells prior and after metabolization by S9 fraction. KEY FINDINGS Silibinin showed anti-H. pylori activity with MIC of 256 μg/mL, promoted important morphological changes in the bacterial cell wall, as blebs and clusters, suggesting interaction with Penicillin Binding Protein (PBP) subunits. Immunomodulatory potential was observed at 50 μg/mL with the inhibition of produced cytokines and NO by H. pylori-stimulated macrophages of 100% for TNF-ɑ, 56.83% for IL-6, and 70.29% for IL-10 and 73.33% for NO. Moreover, silibinin demonstrated significant cytotoxic activity on adenocarcinoma cells (CI50: 60.17 ± 0.95 μg/mL) with a higher selectivity index (SI: 1.52) compared to cisplatin. After metabolization silibinin showed an increase of cytotoxicity with a CI50 six-fold decrease (10.46 ± 0.25). SIGNIFICANCE The use of silibinin may become an important alternative tool in the prevention and treatment of H. pylori infection and, consequently, in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Pereira Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo - UFES, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rezende Kitagawa
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo - UFES, Vitória, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo - UFES, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Ribeiro Gonçalves
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo - UFES, Vitória, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo - UFES, Vitória, Brazil.
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17
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Hosseinabadi T, Lorigooini Z, Tabarzad M, Salehi B, Rodrigues CF, Martins N, Sharifi-Rad J. Silymarin antiproliferative and apoptotic effects: Insights into its clinical impact in various types of cancer. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2849-2861. [PMID: 31407422 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin is a complex extract isolated from the plant Silybum marianum, widely known for its prominent antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects, although increasing evidences have reported extraordinary antiproliferative and apoptotic abilities. As a result, several signaling pathways involved in cell cycle control, cell proliferation, and cell death have been deconvoluted as critical mechanisms. In this regard, cyclin and cyclin-dependent pathways have been the most studied ones. Following that, apoptotic pathways, such as p53, Akt, STAT-3, Ras, and caspases pathways, have been extensively studied, although other mechanisms involved in inflammation and angiogenesis have also been highlighted as silymarin-likely targets in cancer therapy. Therefore, the main challenge of this review is to discuss the diverse molecular mechanisms for silymarin antiproliferative and apoptotic effects; most of them largely studied in various types of cancers so far. Clinical trials and combination therapies related to silymarin application in cancer prevention and treatment are presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Hosseinabadi
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Lorigooini
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Maryam Tabarzad
- Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Célia F Rodrigues
- LEPABE-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
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18
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Zappavigna S, Vanacore D, Lama S, Potenza N, Russo A, Ferranti P, Dallio M, Federico A, Loguercio C, Sperlongano P, Caraglia M, Stiuso P. Silybin-Induced Apoptosis Occurs in Parallel to the Increase of Ceramides Synthesis and miRNAs Secretion in Human Hepatocarcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092190. [PMID: 31058823 PMCID: PMC6539179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Silybin is a flavonolignan extracted from Silybum marianum (milk thistle) with hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity. Several studies have shown that silybin is highly effective to prevent and treat different types of cancer and that its antitumor mechanisms involve the arrest of the cell cycle and/or apoptosis. An MTT assay was performed to study cell viability, lipid peroxidation, extracellular NO production, and scavenger enzyme activity were studied by Thiobarbituric Acid-Reactive Species (TBARS) assay, NO assay, and MnSOD assay, respectively. Cell cycle and apoptosis analysis were performed by FACS. miRNA profiling were evaluated by real time PCR. In this study, we demonstrated that Silybin induced growth inhibition blocking the Hepg2 cells in G1 phase of cell cycle and activating the process of programmed cell death. Moreover, the antiproliferative effects of silybin were paralleled by a strong increase of the number of ceramides involved in the modulation of miRNA secretion. In particular, after treatment with silybin, miR223-3p and miR16-5p were upregulated, while miR-92-3p was downregulated (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest that silybin-Induced apoptosis occurs in parallel to the increase of ceramides synthesis and miRNAs secretion in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Zappavigna
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Daniela Vanacore
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Stefania Lama
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Potenza
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", viale Lincoln, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Aniello Russo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", viale Lincoln, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Ferranti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy.
| | - Marcello Dallio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Federico
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Carmelina Loguercio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Sperlongano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Paola Stiuso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
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Oku T, Shimada K, Kenmotsu H, Ando Y, Kurisaka C, Sano R, Tsuiji M, Hasegawa S, Fukui T, Tsuji T. Stimulation of Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells to Secrete Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) by TNF-α: A Role in the Invasion of Gastric Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123961. [PMID: 30544870 PMCID: PMC6321609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently been recognized that inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), upregulate the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) from cancer cells and thereby promote peritoneal dissemination. In this study, we found that TNF-α also stimulated peritoneal mesothelial cells to secrete MMP-9 as assessed by zymography. MMP-9 gene expression in mesothelial cells induced by TNF-α was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. We then utilized the reconstituted artificial mesothelium, which was composed of a monolayer of mesothelial cells cultured on a Matrigel layer in a Boyden chamber system, to examine the effects of TNF-α on carcinoma cell invasion. The transmigration of MKN1 human gastric carcinoma cells through the reconstituted mesothelium was promoted by TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner. The increased MKN1 cell migration was partially inhibited by the anti-α3 integrin antibody, indicating that the invasion process involves an integrin-dependent mechanism. Finally, we observed that the invasion of MMP-9-knockdown MKN1 cells into Matrigel membranes was potentiated by the exogenous addition of purified proMMP-9. These results suggest that TNF-α-induced MMP-9 secretion from mesothelial cells plays an important role in the metastatic dissemination of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Oku
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Shimada
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Kenmotsu
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Ando
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Chisato Kurisaka
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Rikio Sano
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Makoto Tsuiji
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Shinya Hasegawa
- Department of Health Chemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Fukui
- Department of Health Chemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Tsuji
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
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20
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Jahanafrooz Z, Motamed N, Rinner B, Mokhtarzadeh A, Baradaran B. Silibinin to improve cancer therapeutic, as an apoptotic inducer, autophagy modulator, cell cycle inhibitor, and microRNAs regulator. Life Sci 2018; 213:236-247. [PMID: 30308184 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Silibinin is a natural plant polyphenol with high antioxidant and anticancer properties, which causes broad-spectrum efficacy against cancer, including cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in most cancer cell types. Silibinin, by modulating the apoptosis, cell cycle progression and autophagic pathways in various cellular and molecular routs might be used to design more effective anticancer strategies. Silibinin also regulates aberrant miRNAs expression linked to many aspects of cell biology in cancer. Maybe the most interesting aspect of silibinin is its ability to trigger multiple cellular signaling pathways to induce a particular biologic effect in various cell types. This review discusses investigations supporting the ability of silibinin to be as a natural modulator of involved cellular biological events in cancer progression. In this review, we introduce the salient features of silibinin therapy to optimize clinical outcomes for oncology patients. The goal of the treatments is to make it possible to eliminate the tumor with the minimum side effects and cure the patient in the early stage cancer. Therefore, plant extracts such as silibinin can be included in the treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Jahanafrooz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Motamed
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Beate Rinner
- Division of Biomedical Research, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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21
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Immunoregulatory Effects of Silymarin on Proliferation and Activation of Th1 Cells Isolated from Newly Diagnosed and IFN-ß1b-Treated MS Patients. Inflammation 2018; 42:54-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0872-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Sun T, Cheung KSC, Liu ZL, Leung F, Lu WW. Matrix metallopeptidase 9 targeted by hsa-miR-494 promotes silybin-inhibited osteosarcoma. Mol Carcinog 2017; 57:262-271. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Sun
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Kelvin S. C. Cheung
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Zhi-Li Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; Nanchang China
| | - Frankie Leung
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Innovative Technology in Orthopaedic Trauma; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology; The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital; Shenzhen China
| | - William W. Lu
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR China
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23
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Baeeri M, Mohammadi-Nejad S, Rahimifard M, Navaei-Nigjeh M, Moeini-Nodeh S, Khorasani R, Abdollahi M. Molecular and biochemical evidence on the protective role of ellagic acid and silybin against oxidative stress-induced cellular aging. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 441:21-33. [PMID: 28887692 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a natural process in living organisms that is defined by some molecular and cellular changes with time. Various causes such as mitochondrial DNA aberrations, aggregation of proteins, telomere shortening, and oxidative stress have an influential role in aging of the cells. Natural antioxidants are compounds that are potent to protect the body from detrimental effects of molecules such as free radicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-aging properties of ellagic acid (EA) and silybin (SIL), as natural antioxidant compounds on rat embryonic fibroblast (REF) cells. These cells were pre-incubated with EA and SIL, thereafter were exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Then, the cell viability, SA-β-GAL activity, distribution of cell cycle, NF-κB, and mitochondrial complex I, II/IV enzyme activity were measured. The results of this study revealed the protective effects of EA and SIL in H2O2-treated REF cells, which confirm the previous achieved data on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics of EA and SIL against H2O2 in the treated REF cells. However, more new in vivo experiments are required to discover the anti-aging effects and mechanism of action of such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Baeeri
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Mohammadi-Nejad
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahban Rahimifard
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Navaei-Nigjeh
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shermineh Moeini-Nodeh
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Khorasani
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS-IC), Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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24
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Esmaeil N, Anaraki SB, Gharagozloo M, Moayedi B. Silymarin impacts on immune system as an immunomodulator: One key for many locks. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 50:194-201. [PMID: 28672215 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin is a flavonoid complex extracted from the Silybum marianum plant. It acts as a strong antioxidant and free radical scavenger by different mechanisms. But in addition to antioxidant effects, silymarin/silybin reveals immunomodulatory affects with both immunostimulatory and immunosuppression activities. Different studies have shown that silymarin has the anti-inflammatory effect through the suppression of NF-κB signaling pathway and TNF-α activation. It also has different immunomodulatory activities in a dose and time-dependent manner. As an immunomodulator agent, silymarin inhibits T-lymphocyte function at low doses while stimulates inflammatory processes at high doses. Studies have shown that silymarin has attenuated autoimmune, allergic, preeclampsia, cancer, and immune-mediated liver diseases and also has suppressed oxidative and nitrosative immunotoxicity. Silymarin also has indicated dual effects on proliferation and apoptosis of different cells. In conclusion, based on the current review, silymarin has a broad spectrum of immunomodulatory functions under different conditions. Recognizing the exact mechanisms of silymarin on cellular and molecular pathways would be very valuable for treatment of immune-mediated diseases. Also further studies are needed to assess the utility of silymarin in protection against autoimmune, cancer, allergic and other diseases in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Esmaeil
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Sima Balouchi Anaraki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marjan Gharagozloo
- Department of Pediatrics, Program of Immunology and Allergology, Medical School, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Behjat Moayedi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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25
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Belli V, Sforza V, Cardone C, Martinelli E, Barra G, Matrone N, Napolitano S, Morgillo F, Tuccillo C, Federico A, Dallio M, Loguercio C, Gravina AG, De Palma R, Ciardiello F, Troiani T. Regorafenib in combination with silybin as a novel potential strategy for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:68305-68316. [PMID: 28978118 PMCID: PMC5620258 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Regorafenib, an oral multikinase inhibitor, has demonstrated survival benefit in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients that have progressed after all standard therapies. However, novel strategies to improve tolerability and enhance anti-cancer efficacy are needed. Experimental design We have evaluated in vitro the effects of regorafenib in combination with silybin, a biologically active component extracted from the seeds of Silybum marianum, in a panel of human colon cancer cells. Furthermore, we have prospectively treated a cohort of 22 refractory mCRC patients with regorafenib plus silybin. Results Treatment with regorafenib determined a dose-dependent growth inhibition whereas treatment with silybin had no anti-proliferative effects among all cancer cells tested. The combined treatment with regorafenib and silybin induced synergistic anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects by blocking PI3K/AKT/mTOR intracellular pathway. Moreover, combined treatment with regorafenib and silybin increased the production of reactive oxygen species levels within cells. In an exploratory proof of concept clinical study in a cohort of 22 mCRC patients after failure of all standard therapies, the clinical activity of regorafenib in combination with silybin was assessed. A median progression-free survival of 10.0 months and a median overall survival of 17.6 months were observed in these patients. These results suggest that the combined treatment potentially increases the clinical efficacy of regorafenib. Moreover, due to its anti-oxidative properties, silybin could protect patients from drug-induced liver damages, allowing to continue an effective anti-cancer therapy. Conclusions The present study suggests that silybin in combination with regorafenib is a promising strategy for treatment of metastatic colorectal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Belli
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Sforza
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia Cardone
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Erika Martinelli
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Giusi Barra
- Medicina Interna, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Nunzia Matrone
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefania Napolitano
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Floriana Morgillo
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Concetta Tuccillo
- Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Federico
- Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Marcello Dallio
- Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmelina Loguercio
- Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonietta Gerarda Gravina
- Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Palma
- Medicina Interna, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Teresa Troiani
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
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26
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Ahmad U, Akhtar J, Singh SP, Badruddeen, Ahmad FJ, Siddiqui S, Wahajuddin. Silymarin nanoemulsion against human hepatocellular carcinoma: development and optimization. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:231-241. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1324465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Usama Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Juber Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Satya Prakash Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Badruddeen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Farhan Jalees Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sahabjada Siddiqui
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Wahajuddin
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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27
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Youn CK, Cho SI, Lee MY, Jeon YJ, Lee SK. Inhibition of ERK1/2 by silymarin in mouse mesangial cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 21:117-124. [PMID: 28066148 PMCID: PMC5214903 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.1.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to show that pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, and interleukin (IL)-1β] synergistically induce the production of nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse mesangial cells, which play an important role in inflammatory glomerular injury. We also found that co-treatment with cytokines at low doses (TNF-α; 5 ng/ml, IFN-γ; 5 ng/ml, and IL-1β; 1.25 U/ml) synergistically induced NO production, whereas treatment with each cytokine alone did not increase NO production at doses up to 100 ng/ml or 50 U/ml. Silymarin, a polyphenolic flavonoid isolated from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), attenuates cytokine mixture (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β)-induced NO production. Western blot and RT-PCR analyses showed that silymarin inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in a dose-dependent manner. Silymarin also inhibited extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1 and -2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation. Collectively, we have demonstrated that silymarin inhibits NO production in mouse mesangial cells, and may act as a useful anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cha Kyung Youn
- Department of Premedical Sciences, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Sung Il Cho
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Min Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Young Jin Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Seog Ki Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Korea
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28
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Arcone R, Palma M, Pagliara V, Graziani G, Masullo M, Nardone G. Green tea polyphenols affect invasiveness of human gastric MKN-28 cells by inhibition of LPS or TNF-α induced Matrix Metalloproteinase-9/2. BIOCHIMIE OPEN 2016; 3:56-63. [PMID: 29450132 PMCID: PMC5802102 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopen.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several studies demonstrated a correlation between green tea consumption and a reduced cancer risk. Among different components, green tea polyphenols have been identified as molecules responsible for the beneficial effects showed by the green tea against oxidative stress and cell invasiveness. In this study, we investigated the effects of green tea polyphenol extracts (GTPs) in human gastric MKN-28 cell line. To this aim, we have first evaluated the effect of GTPs on oxidative stress induced cell injury. The pre-treatment with 10-4 M catechin equivalents of GTPs exerts a protective effect on xanthine-xanthine oxidase induced cell cytotoxicity, thus confirming the anti-oxidant properties of GTPs. The effect of GTPs was also extended to the invasive ability of MKN-28 cells stimulated with TNF-α or LPS, as pro-inflammatory factors. Migration and matrigel invasion assays demonstrated that GTPs exposure (10-6 M) prevents the increase in cell invasiveness induced by TNF-α or LPS. Finally, we have analyzed the effect of GTPs on the levels of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP)-9/2, whose expression is up-regulated by TNF-α or LPS. Our results indicated that the pre-treatment with GTPs was able to reduce MMP-9/2 expression at both protein and enzyme activity levels in the conditioned media of TNF-α or LPS stimulated MKN-28 cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that green tea polyphenol extract reduces the invasiveness of gastric MKN-28 cancer cells through the reduction of TNF-α or LPS induced MMP-9/2 up-regulation. Therefore, these data support the hypothesis that GTPs could exert a protective role against the metastatic process in gastric cancer.
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Key Words
- Cell migration
- Cell invasion
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagles's Medium
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- ECM, Extracellular matrix
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GTPs, Green tea polyphenols extract
- Green tea polyphenols
- LPS, Lipopolysaccharide
- MKN-28 gastric cancer cells
- MMP-, Matrix metalloproteinase
- Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2)
- Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)
- PBS, Phosphate-buffer saline
- ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor α
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Arcone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università di Napoli "Parthenope", Via Medina 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy.,CEINGE, Biotecnologie Avanzate, S.C. a R.L., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Margherita Palma
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valentina Pagliara
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università di Napoli "Parthenope", Via Medina 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giulia Graziani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Mariorosario Masullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università di Napoli "Parthenope", Via Medina 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy.,CEINGE, Biotecnologie Avanzate, S.C. a R.L., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gerardo Nardone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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29
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Jiang C, Jin S, Jiang Z, Wang J. Inhibitory effects of silibinin on proliferation and lung metastasis of human high metastasis cell line of salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma via autophagy induction. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:6609-6618. [PMID: 27822066 PMCID: PMC5087781 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s107101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the possible mechanisms and effects of silibinin (SIL) on the proliferation and lung metastasis of human lung high metastasis cell line of salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC-M). METHODS A methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay was performed to detect the inhibitory effects of SIL on the proliferation of ACC-M cells in vitro. Fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the autophagic process. Western blot was performed to detect the expression of microtube-related protein 1 light-chain 3 (LC3). An experimental adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) lung metastasis model was established in nude mice to detect the impacts of SIL on lung weight and lung cancer nodules. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of LC3 in human ACC samples and normal salivary gland tissue samples. RESULTS SIL inhibited the proliferation of ACC-M cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and inductively increased the autophagic bodies in ACC-M cells. Furthermore, SIL could increase the expression of LC3 in ACC-M cells and promote the conversion of LC3-I into LC3-II in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In the ACC lung metastasis model, the lung weight and left and right lung nodules in the SIL-treated group were significantly less than those in the control group (P<0.05). The expressions of LC3-I and LC3-II as well as the positive expression rate of LC3 (80%) significantly increased, but the positive expression of LC3 in human ACC (42.22%) reduced significantly. CONCLUSION SIL could inhibit the proliferation and lung metastasis of ACC-M cells by possibly inducing tumor cells autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canhua Jiang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital
| | - Shufang Jin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital
| | - Zhisheng Jiang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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30
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Morris J, Fang Y, De Mukhopdhyay K, Wargovich MJ. Natural Agents Used in Chemoprevention of Aerodigestive and GI Cancers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:11-20. [PMID: 27134816 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-016-0047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aerodigestive cancers are on an increasing level in both occurrence and mortality. A major cause in many of these cancers is disruption of the inflammatory pathway, leading to increased cell proliferation, and epigenetic silencing of normal regulatory genes. Here we review the research on several natural products: silibinin, silymarin, quercetin, neem & nimbolide, gingerol, epigallatecatechin-3- gallate, curcumin, genistein and resveratrol conducted on aerodigestive cancers. These types of cancers are primarily those from oral cavity, esophagus/windpipe, stomach, small and large intestine, colon/rectum and bile/pancreas tissues. We report on the utilization in vivo and in vitro systems to research these dose effects on the inflammatory and epigenetic pathway components within the aerodigestive cancer. To follow up on the basic research we will discuss remaining research questions and future directions involving these natural products as putative stand alone or in combination with clinical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Morris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Keya De Mukhopdhyay
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Michael J Wargovich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
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31
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Erturk K, Tastekin D, Serilmez M, Bilgin E, Bozbey HU, Vatansever S. Clinical significance of serum interleukin-29, interleukin-32, and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels in patients with gastric cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:405-12. [PMID: 26219901 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies suggested that cytokines interleukin (IL)-29, IL-32, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) are implicated in the pathogenesis of malignancies. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical significance of the serum levels of IL-29, IL-32, and TNF-α in gastric cancer (GC) patients. Fifty-eight GC patients and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled into this study. The median age at diagnosis was 59.5 years (range 32-82 years). Tumor localization of the majority of the patients was antrum (n = 42, 72.4 %), and tumor histopathology of the majority of the patients was diffuse (n = 43, 74.1 %). The majority of the patients had stage IV disease (n = 41, 70.7 %). Thirty-six (62.1 %) patients had lymph node involvement. The median follow-up time was 66 months (range 1 to 97.2 months). The baseline serum IL-29 concentrations were not different between patients and controls (p = 0.627). The baseline serum IL-32 and TNF-α concentrations of the GC patients were significantly higher (for IL-32, p = 0.014; for TNF-α, p = 0.001). Gender, localization, histopathology, tumor, and lymph node involvement were not found to be correlated with serum IL-29, IL-32, and TNF-α concentrations (p > 0.05). Patients without metastasis (p = 0.01) and patients who responded to chemotherapy (p = 0.04) had higher serum IL-29 concentrations. Patients older than 60 years had higher serum IL-32 (p = 0.002). Serum IL-29, IL-32, and TNF-α levels were not associated with outcome (p = 0.30, p = 0.51, and p = 0.41, respectively). In conclusion, serum levels of IL-32 and TNF-α may be diagnostic markers, and serum IL-29 levels may be associated with good prognosis in patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayhan Erturk
- Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, Capa, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Didem Tastekin
- Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, Capa, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Serilmez
- Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, Capa, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Bilgin
- Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, Capa, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hamza Ugur Bozbey
- Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, Capa, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezai Vatansever
- Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, Capa, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
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32
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Ahmad U, Faiyazuddin M, Hussain MT, Ahmad S, M Alshammari T, Shakeel F. Silymarin: an insight to its formulation and analytical prospects. ACTA PHYSIOLOGIAE PLANTARUM 2015; 37:253. [DOI: 10.1007/s11738-015-2008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
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33
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Effect of expressions of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1B on peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:8853-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3621-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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34
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Kim EJ, Lee MY, Jeon YJ. Silymarin Inhibits Morphological Changes in LPS-Stimulated Macrophages by Blocking NF-κB Pathway. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:211-8. [PMID: 25954125 PMCID: PMC4422960 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.3.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study showed that silymarin, a polyphenolic flavonoid isolated from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced morphological changes in the mouse RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. We also showed that silymarin inhibited the nuclear translocation and transactivation activities of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), which is important for macrophage activation-associated changes in cell morphology and gene expression of inflammatory cytokines. BAY-11-7085, an NF-κB inhibitor, abrogated LPS-induced morphological changes and NO production, similar to silymarin. Treatment of RAW264.7 cells with silymarin also inhibited LPS-stimulated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Collectively, these experiments demonstrated that silymarin inhibited LPS-induced morphological changes in the RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cell line. Our findings indicated that the most likely mechanism underlying this biological effect involved inhibition of the MAPK pathway and NF-κB activity. Inhibition of these activities by silymarin is a potentially useful strategy for the treatment of inflammation because of the critical roles played by MAPK and NF-κB in mediating inflammatory responses in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| | - Min Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| | - Young Jin Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
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Jiang K, Wang W, Jin X, Wang Z, Ji Z, Meng G. Silibinin, a natural flavonoid, induces autophagy via ROS-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of ATP involving BNIP3 in human MCF7 breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:2711-8. [PMID: 25891311 PMCID: PMC4431438 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Silibinin, derived from the milk thistle plant (Silybum marianum), has anticancer and chemopreventive properties. Silibinin has been reported to inhibit the growth of various types of cancer cells. However, the mechanisms by which silibinin exerts an anticancer effect are poorly defined. The present study aimed to investigate whether silibinin-induced cell death might be attributed to autophagy and the underlying mechanisms in human MCF7 breast cancer cells. Our results showed that silibinin-induced cell death was greatly abrogated by two specific autophagy inhibitors, 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and bafilomycin-A1 (Baf-A1). In addition, silibinin triggered the conversion of light chain 3 (LC3)-I to LC3-II, promoted the upregulation of Atg12-Atg5 formation, increased Beclin-1 expression, and decreased the Bcl-2 level. Moreover, we noted elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, concomitant with the dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) and a drastic decline in ATP levels following silibinin treatment, which were effectively prevented by the antioxidants, N-acetylcysteine and ascorbic acid. Silibinin stimulated the expression of Bcl-2 adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), a pro-death Bcl-2 family member, and silencing of BNIP3 greatly inhibited silibinin-induced cell death, decreased ROS production, and sustained ΔΨm and ATP levels. Taken together, these findings revealed that silibinin induced autophagic cell death through ROS-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and ATP depletion involving BNIP3 in MCF7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Ji
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P.R. China
| | - Guanmin Meng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
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Toufaily C, Charfi C, Annabi B, Annabi B. A Role for the Cavin-3/Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Signaling Axis in the Regulation of PMA-Activated Human HT1080 Fibrosarcoma Cell Neoplastic Phenotype. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2014; 7:43-51. [PMID: 25520561 PMCID: PMC4260767 DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s18581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Caveolae are specialized cell membrane invaginations known to regulate several cancer cell functions and oncogenic signaling pathways. Among other caveolar proteins, they are characterized by the presence of proteins of the cavin family. In this study, we assessed the impact of cavin-1, cavin-2, and cavin-3 on cell migration in a human HT-1080 fibrosarcoma model. We found that all cavin-1, -2 and -3 transcripts were expressed and that treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), which is known to prime cell migration and proliferation, specifically upregulated cavin-3 gene and protein expression. PMA also triggered matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 secretion, but reduced the global cell migration index. Overexpression of recombinant forms of the three cavins demonstrated that only cavin-3 was able to reduce basal cell migration, and this anti-migratory effect was potentiated by PMA. Interestingly, cavin-3 overexpression inhibited PMA-induced MMP-9, while cavin-3 gene silencing led to an increase in MMP-9 gene expression and secretion. Furthermore, recombinant cavin-3 significantly prevented PMA-mediated dephosphorylation of AKT, a crucial regulator in MMP-9 transcription. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that cellular cavin-3 expression may repress MMP-9 transcriptional regulation in part through AKT. We suggest that the balance in cavin-3-to-MMP-9 expression regulates the extent of extracellular matrix degradation, confirming the tumor-suppressive role of cavin-3 in controlling the invasive potential of human fibrosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirine Toufaily
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Centre de Recherche BIOMED, Université du Québec à Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cyndia Charfi
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Centre de Recherche BIOMED, Université du Québec à Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bayader Annabi
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Centre de Recherche BIOMED, Université du Québec à Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ; Département de Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Borhane Annabi
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Centre de Recherche BIOMED, Université du Québec à Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ; Département de Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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Kim EJ, Kim J, Lee MY, Sudhanva MS, Devakumar S, Jeon YJ. Silymarin Inhibits Cytokine-Stimulated Pancreatic Beta Cells by Blocking the ERK1/2 Pathway. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:282-7. [PMID: 25143805 PMCID: PMC4131525 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that silymarin, a polyphenolic flavonoid isolated from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), inhibits cytokine mixture (CM: TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) in the pancreatic beta cell line MIN6N8a. Immunostaining and Western blot analysis showed that silymarin inhibits iNOS gene expression. RT-PCR showed that silymarin inhibits iNOS gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. We also showed that silymarin inhibits extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1 and 2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation. A MEK1 inhibitor abrogated CM-induced nitrite production, similar to silymarin. Treatment of MIN6N8a cells with silymarin also inhibited CM-stimulated activation of NF-κB, which is important for iNOS transcription. Collectively, we demonstrate that silymarin inhibits NO production in pancreatic beta cells, and silymarin may represent a useful anti-diabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeho Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Young Jin Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
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Ting H, Deep G, Agarwal R. Molecular mechanisms of silibinin-mediated cancer chemoprevention with major emphasis on prostate cancer. AAPS J 2013; 15:707-16. [PMID: 23588585 PMCID: PMC3691417 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in early detection, prostate cancer remains the second highest cancer mortality in American men, and even successful interventions are associated with enormous health care costs as well as prolonged deleterious effects on quality of patient life. Prostate cancer chemoprevention is one potential avenue to alleviate these burdens. It is a regime whereby long-term treatments are intended to prevent or arrest cancer development, in contrast to more direct intervention upon disease diagnosis. Based on this intention, cancer chemoprevention generally focuses on the use of nontoxic chemical agents which are well-tolerated for prolonged usage that is necessary to address prostate cancer's multistage and lengthy period of progression. One such nontoxic natural agent is the flavonoid silibinin, derived from the milk thistle plant (Silybum marianum), which has ancient medicinal usage and potent antioxidant activity. Based on these properties, silibinin has been investigated in a host of cancer models where it exhibits broad-spectrum efficacy against cancer progression both in vitro and in vivo without noticeable toxicity. Specifically in prostate cancer models, silibinin has shown the ability to modulate cell signaling, proliferation, apoptosis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis, which taken together provides strong support for silibinin as a candidate prostate cancer chemopreventive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Ting
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
| | - Gagan Deep
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
- />University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
- />University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
- />Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Room V20-2118, Box C238, Aurora, Colorado 80045 USA
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Lee SJ, Ryu DH, Jang LC, Cho SC, Kim WJ, Moon SK. Suppressive effects of an ethanol extract of Gleditsia sinensis thorns on human SNU-5 gastric cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1609-16. [PMID: 23381601 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The thorns of Gleditsia sinensis are a traditional Oriental medicine used for the treatment of swelling, suppuration, carbuncle and skin diseases. In the present study, we identified a novel molecular mechanism by which an ethanol extract of Gleditsia sinensis thorns (EEGS) inhibits the growth of the SNU-5 human gastric cancer cell line. EEGS treatment inhibited cell growth and was associated with G1 phase cell cycle arrest at a concentration of 400 µg/ml (IC50) in SNU-5 cells. Treatment with EEGS also stimulated p21WAF1 expression, which significantly decreased the expression of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Further study suggested that p38 MAP kinase pathways may be involved in the inhibition of cell proliferation through p21WAF1‑dependent G1 phase cell cycle arrest in EEGS-treated cells. In addition, NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factor binding sites were identified as the cis-elements for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression in SNU-5 cells, as determined by gel-shift assay. Treatment of cells with EEGS suppressed MMP-9 expression induced by TNF-α via a decrease in the binding activity of both NF-κB and AP-1 motifs. These data demonstrate that EEGS-mediated inhibition of cell growth appears to involve the activation of p38 MAP kinase, subsequently leading to the induction of p21WAF1 and the downregulation of cyclin D1/CDK4 and cyclin E/CDK2 complexes. Moreover, EEGS strongly inhibited TNF-α-induced MMP-9 expression by impeding the DNA binding activity of NF-κB and AP-1. Overall, these results provide a potential mechanism for EEGS in the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Chungju National University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-702, Republic of Korea
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Braicu C, Gherman C. Epigallocatechin gallate induce cell death and apoptosis in triple negative breast cancer cells Hs578T. J Drug Target 2012; 21:250-256. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.740673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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42
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Zhang Y, Li Q, Ge Y, Chen Y, Chen J, Dong Y, Shi W. Silibinin Triggers Apoptosis and Cell-Cycle Arrest of SGC7901 Cells. Phytother Res 2012; 27:397-403. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
- College of Environmental and Biological Engineering; Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology; Jilin 132022 China
| | - Quanshun Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
| | - Yakun Ge
- College of Environmental and Biological Engineering; Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology; Jilin 132022 China
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Science; Changchun 130022 China
| | - Yunpeng Chen
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery, the College of Pharmacy; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Pharmacy; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Ying Dong
- School of Pharmacy; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Wei Shi
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
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Rašković A, Stilinović N, Kolarović J, Vasović V, Vukmirović S, Mikov M. The protective effects of silymarin against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats. Molecules 2011; 16:8601-13. [PMID: 21993249 PMCID: PMC6264541 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16108601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin is a complex of five major compounds, and silibinin is the most biologically active component of the complex. The aim of this study was to investigate, evaluate and confirm the potential cardioprotective and hepatoprotective effects of administration of silymarin, rich in silibinin, at a dose of 60 mg/kg orally for a time-span of 12 days on doxorubicin induced toxicity in male Wistar rats. The in vivo model was used to explore whether silymarin could prevent damage of liver and heart tissue induced by doxorubicin administered every other day at dose of 1.66 mg/kg intraperitoneally for twelve days. In the study the change of body weight, ECG changes, biochemical parameters of oxidative stress, serum activity of alanine and aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase and histological preparations of heart and liver samples of treated animals were examined. According to physiological, pharmacological, microscopic and biochemical results, we confirmed that at the examined dose, silymarin exhibits a protective influence on the heart and liver tissue against toxicity induced by doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Rašković
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (A.R.); (V.V.); (S.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Nebojša Stilinović
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (A.R.); (V.V.); (S.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Jovanka Kolarović
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Institute for Child and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (J.K.)
| | - Velibor Vasović
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (A.R.); (V.V.); (S.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Saša Vukmirović
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (A.R.); (V.V.); (S.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (A.R.); (V.V.); (S.V.); (M.M.)
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Souto AL, Tavares JF, da Silva MS, Diniz MDFFM, de Athayde-Filho PF, Filho JMB. Anti-inflammatory activity of alkaloids: an update from 2000 to 2010. Molecules 2011; 16:8515-34. [PMID: 21989312 PMCID: PMC6264344 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16108515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many natural substances with proven anti-inflammatory activity have been isolated throughout the years. The aim of this review is to review naturally sourced alkaloids with anti-inflammatory effects reported from 2000 to 2010. The assays were conducted mostly in vivo, and carrageenan-induced pedal edema was the most used experimental model. Of the 49 alkaloids evaluated, 40 demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity. Of these the most studied type were the isoquinolines. This review was based on NAPRALERT data bank, Web of Science and Chemical Abstracts. In this review, 95 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Lopes Souto
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraiba, 58051-900, João Pessoa-PB, Brazil; (A.L.S.); (J.F.T.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
| | - Josean Fechine Tavares
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraiba, 58051-900, João Pessoa-PB, Brazil; (A.L.S.); (J.F.T.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
| | - Marcelo Sobral da Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraiba, 58051-900, João Pessoa-PB, Brazil; (A.L.S.); (J.F.T.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
| | | | | | - José Maria Barbosa Filho
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraiba, 58051-900, João Pessoa-PB, Brazil; (A.L.S.); (J.F.T.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
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Deep G, Agarwal R. Antimetastatic efficacy of silibinin: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential against cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2010; 29:447-63. [PMID: 20714788 PMCID: PMC3928361 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-010-9237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a major health problem around the world. Research efforts in the last few decades have been successful in providing better and effective treatments against both early stage and localized cancer, but clinical options against advanced metastatic stage/s of cancer remain limited. The high morbidity and mortality in most of the cancers are attributed to their metastatic spread to distant organs. Due to its extreme clinical relevance, metastasis has been extensively studied and is now understood as a highly complex biological event that involves multiple steps including acquisition of invasiveness by cancer cells, intravasation into circulatory system, survival in the circulation, arrest in microvasculature, extravasation, and growth at distant organs. The increasing understanding of molecular underpinnings of these events has provided excellent opportunity to target metastasis especially through nontoxic and biologically effective nutraceuticals. Silibinin, a popular dietary supplement isolated from milk thistle seed extracts, is one such natural agent that has shown biological efficacy through pleiotropic mechanisms against a variety of cancers and is currently in clinical trials. Recent preclinical studies have also shown strong efficacy of silibinin to target cancer cell's migratory and invasive characteristics as well as their ability to metastasize to distant organs. Detailed mechanistic analyses revealed that silibinin targets signaling molecules involved in the regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, proteases activation, adhesion, motility, invasiveness as well as the supportive tumor-microenvironment components, thereby inhibiting metastasis. Overall, the long history of human use, remarkable nontoxicity, and preclinical efficacy strongly favor the clinical use of silibinin against advanced metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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Tůmová L, Tůma J, Megušar K, Doležal M. Substituted pyrazinecarboxamides as abiotic elicitors of flavolignan production in Silybum marianum (L.) gaertn cultures in vitro. Molecules 2010; 15:331-40. [PMID: 20110894 PMCID: PMC6256978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15010331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Substituted pyrazinecarboxamides markedly influenced production of flavonolignans in Silybum marianum callus and suspension cultures. In this study the effect of two compounds, N-(3-iodo-4-methylphenyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide (1) and N-(3-iodo-4-methylphenyl)-5-tert-butyl-pyrazine-2-carboxamide (2), as abiotic elicitors on flavono-lignan production in callus culture of S. marianum was investigated. Silymarin complex compounds have hepatoprotective, anticancer and also hypocholesterolemic activity. In vitro flavonolignan concentration in cells is very low and the elicitation is one of the methods to increase production. Elicitors were tested at three concentrations and at different culture times. In the case of elicitation with 1, the greatest increase of flavonolignan and taxifoline production was observed at concentration c(1a) after 6-hours of elicitation and after 24 and 72-hours at concentration c(1b). However, increased production of silychristin, one of the compounds in the silymarin complex, was achieved after only 6-hours elicitation with c(1a) (2.95 x 10(-4) mol/L). The content of silychristin was 2-times higher compared to the control sample. An increased production of silychristin was reached with compound 2 at the concentration c(2) (2.53 x 10(-3) mol/L) after 72 h of elicitation. The production of silychristin in this case was increased 12-times compared to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Tůmová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (M.D.); (K.M.)
| | - Jiří Tůma
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, University of Hradec Králové, Víta Nejedlého 573, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (J.T.)
| | - Klara Megušar
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (M.D.); (K.M.)
| | - Martin Doležal
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (M.D.); (K.M.)
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