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Chen H, Wang J, Ding K, Xu J, Yang Y, Tang C, Zhou Y, Yu W, Wang H, Huang Q, Li B, Kuang D, Wu D, Luo Z, Gao J, Zhao Y, Liu J, Peng X, Lu S, Liu H. Gastrointestinal microbiota and metabolites possibly contribute to distinct pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 proto or its variants in rhesus monkeys. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2334970. [PMID: 38563680 PMCID: PMC10989708 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2334970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) infection is evidenced with involvement in COVID-19 pathogenesis caused by SARS-CoV-2. However, the correlation between GI microbiota and the distinct pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Proto and its emerging variants remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine if GI microbiota impacted COVID-19 pathogenesis and if the effect varied between SARS-CoV-2 Proto and its variants. We performed an integrative analysis of histopathology, microbiomics, and transcriptomics on the GI tract fragments from rhesus monkeys infected with SARS-CoV-2 proto or its variants. Based on the degree of pathological damage and microbiota profile in the GI tract, five of SARS-CoV-2 strains were classified into two distinct clusters, namely, the clusters of Alpha, Beta and Delta (ABD), and Proto and Omicron (PO). Notably, the abundance of potentially pathogenic microorganisms increased in ABD but not in the PO-infected rhesus monkeys. Specifically, the high abundance of UCG-002, UCG-005, and Treponema in ABD virus-infected animals positively correlated with interleukin, integrins, and antiviral genes. Overall, this study revealed that infection-induced alteration of GI microbiota and metabolites could increase the systemic burdens of inflammation or pathological injury in infected animals, especially in those infected with ABD viruses. Distinct GI microbiota and metabolite profiles may be responsible for the differential pathological phenotypes of PO and ABD virus-infected animals. These findings improve our understanding the roles of the GI microbiota in SARS-CoV-2 infection and provide important information for the precise prevention, control, and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Junbin Wang
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kaiyun Ding
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Cong Tang
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanan Zhou
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenhai Yu
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Haixuan Wang
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bai Li
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dexuan Kuang
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Daoju Wu
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhiwu Luo
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiahong Gao
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiansheng Liu
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, IMBCAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, IMBCAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongqi Liu
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Midha V, Midha V, Kochhar AS, Kochhar GK, Bhasin R, Dadlani H. Evaluating the efficacy of desensitizing dentifrices on dentinal hypersensitivity management: A scanning electron microscopic analysis. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2021; 25:283-287. [PMID: 34393397 PMCID: PMC8336776 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_247_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) adversely affects quality of life by impairing the ability to eat and drink certain foods, therefore, should be addressed promptly with a contingency plan that includes initial treatment with a noninvasive prophylactic home care approach, followed by in-office treatment if desired result is not achieved. Aim The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of four different pastes containing 5% NovaMin (Sensodyne Repair and Protect®), Propolis (Phytoshield Propolis®), 5% potassium nitrate (Sensodyne®), and 8% arginine (Colgate Sensitive Pro Relief®) based toothpastes in the treatment of DH. Materials and Methods One hundred dentin slices were cut from the crown section of molars. Etching with 37% orthophosphoric acid was done to open the tubules. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) study was done to ensure that the tubules are opened. The dentin specimens were divided into four groups: Group 1 -5% NovaMin, Group 2 - Propolis, Group 3 - 5% potassium nitrate, and Group 4 - 8% arginine. Samples were brushed for 2 min twice daily with a soft toothbrush for 15 days and were stored in distilled water. The samples were rinsed under running water to remove the toothpaste. The SEM was performed to check the obliteration of tubules. Results 5% NovaMin group showed more completely occluded dentinal tubules when compared to other groups. The differences among all the groups were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion In the present study, all materials, NovaMin, Propolis, potassium nitrate, and arginine, were effective in occluding dentinal tubules but NovaMin appeared most proficient in occluding tubules, followed by arginine, potassium nitrate, and Propolis. Topical NovaMin is an upcoming agent demonstrating desensitization and remineralization properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasu Midha
- Department of Endodontics, National Dental College and Hospital, Dera Bassi, Punjab, India
| | - Vishu Midha
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, National Dental College and Hospital, Dera Bassi, Punjab, India
| | - Anuraj Singh Kochhar
- Former Orthodontist, Department of Dentistry, Max Hospital Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Gulsheen Kaur Kochhar
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, National Dental College and Hospital, Dera Bassi, Punjab, India
| | - Ritasha Bhasin
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, India
| | - Himanshu Dadlani
- Department of Periodontology, Kalka Dental College and Hospital, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Meingast CL, Joshi PU, Turpeinen DG, Xu X, Holstein M, Feroz H, Ranjan S, Ghose S, Li ZJ, Heldt CL. Physiochemical properties of enveloped viruses and arginine dictate inactivation. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000342. [PMID: 33877739 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic protein manufacturing would benefit by having an arsenal of ways to inactivate viruses. There have been many publications on the virus inactivation ability of arginine at pH 4.0, but the mechanism of this inactivation is unknown. This study explored how virus structure and solution conditions enhance virus inactivation by arginine and leads to a better understanding of the mechanism of virus inactivation by arginine. RESULTS Large diameter viruses from the Herpesviridae family (SuHV-1, HSV-1) with loosely packed lipids were highly inactivated by arginine, whereas small diameter, enveloped viruses (equine arteritis virus (EAV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)) with tightly packed lipids were negligibly inactivated by arginine. To increase the inactivation of viruses resistant to arginine, arginine-derivatives and arginine peptides were tested. Derivates and peptides demonstrated that a greater capacity for clustering and added hydrophobicity enhanced virus inactivation. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) detected increases in virus size after arginine exposure, supporting the mechanism of lipid expansion. CONCLUSIONS Arginine most likely interacts with the lipid membrane to cause inactivation. This is shown by larger viruses being more sensitive to inactivation and expansion of the viral size. The enhancement of arginine inactivation when increased hydrophobic molecules are present or arginine is clustered demonstrates a potential mechanism of how arginine interacts with the lipid membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa L Meingast
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA.,Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Pratik U Joshi
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Dylan G Turpeinen
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Xuankuo Xu
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa Holstein
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hasin Feroz
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Swarnim Ranjan
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caryn L Heldt
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
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Meingast C, Heldt CL. Arginine‐enveloped virus inactivation and potential mechanisms. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 36:e2931. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christa Meingast
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Michigan Technological University Houghton Michigan
| | - Caryn L. Heldt
- Department of Chemical Engineering Michigan Technological University Houghton Michigan
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Li H, Li H, Wang J, Guo L, Fan H, Zheng H, Yang Z, Huang X, Chu M, Yang F, He Z, Li N, Yang J, Wu Q, Shi H, Liu L. The altered gut virome community in rhesus monkeys is correlated with the gut bacterial microbiome and associated metabolites. Virol J 2019; 16:105. [PMID: 31426820 PMCID: PMC6700990 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gut microbiome is closely associated with the health of the host; although the interaction between the bacterial microbiome and the whole virome has rarely been studied, it is likely of medical importance. Examination of the interactions between the gut bacterial microbiome and virome of rhesus monkey would significantly contribute to revealing the gut microbiome composition. Methods Here, we conducted a metagenomic analysis of the gut microbiome of rhesus monkeys in a longitudinal cohort treated with an antibiotic cocktail, and we documented the interactions between the bacterial microbiome and virome. The depletion of viral populations was confirmed at the species level by real-time PCR. We also detected changes in the gut metabolome by GC-MS and LC-MS. Results A majority of bacteria were depleted after treatment with antibiotics, and the Shannon diversity index decreased from 2.95 to 0.22. Furthermore, the abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) decreased from 104.47 to 33.84, and the abundance of eukaryotic viruses also changed substantially. In the annotation, 6 families of DNA viruses and 1 bacteriophage family were present in the normal monkeys but absent after gut bacterial microbiome depletion. Intriguingly, we discovered that changes in the gut bacterial microbiome composition may promote changes in the gut virome composition, and tryptophan, arginine, and quinone may play roles in the interaction between the bacterial microbiome and virome. Conclusion Our results indicated that the clearly altered composition of the virome was correlated with depletion in the bacterial community and that metabolites produced by bacteria possibly play important roles in the interaction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-019-1211-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China.,Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hongzhe Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China.,Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China.,Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China.,Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Haitao Fan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China.,Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Huiwen Zheng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China.,Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zening Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China.,Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China.,Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Manman Chu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China.,Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Fengmei Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Zhanlong He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China.,Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jinxi Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China.,Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Qiongwen Wu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China.,Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Haijing Shi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China. .,Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China.
| | - Longding Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China. .,Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China.
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Tlaxca JL, Ellis S, Remmele RL. Live attenuated and inactivated viral vaccine formulation and nasal delivery: potential and challenges. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 93:56-78. [PMID: 25312673 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are cost-effective for the prevention of infectious diseases and have significantly reduced mortality and morbidity. Novel approaches are needed to develop safe and effective vaccines against disease. Major challenges in vaccine development include stability in a suitable dosage form and effective modes of delivery. Many live attenuated vaccines are capable of eliciting both humoral and cell mediated immune responses if physicochemically stable in an appropriate delivery vehicle. Knowing primary stresses that impart instability provides a general rationale for formulation development and mode of delivery. Since most pathogens enter the body through the mucosal route, live-attenuated vaccines have the advantage of mimicking natural immunization via non-invasive delivery. This presentation will examine aspects of formulation design, types of robust dosage forms to consider, effective routes of delivery (invasive and noninvasive), and distinctions between live attenuated or inactivated vaccines.
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Refolding Technology for scFv Using a New Detergent, N-Lauroyl-L-glutamate and Arginine. Antibodies (Basel) 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/antib1020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Schneider CP, Shukla D, Trout BL. Arginine and the Hofmeister Series: the role of ion-ion interactions in protein aggregation suppression. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:7447-58. [PMID: 21568311 DOI: 10.1021/jp111920y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
L-Arginine hydrochloride is a very important aggregation suppressor for which there has been much attention given regarding elucidating its mechanism of action. Little consideration, however, has been given toward other salt forms besides chloride, even though the counterion likely imparts a large influence per the Hofmeister Series. Here, we report an in depth analysis of the role the counterion plays in the aggregation suppression behavior of arginine. Consistent with the empirical Hofmeister series, we found that the aggregation suppression ability of other arginine salt forms on a model protein (α-chymotrypsinogen) follows the order: H(2)PO(4)(-) > SO(4)(2-) > citrate(2-) > acetate(-) ≈ F(-) ≈ Cl(-) > Br(-) > I(-) ≈ SCN(-). Mechanistically, preferential interaction and osmotic virial coefficient measurements, in addition to molecular dynamics simulations, indicate that attractive ion-ion interactions, particularly attractive interactions between arginine molecules, play a dominate role in the observed behavior. Furthermore, it appears that dihydrogen phosphate, sulfate, and citrate have strong attractive interactions with the guanidinium group of arginine, which seems to contribute to the superior aggregation suppression ability of those salt forms by bridging together multiple arginine molecules into clusters. These results not only further our understanding of how arginine influences protein stability, they also help to elucidate the mechanism behind the Hofmeister Series. This should help to improve biopharmaceutical stabilization through the use of other arginine salts and possibly, the development of novel excipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtiss P Schneider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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