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Li B, Xiang T, Bindawa Isah M, Chen C, Zhang X. In vitro simulated saliva, gastric, and intestinal digestion followed by faecal fermentation reveals a potential modulatory activity of Epimedium on human gut microbiota. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 245:116151. [PMID: 38652940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Herba Epimedii, known for its rich array of bioactive ingredients and widespread use in ethnopharmacological practices, still lacks a comprehensive understanding of its gastrointestinal biotransformation. In this study, we qualitatively explored the dynamic changes in Epimedium sagittatum components during in vitro simulated digestions, with a quantitative focus on its five major flavonoids. Notably, significant metabolism of E. sagittatum constituents occurred in the simulated small intestinal fluid and colonic fermentation stages, yielding various low molecular weight metabolites. Flavonoids like kaempferol glycosides were fully metabolized in the simulated intestinal fluid, while hyperoside digestion occurred during simulated colon digestion. Colonic fermentation led to the production of two known bioactive isoflavones, genistein, and daidzein. The content and bioaccessibility of the five major epimedium flavonoids-icariin, epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, and baohuoside I-significantly increased after intestinal digestion. During colon fermentation, these components gradually decreased but remained incompletely metabolized after 72 h. Faecal samples after E. sagittatum fermentation exhibited shift towards dominance by Lactobacillus (Firmicutes), Bifidobacterium (Actinobacteria), Streptococcus (Firmicutes), and Dialister (Firmicutes). These findings enhance our comprehension of diverse stages of Herba Epimedii constituents in the gut, suggesting that the primary constituents become bioaccessible in the colon, where new bioactive compounds may emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Li
- Chinese-German Joint Laboratory for Natural Product Research, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China; College of Medicine, Shaanxi University of International Trade & Commerce, Xian, China
| | - Tian Xiang
- Chinese-German Joint Laboratory for Natural Product Research, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China
| | - Murtala Bindawa Isah
- Chinese-German Joint Laboratory for Natural Product Research, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, UmaruMusa Yar'adua University Katsina, P.M.B. 2218, Katsina 820102, Nigeria
| | - Chen Chen
- Chinese-German Joint Laboratory for Natural Product Research, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Chinese-German Joint Laboratory for Natural Product Research, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China; Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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2
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Huang Y, He Z, Zhou H, Wen Y, Ji X, Ding W, Zhu B, Zhang Y, Tan Y, Yang K, Wang Y. The Treatment of Tubal Inflammatory Infertility using Yinjia Tablets through EGFR/MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway based on Network Pharmacology. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:499-509. [PMID: 38572608 DOI: 10.2174/0113892010234591230919074245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Background: Salpingitis obstructive infertility (SOI) refers to infertility caused by abnormal conditions such as tubal adhesion and blockage caused by acute and chronic salpingitis. SOI has a serious impact on women's physical and mental health and family harmony, and it is a clinical problem that needs to be solved urgently. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to explore the potential pharmacological mechanisms of the Yinjia tablets (Yin Jia Pian, YJP) on tubal inflammation. Methods: Networks of YJP-associated targets and tubal inflammation-related genes were constructed through the STRING database. Potential targets and pathway enrichment analysis related to the therapeutic efficacy of YJP were identified using Cytoscape and Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (metascape). E. coli was used to establish a rat model of tubal inflammation and to validate the predictions of network pharmacology and the therapeutic efficacy of YJP. H&E staining was used to observe the pathological changes in fallopian tubes. TEM observation of the ultrastructure of the fallopian tubes. ELISA was used to detect the changes of IL-6 and TNF-α in fallopian tubes. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of ESR1. The changes of Bcl-2, ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2, MEK, p-MEK, EGFR, and p-EGFR were detected by western blot. Results: Through database analysis, it was found that YJP shared 105 identical targets with the disease. Network pharmacology analysis showed that IL-6, TNF, and EGFR belong to the top 5 core proteins associated with salpingitis, and EGFR/MEK/ERK may be the main pathway involved. The E. coli-induced disease rat model of fallopian tube tissue showed damage, mitochondrial disruption, and increased levels of the inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α. Tubal inflammatory infertility rats have increased expression of Bcl-2, p-ERK1/2, p-MEK, and p-EGFR, and decreased expression of ESR1. In vivo, experiments showed that YJP improved damage of tissue, inhibited shedding of tubal cilia, and suppressed the inflammatory response of the body. Furthermore, YJP inhibited EGFR/MEK/ERK signaling, inhibited the apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and upregulated ESR1. Conclusion: This study revealed that YJP Reducing tubal inflammation and promoting tissue repair may be associated with inhibition of the EGFR/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefang Huang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhelin He
- Guang'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guang'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Wen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoli Ji
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weijun Ding
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Boyu Zhu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Tan
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kun Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Wang YL, Yin SJ, Yang FQ, Hu G, Zheng GC, Chen H. The Metabolism of Tanshinone IIA, Protocatechuic Aldehyde, Danshensu, Salvianolic Acid B and Hydroxysafflor Yellow A in Zebrafish. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190716164035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Tanshinone IIA (TIIA), protocatechuic aldehyde (PA), danshensu (DSS), salvianolic
acid B (SAB) and hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) are the major components of Salvia miltiorrhiza
Bge. (Danshen) and Carthamus tinctorius L. (Honghua) herbal pair. These active components
may contribute to the potential synergistic effects of the herbal pair.
Objective:
This study aimed to investigate the metabolites of TIIA, PA, DSS, SAB and HSYA in
zebrafish, and to explore the influence of HSYA on the metabolism of TIIA, PA, DSS, and SAB.
Method:
48 h post-fertilization zebrafish embryos were exposed either to each compound alone, TIIA
(0.89 μg/mL), PA (0.41 μg/mL), DSS (0.59 μg/mL), SAB (2.15 μg/mL), and HSYA (1.83 μg/mL) and
in combination with HSAY (1.83 μg/mL). The metabolites of TIIA, PA, DSS, SAB, and HSYA in
zebrafish were characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
(HPLC-MS/MS) and quantitatively determined by HPLC-MS with single and combined exposure.
Results:
Among the 26 metabolites detected and characterized from these five compounds, methylation,
hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, hydrolysis, sulfation and glucuronidation were the main phase I
and phase II metabolic reactions of these compounds, respectively. Furthermore, the results showed
that HSYA could either enhance or reduce the amount of TIIA, PA, DSS, SAB, and their corresponding
metabolites.
Conclusion:
The results provided a reference for the study on drug interactions in vivo. In addition, the
zebrafish model which required much fewer amounts of test samples, compared to regular mammal
models, had higher efficiency in predicting in vivo metabolism of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Shi-Jun Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Guang Hu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Guo-Can Zheng
- Analytical and Testing Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hua Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
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Yin SJ, Wang YL, Chen H, Hu G, Zheng GC, Yang FQ. Investigation on the Metabolism of Curcumin and Baicalein in Zebrafish by Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190522083850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Curcumin (CUR) and baicalein (BAI) are the main active ingredients in
Curcuma longa and Scutellaria baicalensis, which are used together in Jiang-Qin-Si-Wu decoction to
treat gynecological diseases. On the other hand, zebrafish, as a metabolic model has become more
popular, therefore, the metabolism of CUR and BAI in zebrafish is investigated in the present study.
Methods:
Zebrafish embryos after hatching 48 hours were divided into four experimental groups.
The blank group was exposed to 1 mL of ultra-pure water. Three drug-treated groups were exposed
to CUR (8 μM, 1 mL), BAI (8 μM, 1 mL), CUR and BAI (8 μM, 2 mL), respectively. After
homogenization, they were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/
MS). The structure of the metabolites was determined by comparing their corresponding mass
spectra with those of relevant literature. According to the change of metabolite content, the metabolic
effect of curcumin and baicalein was explored.
Results:
Five and six metabolites of CUR and BAI in zebrafish were identified by LC-MS/MS,
respectively. Their metabolic pathways in zebrafish were glucuronidation and sulfation. Reduction
and methylation reactions also occurred for CUR and BAI, respectively. In addition, after combined
exposure of both the drugs, CUR reduced the BAI glucuronide metabolites and inhibited the
metabolism of BAI in zebrafish, which is consistent with the mammalian metabolism.
Conclusion:
Using LC-MS/MS analysis, zebrafish is a feasible model for drug metabolism study.
The results of metabolic study indicated that CUR might affect the therapeutic effect of BAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jun Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Ya-Li Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hua Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Guang Hu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Guo-Can Zheng
- Analytical and Testing Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
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Gong Q, Yang D, Jiang M, Zheng J, Peng B. l-aspartic acid promotes fish survival against Vibrio alginolyticus infection through nitric oxide-induced phagocytosis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:359-366. [PMID: 31866447 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infection severely impairs aquaculture development throughout the world. Despite the use of antibiotics to control bacterial infection, few other options are available especially in the area of complex ecosystem and various types of fish. In search for novel approaches in controlling bacterial infection, we adopt zebrafish, Danio reiro, as infection host and the bacteria, Vibrio alginolyticus, as pathogen to explore potential metabolites that boost host's capability to eliminate bacterial infection. By comparing the metabolome of dying fish, l-aspartic acid is a metabolite of differential abundance between the dying fish and surviving fish upon Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Exogenous l-aspartic acid increases fish survival rate from 46.67% to 76.67%. We further demonstrated that l-aspartic acid drives the production of nitrogen oxide that promotes phagocytosis. Whereas the inhibition of nitrogen oxide synthase would abolish l-aspartic acid-triggered phagocytosis as well as in vivo protective ability to V. alginolyticus. The importance of nitrogen oxide production in fish survival is also consistent with the observation in the dying fish that showed increased urea production but not nitrogen oxide. Thus, our results exemplify a novel approach in promoting fish survival in an eco-friendly way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510630, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Daixiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510630, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510630, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Bo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510630, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China.
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The Toxicity and Metabolism Properties of Herba Epimedii Flavonoids on Laval and Adult Zebrafish. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:3745051. [PMID: 30941194 PMCID: PMC6421038 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3745051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish is being increasingly used for metabolism and toxicity assessment. The drugs consumed in zebrafish metabolism studies are far less than those used in rat studies. In our study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to icariin, Baohuoside I (BI), Epimedin A (EA), Epimedin B (EB), Epimedin C (EC), Sagittatoside A (SA), Sagittatoside B (SB), and 2′′-O-rhamnosylicariside II (SC), respectively, to examine the toxicity and metabolic profiles of these flavonoids. The order of toxicity was SC, SB > EC, SA > BI, icariin, EA, EB. After 24 h exposure to SB and SC, the mortality of zebrafish larvae reached 100% and yolk sac swollen was obvious. Both SC and SB caused severe hepatocellular vacuolization and liver cells degeneration in adult zebrafish after 15 consecutive days' treatment. The metabolic profiles of these flavonoids with trace amount were also monitored in larvae. BI was the common metabolite shared by icariin, EA, EB, SA, and SB, via deglycosylation. Both BI and SC remained as the prototype in the medium, suggesting that it is hard for BI and SC to cleave the rhamnose residue. EC was metabolized into SC and BI in zebrafish, inferring that SC might be responsible for the toxicity observed in EC group. The metabolites of icariin, EA, EB, EC, and BI in zebrafish larvae coincided with results from rats and intestinal flora. These data support the use of this system as a surrogate in predicting metabolites and hepatotoxicity risk, especially for TCM compound with trace amount.
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7
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Liang C, Zhang X, Diao X, Liao M, Sun Y, Zhang L. Metabolism profiling of nevadensin in vitro and in vivo by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1084:69-79. [PMID: 29573625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nevadensin is major constituents of Lysionotus pauciflorus Maxim. (Chinese name: Shidiaolan), which has a variety of pharmacological effects such as anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis activities, antitussive, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive. In this paper, we investigated the metabolism of nevadensin in vitro and in vivo. A strategy was firstly developed to identify the metabolites of nevadensin by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). An on-line data acquisition method a multiple mass defect filter (MMDF) combined with dynamic background subtraction (DBS) was developed to trace all probable metabolites. Furthermore, some assistant tools, such as key fragment ions (KFI), were employed for compound hunting and identification. Based on the proposed method, 23 metabolites were structurally characterized in vivo including 16 phase I and 7 phase II metabolites, and 12 metabolites were detected in vitro containing 10 phase I and 2 phase II metabolites. The results indicated that oxidation, hydrolysis, demethylation, methylation, sulfate conjugation and glucuronide conjugation were main metabolic pathways of nevadensin. In a word, this study maybe can provide reference and valuable evidence for further investigation of the metabolic mechanism of nevadensin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijuan Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Xinpeng Diao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Man Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Yupeng Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Lantong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China.
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Hao DC, Yang L. Drug metabolism and disposition diversity of Ranunculales phytometabolites: a systems perspective. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:1047-65. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1201068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Da Cheng Hao
- Biotechnology Institute, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Pharmaceutical resource discovery, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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9
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Jiang J, Song J, Jia XB. Phytochemistry and Ethnopharmacology of Epimedium L. Species. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(15)60043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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10
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Zhou J, Ma YH, Zhou Z, Chen Y, Wang Y, Gao X. Intestinal Absorption and Metabolism of Epimedium Flavonoids in Osteoporosis Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1590-600. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.064386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Li C, Li Q, Mei Q, Lu T. Pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetic properties of icariin, the major bioactive component in Herba Epimedii. Life Sci 2015; 126:57-68. [PMID: 25634110 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herba Epimedii is an important medicinal plant which has been used in various traditional Chinese formulations for thousands of years as well as in modern proprietary traditional Chinese medicine products. It has extensive clinical indications, especially for the treatment of sexual dysfunction and osteoporosis. There have been more than 260 chemical moieties identified in the genus Epimedium most of which belong to flavonoids. Icariin is the most abundant constituent in Herba Epimedii. Icariin is pharmacologically bioactive and demonstrates extensive therapeutic capacities such as osteoprotective effect, neuroprotective effect, cardiovascular protective effect, anti-cancer effect, anti-inflammation effect, immunoprotective effect and reproductive function. Particularly, the significant osteogenic effect of icariin made it a promising drug candidate in bone tissue engineering. The current review paper aims to summarize the literatures reporting the pharmacological effects of icariin. The pharmacokinetic properties of bioactive ingredients in Herba Epimedii have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenrui Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qibing Mei
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tingli Lu
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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12
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Li Y, Wang H, Si N, Ren W, Han L, Xin S, Zuo R, Wei X, Yang J, Zhao H, Bian B. Metabolic profiling analysis of berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, coptisine and epiberberine in zebrafish by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Xenobiotica 2014; 45:302-11. [PMID: 25369727 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.979270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1. Zebrafish has been used in metabolic study of drugs as a powerful tool in recent years. In this study, we make a feasible metabolism investigation of five protoberberine alkaloids (PBAs) applied in zebrafish model for the first time, including berberine (BBR), palmatine (PAL), jatrorrhizine (JAT), coptisine (COP) and epiberberine (EBBR). 2. After exposure for 24 hours, 19 metabolites were identified by LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer, including 9 phase I metabolites and 10 phase II metabolites. Demethylation, hydroxylation, sulfation and glucuronidation were the major metabolic transformation of PBAs in zebrafish, which were similar to mammals. Compared with reported literatures, BBR and JAT showed high consistency between human and zebrafish in metabolic pathways. 3. To our knowledge, this is the first time to study in vivo metabolism of COP, which provides useful information to other researchers. 4. This study indicated that zebrafish model is feasible and reasonable to predict the metabolism of PBAs. It showed great potential for developing a novel and rapid method for predicting the metabolism of trace compounds of botanical drugs, with the advantages of lower cost, higher performance and easier set up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Beijing , China and
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Jiang J, Feng L, Sun E, Li H, Cui L, Jia X. Metabolic profiling of isomeric aglycones central-icaritin (c-IT) and icaritin (IT) in osteoporotic rats by UPLC-QTOF-MS. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:309-19. [PMID: 24934976 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The isomers, although of similarly chemical structures, have different pharmacological activities due to their metabolic processes in vivo. Central-icaritin (c-IT) and icaritin (IT) are isomers and major bioactive aglycones of the Herba Epimedii. In this study, we found that the anti-osteoporotic effect of c-IT was stronger than IT on bone structural changes in osteoporotic rats evaluated by Micro-μCT with the parameters of bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), tissue mineral content (TMC), and tissue mineral density (TMD). c-IT treatment significantly increased the bone microarchitecture, compared with IT (p < 0.05). In order to explain their differences in anti-osteoporosis, the metabolic profiling and pathways of c-IT and IT in the plasma, bile, urine, and faeces of ovariectomized (OVX) rats were investigated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) after oral administration of c-IT or IT (80 mg/kg). Finally, 59 metabolites of c-IT and 43 metabolites of IT were identified by elucidating their corresponding quasimolecular ions and fragment ions. IT could be quickly absorbed into blood and reached a maximum plasma concentration, and then be rapidly conversed to its glucuronidation metabolites, most of which were excreted out by urine. Interestingly, the absorbed and conjugated speeds of c-IT were slower than IT. The metabolic processes of c-IT existed enterohepatic circulation, which decreased the metabolism and excretion rate of c-IT, and prolonged the anti-osteoporosis effect. Our findings provided evidence on the difference on metabolic profiles of c-IT and IT in osteoporotic rats, which might shed new lights on improving anti-osteoporotic effects of IT and c-IT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100# Shizi Road, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, China
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Cao H, Zhang A, Zhang FM, Wang QQ, Zhang H, Song YH, Zhou Y, Sun H, Yan GL, Han Y, Wang X. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry combined with automated MetaboLynx analysis approach to screen the bioactive components and their metabolites in Wen-Xin-Formula. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1774-81. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Cao
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Science; Southern Street of Dongzhimen No. 16 Beijing 100700 China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Key Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Heping Road 24 Harbin 150040 China
| | - Fang-mei Zhang
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Key Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Heping Road 24 Harbin 150040 China
| | - Qin-qin Wang
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Key Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Heping Road 24 Harbin 150040 China
| | - He Zhang
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Key Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Heping Road 24 Harbin 150040 China
| | - Yan-hua Song
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Key Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Heping Road 24 Harbin 150040 China
| | - Ying Zhou
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Key Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Heping Road 24 Harbin 150040 China
| | - Hui Sun
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Key Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Heping Road 24 Harbin 150040 China
| | - Guang-li Yan
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Key Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Heping Road 24 Harbin 150040 China
| | - Ying Han
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Key Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Heping Road 24 Harbin 150040 China
| | - Xijun Wang
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Key Laboratory of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Heping Road 24 Harbin 150040 China
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15
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Scientific Opinion on the safety of neohesperidine dihydrochalcone as a sensory additive for fish. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Cui L, Sun E, Zhang ZH, Tan XB, Wei YJ, Jin X, Jia XB. Enhancement of epimedium fried with suet oil based on in vivo formation of self-assembled flavonoid compound nanomicelles. Molecules 2012; 17:12984-96. [PMID: 23117437 PMCID: PMC6268372 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171112984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to research the enhancement of Epimedium fried with suet oil based on the in vivo formation self-assembled flavonoid nanomicelles. Taking icariin as the representative, under the action of suet oil, self-assembled nanomicelles were prepared under simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions and were characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The experiments with icariin self-assembled nanomicelles without suet oil were done according to the above. The influence of suet oil on the transportation of icariin across Caco-2 cell monolayers and the absorption in rat intestine of self-assembled nanomicelles were evaluated. The particle size of icariin self-assembled nanomicelles with suet oil was smaller than without suet oil. The nanomicelles seemed to be monodisperse spherical particle with smooth surfaces. The icariin entrapment efficiency of self-assembled nanomicelles with suet oil was increased from 43.1% to 89.7%. In Caco-2 cell monolayers, the absorptive permeability, secretory permeability and efflux ratio of icariin self-assembled nanomicelles with suet oil was 1.26 × 10−6 cm/s, 5.91 × 10−6 cm/s and 4.69, respectively, while that of icariin self-assembled nanomicelles without suet oil was 0.62 × 10−6 cm/s, 3.00 × 10−6 cm/s, and 4.84, respectively. In rat intestinal perfusion experiments, the permeability coefficient of icariin self-assembled nanomicelles with suet oil in duodenum was higher than the value of icariin self-assembled nanomicelles without suet oil (p < 0.05). With the action of suet oil, icariin self-assembled nanomicelles were more stable and the entrapment efficiency was higher than that without suet oil, which could increase the solubility of icariin and improve its intestinal absorption. Therefore, suet oil plays a role in its enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cui
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; (L.C.); (E.S.); (Z.-H.Z.); (X.-B.T.); (Y.-J.S.); (X.J.)
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - E Sun
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; (L.C.); (E.S.); (Z.-H.Z.); (X.-B.T.); (Y.-J.S.); (X.J.)
| | - Zhen-Hai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; (L.C.); (E.S.); (Z.-H.Z.); (X.-B.T.); (Y.-J.S.); (X.J.)
| | - Xiao-Bin Tan
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; (L.C.); (E.S.); (Z.-H.Z.); (X.-B.T.); (Y.-J.S.); (X.J.)
| | - Ying-Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; (L.C.); (E.S.); (Z.-H.Z.); (X.-B.T.); (Y.-J.S.); (X.J.)
| | - Xin Jin
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; (L.C.); (E.S.); (Z.-H.Z.); (X.-B.T.); (Y.-J.S.); (X.J.)
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Jia
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Road, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; (L.C.); (E.S.); (Z.-H.Z.); (X.-B.T.); (Y.-J.S.); (X.J.)
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
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Metabolism of tanshinone IIA, cryptotanshinone and tanshinone I from Radix Salvia miltiorrhiza in zebrafish. Molecules 2012; 17:8617-32. [PMID: 22810195 PMCID: PMC6269062 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17078617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the potential of zebrafish in imitating mammal phase I metabolism of natural compounds. Three diterpenoid quinones from Radix Salvia miltiorrhiza, namely tanshinone IIA (TIIA), cryptotanshinone (Cry) and tanshinone I (TI) were selected as model compounds, and their metabolites mediated by zebrafish were characterized using a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled ion-trap mass spectrometry (HPLC/IT-MSn) method with electrospray ionization in positive mode. The separation was performed with a Zorbax C-18 column using a binary gradient elution of 0.05% formic acid acetonitrile/0.05% formic acid water. According to the MS spectra and after comparison with reference standards and literature reports, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation or D-ring hydrolysis metabolites of TIIA and Cry but not of TI were characterized, which coincided with those reported using regular in vivo or in vitro metabolic analysis methods, thus verifying that zebrafish can successfully imitate mammalian phase I metabolism which instills further confidence in using zebrafish as a novel and prospective metabolism model.
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