1
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Smith R, Brogden N, Fiegel J. Sprayable ciprofloxacin-loaded poloxamer hydrogels for wound infection treatment. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023; 89:105000. [PMID: 37928051 PMCID: PMC10624398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.105000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Topical antimicrobial treatments for severe burns and chronic wounds provide effective treatment against infections, but cause pain and discomfort with application. This study aimed to develop an antimicrobial topical formulation comprising thermoreversible poloxamers (Pluronic F127 and F68) and a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent (ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, CH), that could be sprayed to eliminate application pain while maintaining antimicrobial activity. Formulations were characterized to determine their sprayability under cold conditions, gelation temperature, final storage modulus at skin temperature, drug release profile, ex vivo permeation through impaired porcine skin, and inhibition against common bacterial pathogens that colonize wounds. All cold formulations were sprayable from simple hand-held, pump-action sprayers due to their low viscosity. Upon heating, 17 and 20% Pluronic F127 formulations produced hydrogels eight to ten degrees below skin temperature, independent of ciprofloxacin loading. Increasing concentrations of Pluronic F127 increased the final storage modulus and viscosity of the gels, while inclusion of Pluronic F68 reduced these properties, showing that hydrogel rheological properties at skin temperature can be tuned via choice of formulation. Drug release was directly correlated to the rheological properties, with stiffer gels resulting in a decrease in drug release rate. Overall, gels released about 65-90% of their load within 12 hours. Ex vivo skin permeation demonstrated that drug was well retained in impaired porcine skin, which is desired to continuously treat bacteria localized to the wound. A well-diffusion assay indicated that the hydrogels had greater bacterial inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and two strains of Staphylococcus aureus when compared to commercial controls. Overall, the results show the potential of CH-loaded poloxamer formulations as suitable sprayable topical dressings to deliver antimicrobials directly to wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riannon Smith
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA 52242
| | - Nicole Brogden
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA 52242
| | - Jennifer Fiegel
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA 52242
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA 52242
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2
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Flythe MD, Davis BE, Kagan IA. Reduction in Rumen Tetracycline-Insensitive Bacteria during a Grain Challenge Using the Isoflavone Biochanin A. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040273. [PMID: 37104428 PMCID: PMC10143411 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The isoflavone biochanin A was previously shown to promote weight gain in growing steers by selectively inhibiting rumen bacteria-like growth-promoting feed antibiotics. The hypothesis that biochanin A inhibited the action of drug efflux pumps was tested by enumerating tetracycline-insensitive bacteria from steers in a subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) challenge. Steers (n = 3/group) treatment groups were forage only, SARA control, SARA with monensin (0.2 g d-1), and SARA with biochanin A (6.0 g d-1). As the steers were stepped up from the forage-only basal diet to 70% cracked corn, the number of rumen bacteria enumerated on two tetracycline-containing media types (nutrient glucose agar and tetracycline, and bile esculin azide and tetracycline) increased (p < 0.05) from as little as 1.7(105) to as great as 6.7(106) cfu mL-1 on the nutrient glucose agar in the SARA and monensin control groups. The biochanin A group maintained the same number of tetracycline-insensitive bacteria as the forage-only controls (p > 0.05). The effects were similar to the more selective media type, but the differences were smaller. These results support the hypothesis that biochanin A inhibits the activity of drug efflux pumps in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Flythe
- Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
- Department of Animal & Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Brittany E Davis
- Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
- Department of Animal & Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Isabelle A Kagan
- Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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3
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Feng ZJ, Lai WF. Chemical and Biological Properties of Biochanin A and Its Pharmaceutical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041105. [PMID: 37111591 PMCID: PMC10143291 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biochanin A (BCA), an isoflavone derived from various plants such as chickpea, red clover and soybean, is attracting increasing attention and is considered to have applications in the development of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and neuroprotective properties. To design optimised and targeted BCA formulations, on one hand there is a need for more in-depth studies on the biological functions of BCA. On the other hand, further studies on the chemical conformation, metabolic composition and bioavailability of BCA need to be conducted. This review highlights the various biological functions, extraction methods, metabolism, bioavailability, and application prospects of BCA. It is hoped that this review will provide a basis for understanding the mechanism, safety and toxicity of BCA and implementing the development of BCA formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Jie Feng
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing-Fu Lai
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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4
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Anti-biofilm activity of biochanin A against Staphylococcus aureus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:867-879. [PMID: 36585511 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus can easily accumulate on various food contact surfaces which induce cross-contamination and are difficult to eliminate in the food industry. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-biofilm effects of natural product biochanin A against S. aureus. Results showed that biochanin A effectively eradicated established S. aureus biofilms on different food-contact materials. Fluorescence microscopic analyses suggested that biochanin A disintegrated the established biofilms by dissociate extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in matrix. In addition, biochanin A at the sub-MIC concentration also effectively inhibited the biofilm formation by regulating the expression of biofilm-related genes (icaA, srtA, eno) and suppressing the release of EPS in biofilm matrix. Molecular docking also demonstrated that biochanin A conducted strong interactions with biofilm-related proteins (Ica A, Sortase A, and Enolase). These findings demonstrated that biochanin A has the potential to be developed as a potent agent against S. aureus biofilm in food industries. KEY POINTS: • Anti-biofilm effect of biochanin A against S. aureus was revealed for the first time. • Biofilm of S. aureus on various food-contact surfaces were efficiently eradicated. • Biochanin A prevented S. aureus biofilm formation via reducing EPS production.
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5
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Shariati A, Arshadi M, Khosrojerdi MA, Abedinzadeh M, Ganjalishahi M, Maleki A, Heidary M, Khoshnood S. The resistance mechanisms of bacteria against ciprofloxacin and new approaches for enhancing the efficacy of this antibiotic. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1025633. [PMID: 36620240 PMCID: PMC9815622 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1025633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For around three decades, the fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotic ciprofloxacin has been used to treat a range of diseases, including chronic otorrhea, endocarditis, lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal, skin and soft tissue, and urinary tract infections. Ciprofloxacin's main mode of action is to stop DNA replication by blocking the A subunit of DNA gyrase and having an extra impact on the substances in cell walls. Available in intravenous and oral formulations, ciprofloxacin reaches therapeutic concentrations in the majority of tissues and bodily fluids with a low possibility for side effects. Despite the outstanding qualities of this antibiotic, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have all shown an increase in ciprofloxacin resistance over time. The rise of infections that are resistant to ciprofloxacin shows that new pharmacological synergisms and derivatives are required. To this end, ciprofloxacin may be more effective against the biofilm community of microorganisms and multi-drug resistant isolates when combined with a variety of antibacterial agents, such as antibiotics from various classes, nanoparticles, natural products, bacteriophages, and photodynamic therapy. This review focuses on the resistance mechanisms of bacteria against ciprofloxacin and new approaches for enhancing its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Shariati
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Maniya Arshadi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Mostafa Abedinzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mahsa Ganjalishahi
- Student Research Committee, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Abbas Maleki
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran,*Correspondence: Mohsen Heidary
| | - Saeed Khoshnood
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran,Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran,Saeed Khoshnood
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6
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Jadimurthy R, Mayegowda SB, Nayak S, Mohan CD, Rangappa KS. Escaping mechanisms of ESKAPE pathogens from antibiotics and their targeting by natural compounds. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 34:e00728. [PMID: 35686013 PMCID: PMC9171455 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The microorganisms that have developed resistance to available therapeutic agents are threatening the globe and multidrug resistance among the bacterial pathogens is becoming a major concern of public health worldwide. Bacteria develop protective mechanisms to counteract the deleterious effects of antibiotics, which may eventually result in loss of growth-inhibitory potential of antibiotics. ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) pathogens display multidrug resistance and virulence through various mechanisms and it is the need of the hour to discover or design new antibiotics against ESKAPE pathogens. In this article, we have discussed the mechanisms acquired by ESKAPE pathogens to counteract the effect of antibiotics and elaborated on recently discovered secondary metabolites derived from bacteria and plant sources that are endowed with good antibacterial activity towards pathogenic bacteria in general, ESKAPE organisms in particular. Abyssomicin C, allicin, anthracimycin, berberine, biochanin A, caffeic acid, daptomycin, kibdelomycin, piperine, platensimycin, plazomicin, taxifolin, teixobactin, and thymol are the major metabolites whose antibacterial potential have been discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragi Jadimurthy
- Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India
| | - Shilpa Borehalli Mayegowda
- Dayananda Sagar University, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shavige Malleswara Hills, Kumaraswamy layout, Bengaluru 560111, India
| | - S.Chandra Nayak
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India
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7
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Felix FB, Vago JP, Beltrami VA, Araújo JMD, Grespan R, Teixeira MM, Pinho V. Biochanin A as a modulator of the inflammatory response: an updated overview and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Res 2022; 180:106246. [PMID: 35562014 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled inflammation and failure to resolve the inflammatory response are crucial factors involved in the progress of inflammatory diseases. Current therapeutic strategies aimed at controlling excessive inflammation are effective in some cases, though they may be accompanied by severe side effects, such as immunosuppression. Phytochemicals as a therapeutic alternative can have a fundamental impact on the different stages of inflammation and its resolution. Biochanin A (BCA) is an isoflavone known for its wide range of pharmacological properties, especially its marked anti-inflammatory effects. Recent studies have provided evidence of BCA's abilities to activate events essential for resolving inflammation. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings from pre-clinical studies of the pharmacological effects of BCA on the complex signaling network associated with the onset and resolution of inflammation and BCA's potential protective functionality in several models of inflammatory diseases, such as arthritis, pulmonary disease, neuroinflammation, and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciel Batista Felix
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juliana Priscila Vago
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Vinícius Amorim Beltrami
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Grespan
- Cell Migration Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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8
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Antibiotic Isoflavonoids, Anthraquinones, and Pterocarpanoids from Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan L.) Seeds against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040279. [PMID: 35448466 PMCID: PMC9030341 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cajanus cajan L. (pigeon pea, locally known in the Philippines as kadios) seed is a functional food with health benefits that extend beyond their nutritional value. C. cajan seeds contain highly diverse secondary metabolites with enriched beneficial properties, such as antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant activities. However, the antibacterial activities of secondary metabolites from Philippine-grown C. cajan, against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus have not been thoroughly described. Here, we investigated the in vitro antibacterial properties of C. cajan seed against multidrug-resistant S. aureus ATCC BAA-44 (MDRSA) and three other S. aureus strains (S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus ATCC 6538, and coagulase-negative S. aureus) and, subsequently, identified the antibiotic markers against S. aureus strains using mass spectrometry. Secondary metabolites from C. cajan seeds were extracted using acetone, methanol, or 95% ethanol. Antibacterial screening revealed antibiotic activity for the C. cajan acetone extract. Bioassay-guided purification of the C. cajan acetone extract afforded three semi-pure high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractions exhibiting 32–64 µg/mL minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against MDRSA. Chemical profiling of these fractions using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) identified six compounds that are antibacterial against MDRSA. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), MS/MS, and dereplication using Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS)™, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Library identified the metabolites as rhein, formononetin, laccaic acid D, crotafuran E, ayamenin A, and biochanin A. These isoflavonoids, anthraquinones, and pterocarpanoids from C. cajan seeds are potential bioactive compounds against S. aureus, including the multidrug-resistant strains.
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9
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Feng J, Sun D, Wang L, Li X, Guan J, Wei L, Yue D, Wang X, Zhao Y, Yang H, Song W, Wang B. Biochanin A as an α-hemolysin inhibitor for combating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 38:6. [PMID: 34837116 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a multidrug-resistant pathogen that poses a significant risk to global health today. In S. aureus, α-hemolysin is an important virulence factor as it contributes to the capacity of the bacteria to infect the host. Here, we showed that biochanin A (bioA), an isoflavone present in red clover, cabbage and alfalfa, effectively inhibited hemolytic activity at a dose as low as 32 μg/mL. Further, western blot and RT-qPCR data showed that bioA reduced the production and expression of MRSA hemolysin in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, when different concentrations of bioA were added to a coculture system of A549 cells and S. aureus, it could significantly decrease cell injury. Importantly, the in vivo study showed that bioA could protect mice from pneumonia caused by a lethal dose of MRSA, as evidenced by improving their survival and reducing the number of bacterial colonies in lung tissues, the secretion of hemolysin into alveolar lavage fluid and the degree of pulmonary edema. In conclusion, biochanin A protected the host from MRSA infection by inhibiting the expression of the hemolysin of MRSA, which may provide experimental evidence for its development to a potential anti-MRSA drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Feng
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Dazhong Sun
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Li Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xueting Li
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Jiyu Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Donghui Yue
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xingye Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yicheng Zhao
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Haimiao Yang
- Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wu Song
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Bingmei Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
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10
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Harlow BE, Flythe MD, Klotz JL, Harmon DL, Aiken GE. Effect of biochanin A on the rumen microbial community of Holstein steers consuming a high fiber diet and subjected to a subacute acidosis challenge. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253754. [PMID: 34288928 PMCID: PMC8294529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) occurs when highly fermentable carbohydrates are introduced into the diet, decreasing pH and disturbing the microbial ecology of the rumen. Rumen amylolytic bacteria rapidly catabolize starch, fermentation acids accumulate in the rumen and reduce environmental pH. Historically, antibiotics (e.g., monensin, MON) have been used in the prevention and treatment of SARA. Biochanin A (BCA), an isoflavone produced by red clover (Trifolium pratense), mitigates changes associated with starch fermentation ex vivo. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of BCA on amylolytic bacteria and rumen pH during a SARA challenge. Twelve rumen fistulated steers were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: HF CON (high fiber control), SARA CON, MON (200 mg d-1), or BCA (6 g d-1). The basal diet consisted of corn silage and dried distiller’s grains ad libitum. The study consisted of a 2-wk adaptation, a 1-wk HF period, and an 8-d SARA challenge (d 1–4: 40% corn; d 5–8: 70% cracked corn). Samples for pH and enumeration were taken on the last day of each period (4 h). Amylolytic, cellulolytic, and amino acid/peptide-fermenting bacteria (APB) were enumerated. Enumeration data were normalized by log transformation and data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The SARA challenge increased total amylolytics and APB, but decreased pH, cellulolytics, and in situ DMD of hay (P < 0.05). BCA treatment counteracted the pH, microbiological, and fermentative changes associated with SARA challenge (P < 0.05). Similar results were also observed with MON (P < 0.05). These results indicate that BCA may be an effective alternative to antibiotics for mitigating SARA in cattle production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E. Harlow
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forage Animal Production Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael D. Flythe
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forage Animal Production Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - James L. Klotz
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forage Animal Production Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - David L. Harmon
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Glen E. Aiken
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL, United States of America
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11
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Yu C, Zhang P, Lou L, Wang Y. Perspectives Regarding the Role of Biochanin A in Humans. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:793. [PMID: 31354500 PMCID: PMC6639423 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochanin A (BCA) is an isoflavone mainly found in red clover with poor solubility and oral absorption that is known to have various effects, including anti-inflammatory, estrogen-like, and glucose and lipid metabolism modulatory activity, as well as cancer preventive, neuroprotective, and drug interaction effects. BCA is already commercially available and is among the main ingredients in many types of supplements used to alleviate postmenopausal symptoms in women. The activity of BCA has not been adequately evaluated in humans. However, the results of many in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the potential health benefits of BCA are available, and the complex mechanisms by which BCA modulates transcription, apoptosis, metabolism, and immune responses have been revealed. Many efforts have been exerted to improve the poor bioavailability of BCA, and very promising results have been reported. This review focuses on the major effects of BCA and its possible molecular targets, potential uses, and limitations in health maintenance and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Lixin Lou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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12
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Zhao X, Tang X, Guo N, An Y, Chen X, Shi C, Wang C, Li Y, Li S, Xu H, Liu M, Wang Y, Yu L. Biochanin a Enhances the Defense Against Salmonella enterica Infection Through AMPK/ULK1/mTOR-Mediated Autophagy and Extracellular Traps and Reversing SPI-1-Dependent Macrophage (MΦ) M2 Polarization. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:318. [PMID: 30271755 PMCID: PMC6142880 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel treatment regimen for bacterial infections is the pharmacological enhancement of the host's immune defenses. We demonstrated that biochanin A (BCA), an isoflavone constituent in some plants, could enhance both intra- and extracellular bactericidal activity of host cells. First, BCA could induce a complete autophagic response in nonphagocytic cells (HeLa) or macrophages (MΦ) via the AMPK/ULK1/mTOR pathway and Beclin-1-dependent manner, and BCA enhanced the killing of invading Salmonella by autophagy through reinforcing ubiquitinated adapter protein (LRSAM1, NDP52 and p62)-mediated recognition of intracellular bacteria and through the formation of autophagolysosomes. Second, we demonstrated that BCA could enhance the release of MΦ extracellular traps (METs) to remove extracellular Salmonella also via the AMPK/ULK1/mTOR pathway, not through reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathway. Furtherly, in a Salmonella-infected mouse model, BCA treatment increased intra- and extracellular bactericidal activity through the strengthening autophagy and MET production, respectively, in peritoneal MΦ, liver and spleen tissue. Additionally, our findings showed that BCA downregulated SPI-1 (Salmonella pathogenicity island 1) expression during Salmonella infection in vitro and in vivo to reverse the MΦ M2 polarization, which was different from the MΦ M1 phenotype caused by most of bacteria infection. Together, these findings suggest that BCA has an immunomodulatory effect on Salmonella-infected host cells and enhances their bactericidal activity in vitro and in vivo through autophagy, extracellular traps and regulation of MΦ polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
| | - Xudong Tang
- Key Lab for New Drug Research of TCM, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Na Guo
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan An
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangrong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ce Shi
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shulin Li
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyue Xu
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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13
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St-Pierre A, Blondeau D, Lajeunesse A, Bley J, Bourdeau N, Desgagné-Penix I. Phytochemical Screening of Quaking Aspen ( Populus tremuloides) Extracts by UPLC-QTOF-MS and Evaluation of their Antimicrobial Activity. Molecules 2018; 23:E1739. [PMID: 30013009 PMCID: PMC6099928 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The continual emergence of pathogen resistance is a recurring challenge and pushes for the development of antimicrobial compounds. Here, we investigated compounds from quaking aspen trees (Populus tremuloides) as potential antimicrobial agents. Several extractions using different solvents were realized, and corresponding antimicrobial activity was tested against eight microorganisms. Results revealed that polar extraction solvents including water, ethanol and methanol gave the best extraction yields (>15.07%). Minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) demonstrated that water extracts had the best antimicrobial activity by a weak to moderate inhibition of growth of all eight tested microorganisms in addition to having a bactericidal effect on three of them. The quaking aspen methanol extract also displayed antimicrobial activity but to a lower level than the water extract. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) analysis led to the identification of 92 compounds, mainly polyphenols in both extracts, with 22 molecules previously known for their antimicrobial properties. According to the relative abundance, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (5.44% in methanol extract) and kaempferol (5.03% in water extract) were the most abundant antimicrobial compounds. Among antimicrobial molecules identified, nine were from the flavonoid family. The results of our study demonstrate the interest of using quaking aspen as source of antimicrobial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle St-Pierre
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | - Dorian Blondeau
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | - André Lajeunesse
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | - Julien Bley
- Innofibre, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | | | - Isabel Desgagné-Penix
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada.
- Plant Biology Research Group, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada.
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Rondevaldova J, Hummelova J, Tauchen J, Kokoska L. In VitroAntistaphylococcal Synergistic Effect of Isoflavone Metabolite Demethyltexasin with Amoxicillin and Oxacillin. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:24-29. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johana Rondevaldova
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hummelova
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tauchen
- Department of Quality of Agricultural Products, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Kokoska
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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15
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Harlow BE, Flythe MD, Aiken GE. Biochanin A improves fibre fermentation by cellulolytic bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 124:58-66. [PMID: 29112792 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective was to determine the effect of the isoflavone biochanin A (BCA) on rumen cellulolytic bacteria and consequent fermentative activity. METHODS AND RESULTS When bovine microbial rumen cell suspensions (n = 3) were incubated (24 h, 39°C) with ground hay, cellulolytic bacteria proliferated, short-chain fatty acids were produced and pH declined. BCA (30 μg ml-1 ) had no effect on the number of cellulolytic bacteria or pH, but increased acetate, propionate and total SCFA production. Addition of BCA improved total digestibility when cell suspensions (n = 3) were incubated (48 h, 39°C) with ground hay, Avicel, or filter paper. Fibrobacter succinogenes S85, Ruminococcus flavefaciens 8 and Ruminococcus albus 8 were directly inhibited by BCA. Synergistic antimicrobial activity was observed with BCA and heat killed cultures of cellulolytic bacteria, but the effects were species dependent. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that BCA improves fibre degradation by influencing cellulolytic bacteria competition and guild composition. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY BCA could serve as a feed additive to improve cellulosis when cattle are consuming high-fibre diets. Future research is needed to evaluate the effect of BCA on fibre degradation and utilization in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E Harlow
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael D Flythe
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Glen E Aiken
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY, USA
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16
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Mbosso Teinkela J, Siwe Noundou X, Fannang S, Meyer F, Vardamides J, Mpondo Mpondo E, Krause R, Azebaze A, Nguedia J. In vitro antimicrobial activity of the methanol extract and compounds from the wood of Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. aerial roots. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 111:302-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
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17
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Looking to nature for a new concept in antimicrobial treatments: isoflavonoids from Cytisus striatus as antibiotic adjuvants against MRSA. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28630440 PMCID: PMC5476642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), has shortened the useful life of anti-staphylococcal drugs enormously. Two approaches can be followed to address this problem: screening various sources for new leads for antibiotics or finding ways to disable the resistance mechanisms to existing antibiotics. Plants are resistant to most microorganisms, but despite extensive efforts to identify metabolites that are responsible for this resistance, no substantial progress has been made. Plants possibly use multiple strategies to deal with microorganisms that evolved over time. For this reason, we searched for plants that could potentiate the effects of known antibiotics. From 29 plant species tested, Cytisus striatus clearly showed such an activity and an NMR-based metabolomics study allowed the identification of compounds from the plant extracts that could act as antibiotic adjuvants. Isoflavonoids were found to potentiate the effect of ciprofloxacin and erythromycin against MRSA strains. For the structure-activity relationship (SAR), 22 isoflavonoids were assessed as antibiotic adjuvants. This study reveals a clear synergy between isoflavonoids and the tested antibiotics, showing their great potential for applications in the clinical therapy of infections with antibiotic-resistant microorganisms such as MRSA.
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18
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Solubility and bioavailability enhancement of ciprofloxacin by induced oval-shaped mono-6-deoxy-6-aminoethylamino-β-cyclodextrin. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 163:118-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Vlaisavljević S, Kaurinović B, Popović M, Vasiljević S. Profile of phenolic compounds in Trifolium pratense L. extracts at different growth stages and their biological activities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2016.1273235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Vlaisavljević
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Biljana Kaurinović
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mira Popović
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sanja Vasiljević
- Department of Forage Crops, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia
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20
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Harlow BE, Flythe MD, Aiken GE. Effect of biochanin A on corn grain (Zea mays) fermentation by bovine rumen amylolytic bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:870-880. [PMID: 28055130 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The objective was to determine the effect of biochanin A (BCA), an isoflavone produced by red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), on corn fermentation by rumen micro-organisms. METHODS AND RESULTS When bovine rumen bacterial cell suspensions (n = 3) were incubated (24 h, 39°C) with ground corn, amylolytic bacteria including group D Gram-positive cocci (GPC; Streptococcus bovis; enterococci) proliferated, cellulolytic bacteria were inhibited, lactate accumulated and pH declined. Addition of BCA (30 μg ml-1 ) inhibited lactate production, and pH decline. BCA had no effect on total amylolytics, but increased lactobacilli and decreased GPC. The initial rate and total starch disappearance was decreased by BCA addition. BCA with added Strep. bovis HC5 supernatant (containing bacteriocins) inhibited the amylolytic bacteria tested (Strep. bovis JB1; Strep. bovis HC5; Lactobacillus reuteri, Selenemonas ruminatium) to a greater extent than either addition alone. BCA increased cellulolytics and dry matter digestibility of hay with corn starch. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that BCA mitigates changes associated with corn fermentation by bovine rumen bacteria ex vivo. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY BCA could serve as an effective mitigation strategy for rumen acidosis. Future research is needed to evaluate the effect of BCA on mitigating rumen acidosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Harlow
- Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - M D Flythe
- Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - G E Aiken
- Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Lexington, KY, USA
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21
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Docking studies of flavonoid compounds as inhibitors of β-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase I (Kas I) of Escherichia coli. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 61:214-23. [PMID: 26292066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the most frequent causes of many common bacterial infections, including cholecystitis, bacteremia, cholangitis, urinary tract infection (UTI), traveler's diarrhea and other clinical infections such as neonatal meningitis and pneumonia. The fatty acid biosynthesis is essential for the bacterial viability and growth. There are three types of β-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase (KAS) which are important for overcoming the bacterial resistance problem. β-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase I (KAS I) is member of the condensing enzyme family, which is a key catalyst in bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis, and thus an attractive target for novel antibioticsis related to the elongation of unsaturated fatty acids in bacterial fatty acid synthesis and can be a good therapeutic target of designing novel antibiotics. In this report, we performed docking study of E. coli (KAS I) and 50 flavonoids. Out of these 50 flavonoids, there are two compounds, genistein and isorhamnetin, that showed the superior binding energy while fully satisfying the conditions of drug likeliness. The predicted binding energy of genistein and isorhamnetin toward KAS I are -135.76kcal/mol and -132.42kcal/mol, respectively. These energies favorably compare to the biding energy of known drugs thiolactomicin and cerulenin that are -90.26kcal/mol and -99.64kcal/mol, respectively. The method used was docking with the selected E. coli (KAS I-PDB ID-1FJ4) using iGemdock. This was also found to obey the Lipinski's guidelines of five and to show the drug likeliness and bioavailability.
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22
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Tiza NU, Thato M, Raymond D, Jeremy K, Burtram CF. Additive antibacterial activity of naringenin and antibiotic combinations against multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2015.7514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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23
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Kagan IA, Flythe MD. Factors Affecting the Separation and Bioactivity of Red Clover (Trifoliumpratense) Extracts Assayed against Clostridium sticklandii, a Ruminal Hyper Ammonia-producing Bacterium. Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200701217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Red clover ( Trifolium pratense) is rich in phenolic compounds. Both the crude phenolic extract and biochanin A, an isoflavonoid component of the extract, suppress growth of Clostridium sticklandii, a bovine, Gram-positive, ruminal hyper-ammonia producing bacterium (HAB). The purpose of this study was to determine if other components of red clover extract contributed to its anti-HAB activity. Extracts of the Kenland cultivar of red clover, collected 0 h and 24 h after cutting, were separated by normal-phase thin-layer chromatography (TLC) in either ethyl acetate-hexanes (9:1, v/v) or ethyl acetate-methanol (4:1, v/v). Bands on TLC plates were assayed by either overlaying the plates with agar seeded with C. sticklandii, or setting the excised bands face-down onto plates of bacteria-seeded agar. Biochanin A inhibited C. sticklandii growth on TLC plates when as little as 8 nmol was present in the extract. An antimicrobial band, seen in a previous bioassay, was not found, suggesting that this second compound may be more labile than biochanin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle A. Kagan
- USDA-ARS Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Michael D. Flythe
- USDA-ARS Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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