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Lee SJ, Kim HW, Lee S, Kwon RH, Na H, Kim JH, Wee CD, Yoo SM, Lee SH. Characterization of Saponins from Various Parts of Platycodon grandiflorum Using UPLC-QToF/MS. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010107. [PMID: 35011337 PMCID: PMC8746516 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) is known as a high-potential material in terms of its biological activity. The objective of this report is to provide chromatographic and mass fragment ion data of 38 simultaneously identified saponins, including novel compounds, by analyzing them through ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF/MS). In so doing, we investigated their diverse conditions, including morphological parts (stems, roots, buds, and leaves), peeling (or not), and blanching of PG. The total contents of individual saponins indicated an order of roots (containing peel, 1674.60 mg/100 g, dry weight) > buds (1364.05) > roots (without peel, 1058.83) ≈ blanched roots (without peel, 945.17) ≈ stems (993.71) ≈ leaves (881.16). When considering three types of aglycone, the platycodigenin group (55.04 ~ 68.34%) accounted for the largest proportion of the total content, whereas the platycogenic acid A group accounted for 17.83 ~ 22.61%, and the polygalacic acid group represented 12.06 ~ 22.35%. As they are classified as major compounds, novel saponins might be utilized for their role in healthy food for human consumption. Additionally, during blanching, the core temperature of PG was satisfied with the optimal condition, thus activating the enzymes related to biotransformation. Furthermore, through the use of this comprehensive data, additional studies related to buds, as well as roots or the characterization of individual saponins, can be conducted in a rapid and achievable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-238-3562; Fax: +82-63-238-3841
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Silveira D, Prieto-Garcia JM, Boylan F, Estrada O, Fonseca-Bazzo YM, Jamal CM, Magalhães PO, Pereira EO, Tomczyk M, Heinrich M. COVID-19: Is There Evidence for the Use of Herbal Medicines as Adjuvant Symptomatic Therapy? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:581840. [PMID: 33071794 PMCID: PMC7542597 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.581840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current recommendations for the self-management of SARS-Cov-2 disease (COVID-19) include self-isolation, rest, hydration, and the use of NSAID in case of high fever only. It is expected that many patients will add other symptomatic/adjuvant treatments, such as herbal medicines. AIMS To provide a benefits/risks assessment of selected herbal medicines traditionally indicated for "respiratory diseases" within the current frame of the COVID-19 pandemic as an adjuvant treatment. METHOD The plant selection was primarily based on species listed by the WHO and EMA, but some other herbal remedies were considered due to their widespread use in respiratory conditions. Preclinical and clinical data on their efficacy and safety were collected from authoritative sources. The target population were adults with early and mild flu symptoms without underlying conditions. These were evaluated according to a modified PrOACT-URL method with paracetamol, ibuprofen, and codeine as reference drugs. The benefits/risks balance of the treatments was classified as positive, promising, negative, and unknown. RESULTS A total of 39 herbal medicines were identified as very likely to appeal to the COVID-19 patient. According to our method, the benefits/risks assessment of the herbal medicines was found to be positive in 5 cases (Althaea officinalis, Commiphora molmol, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hedera helix, and Sambucus nigra), promising in 12 cases (Allium sativum, Andrographis paniculata, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea purpurea, Eucalyptus globulus essential oil, Justicia pectoralis, Magnolia officinalis, Mikania glomerata, Pelargonium sidoides, Pimpinella anisum, Salix sp, Zingiber officinale), and unknown for the rest. On the same grounds, only ibuprofen resulted promising, but we could not find compelling evidence to endorse the use of paracetamol and/or codeine. CONCLUSIONS Our work suggests that several herbal medicines have safety margins superior to those of reference drugs and enough levels of evidence to start a clinical discussion about their potential use as adjuvants in the treatment of early/mild common flu in otherwise healthy adults within the context of COVID-19. While these herbal medicines will not cure or prevent the flu, they may both improve general patient well-being and offer them an opportunity to personalize the therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dâmaris Silveira
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Jose Maria Prieto-Garcia
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Boylan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Omar Estrada
- Biophysics and Biochemistry Center, Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | | | | | - Edson Oliveira Pereira
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Michal Tomczyk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, School of Pharmacy, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
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Ji MY, Bo A, Yang M, Xu JF, Jiang LL, Zhou BC, Li MH. The Pharmacological Effects and Health Benefits of Platycodon grandiflorus-A Medicine Food Homology Species. Foods 2020; 9:foods9020142. [PMID: 32023858 PMCID: PMC7073691 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorus is a widely used edible, traditional Chinese medicinal herb. It is rich in saponins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and other compounds. It contains a large number of fatty acids such as linoleic acid (up to 63.24%), a variety of amino acids, vitamins, and multiple essential trace elements. P. grandiflorus has several biological applications, such as in hypotension, lipid reduction, atherosclerosis, inflammation, relieving cough and phlegm, promoting cholic acid secretion, and as an antioxidant. Further, P. grandiflorus is often used in the development of cold mixed vegetables, canned vegetables, preserved fruit, salted vegetables, and cosmetics in northeast China, South Korea, Japan, and Korea. In this paper, the active chemical components and the health benefits of P. grandiflorus have been reviewed, providing new ideas for the further development of nutraceutical products to prevent and manage chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yue Ji
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (M.-Y.J.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Agula Bo
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (M.-Y.J.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Min Yang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (M.-Y.J.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Jin-Fan Xu
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (M.-Y.J.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Lin-Lin Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China; (L.-L.J.); (B.-C.Z.)
| | - Bao-Chang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China; (L.-L.J.); (B.-C.Z.)
| | - Min-Hui Li
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (M.-Y.J.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (J.-F.X.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China; (L.-L.J.); (B.-C.Z.)
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hohhot 010020, Inner Mongolia, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, Jiangxi, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-472-716-7795
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Shoeb M, Khondker M, Nahar N. A new steroidal glycoside from Corypha taliera Roxb., a globally endangered species. Nat Prod Res 2015. [PMID: 26196451 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1055744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A new steroidal glycoside, β-sitosterol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside was isolated from the methanol extract of the pericarp of Corypha taliera Roxb. The reversed-phased HPLC analysis of the methanol extract of the pericarp of C. taliera Roxb. (Talipalm), a rare species of Arecaceae family, afforded a new steroidal glycoside, β-sitosterol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1). The structure of the compound was elucidated unequivocally by UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shoeb
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Dhaka , Dhaka 1000 , Bangladesh
| | | | - Nilufar Nahar
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Dhaka , Dhaka 1000 , Bangladesh
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Yang D, Zhang C, Zhang N, Li M, Liu Y. Platycodon grandiflorus - an ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 164:147-61. [PMID: 25666431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC., the sole species in genus Platycodon A. DC. (Campanulaceae) has a long history of use as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatments of cough, phlegm, sore throat, lung abscess, chest pain, dysuria, and dysentery. As a legal medicine and dietary supplement, it is also frequently used as an ingredient in health foods and vegetable dishes. The aim of this review is to provide up-to-date information on the botanical characterization and distribution, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of Platycodon grandiflorus based on literature published in recent years. It will build a foundation for further study of the mechanism of action and the development of better therapeutic agents and healthy products from Platycodon grandiflorus. MATERIAL AND METHODS All of the available information on Platycodon grandiflorus was collected via electronic search (using PubMed, SciFinder Scholar, CNKI, TPL (www.theplantlist.org), Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, and Web of Science). RESULTS A comprehensive analysis of the literature obtained through the above-mentioned sources confirmed that ethno-medical uses of Platycodon grandiflorus have been recorded in China, Japan, Mongolia, and Korea for thousands of years. A phytochemical investigation revealed that this product contains steroidal saponins, flavonoids, polyacetylenes, sterols, phenolics, and other bioactive compounds. Crude extracts and pure compounds isolated from Platycodon grandiflorus exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory effects. They also showed valuable bioactive effects, such as anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, hepatoprotective and cardiovascular system effects, among others. CONCLUSIONS In light of its long traditional use and the modern phytochemical and pharmacological studies summarized here, Platycodon grandiflorus has been demonstrated to show a strong potential for therapeutic and health-maintaining uses. Both the extracts and chemical components isolated from the plant showed a wide range of biological activities. Thus, more studies on the pharmacological mechanisms of its main active compounds (e.g., platycodin D, D2) need to be conducted. In addition, as one of the most popular traditional herbal medicines, clinical studies of the main therapeutic aspects, toxicity and adverse effects of Platycodon grandiflorus will also undoubtedly be the focus of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Yingli Wang
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Dawei Yang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Minhui Li
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China.
| | - Yanze Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100193, China.
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Effects of platycodin D on proliferation, apoptosis and PI3K/Akt signal pathway of human glioma U251 cells. Molecules 2014; 19:21411-23. [PMID: 25532840 PMCID: PMC6270900 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191221411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of platycodin D (PD) on the proliferation, apoptosis and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway of human glioma U251 cells were investigated. Glioma U251 cells were treated with PD at final concentrations of 0, 16.3, 40.8, 81.6, 163.2 μM, and inhibition rate, early and late apoptotic rate, apoptotic index, expression of apoptosis-related proteins and phosphorylation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway were evaluated. The results showed that compared with the control group, PD could increase the proliferation inhibition rate of U251 cells in a dose- and time -dependent manner; PD could also elevate the early and late apoptotic rate, apoptotic index and the level of pro-apoptotic proteins of glioma U251 cells, such as Bax and cleaved caspase-3, but lower the level of apoptosis inhibitory protein, such as Bcl-2; PD could increase the ratio of G0/G1 phase U251 cells, and lower the proportion of Sphase U251 cells and the ratio of G2/M phase U251 cells; PD could reduce the ratio of p-Akt/Akt. The results indicate that PD can inhibit the proliferation, induce the apoptosis and cause the cell cycle arrest in human glioma U251 cells, which may be related to the inhibition of PD on the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Luan H, Yang L, Liu L, Liu S, Zhao X, Sui H, Wang J, Wang S. Effects of platycodins on liver complications of type 2 diabetes. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1597-603. [PMID: 25017203 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanism of platycodin in liver complications of type 2 diabetes. All rats were randomly divided into two groups: The control group (normal diet) and the model group (a high‑fat and high‑sugar diet). The model group was injected with 2% streptozocin (25 mg/kg body weight) through the tail vein following 4 weeks of dieting. After a total of 8 weeks of dieting, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and liver function were examined. The high‑fat and high‑sugar diet was continued in the successful model rats, which were randomly divided into four groups and treated with the following doses of platycodins: The untreated, and 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight/day groups. Platycodins treatment lasted for 12 weeks. Platycodins treatment at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight/day reduced the FBG, glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), low‑density lipoprotein (LDL) and liver index levels compared with the untreated group (P<0.05), while the high‑density lipoprotein levels increased (P<0.05). Furthermore, FBG, GPT, TC and LDL levels were returned to the normal level. This dose also increased the expression of BMP‑9 mRNA and BMP‑9 protein, and reduced the expression of Smad‑4 mRNA and Smad‑4 protein. These findings indicate that platycodins can rectify disorders of blood glucose and lipid metabolism, improve liver index and protect liver function in liver complications of type 2 diabetes. The current study suggests that this therapeutic effect is mediated through the BMP‑9/Smad‑4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Luan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Limin Yang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolian Zhao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Sui
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Jingtao Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Shuqiu Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
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Abstract
This review covers the isolation and structure determination of triterpenoids including squalene derivatives, lanostanes, holostanes, cycloartanes, cucurbitanes, dammaranes, euphanes, tirucallanes, tetranortriterpenoids, quassinoids, lupanes, oleananes, friedelanes, ursanes, hopanes, onoceranes and saponins; 308 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hill
- School of Chemistry, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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Two new oleanane-type triterpenoids from Platycodi Radix and anti-proliferative activity in HSC-T6 cells. Molecules 2012; 17:14899-907. [PMID: 23519261 PMCID: PMC6268675 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171214899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new oleanane-type triterpenoids, named platycodonoids A and B (1, 2), together with five known saponins, including platycodin D (3), deapioplatycodin D (4), 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl polygalacic acid (5), 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl platycodigenin (6) and polygalacin D (7), were isolated from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum. On the basis of spectral data and chemical evidence, the structures of the new compounds were elucidated as 2β,3β,23,24-tetrahydroxy-28-nor-olean-12-en-16-one (1) and 2β,3β,23,24- tetrahydroxy-28-nor-olean-12-en-16-one-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2). Compounds 1-7 were evaluated for their in vitro anti-proliferative activity against the HSC-T6 cell line.
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Zhou ZL, Feng ZC, Fu CY, Zhang HL, Xia JM. Steroidal and phenolic glycosides from the bulbs of Lilium pumilum DC and their potential Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitory activity. Molecules 2012; 17:10494-502. [PMID: 22945028 PMCID: PMC6268628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules170910494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new steroidal saponin, named pumilum A (1), and a new phenolic glycoside, threo-1-(4′-hydroxy-2′-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2′′,4′′-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,3-propanediol-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7) were isolated from the methanolic extract of the bulbs of Lilium pumilum DC, along with five known steroidal saponins. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques and chemical methods. In addition, the inhibitory activity of all the isolates on Na+/K+ ATPase was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Liu Zhou
- Chemistry Science and Technology School, Zhanjiang Normal University, 29 Cunjin Road, Zhanjiang 524048, China; (H.L.Z.); (J.-M.X.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +86-137-2690-5138; Tel./Fax: +86-075-9318-3176
| | - Zong-Cai Feng
- Development Center for New Materials Engineering Technology in Universities of Guangdong, Zhanjiang Normal University, 29 Cunjin Road, Zhanjiang 524048, China;
| | - Chun-Yan Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaoyang Medical College Level Speciaity School, 18 Baoqing Road, Shaoyang 422000, China;
| | - Hua-Lin Zhang
- Chemistry Science and Technology School, Zhanjiang Normal University, 29 Cunjin Road, Zhanjiang 524048, China; (H.L.Z.); (J.-M.X.)
| | - Jing-Min Xia
- Chemistry Science and Technology School, Zhanjiang Normal University, 29 Cunjin Road, Zhanjiang 524048, China; (H.L.Z.); (J.-M.X.)
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