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Benzoic Acid Derivatives as Prodrugs for the Treatment of Tuberculosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091118. [PMID: 36145340 PMCID: PMC9502840 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One interesting approach to fight tuberculosis is the use of prodrugs that often have shown improved biological activities over drugs with poor absorption or difficulty to cross membranes. Previous studies demonstrate that weak acids such as benzoic acid, present antimycobacterial activity. Moreover, esters of those acids revealed to be a viable alternative since they may diffuse more easily through the cell membranes. Previously we showed that mycobacteria can easily activate benzoic acid esters by conversion to the corresponding acid. Since Zhang postulated that the activity of the acids can be dependent on their pKa, we set up to synthesize a library of benzoates with different electron withdrawing groups (4-chloro, 2,6-dichloro, 3,5-dichloro, 4-nitro, and 3,5 dinitro), to modulate pKa of the liberated acid and different alkoxy substituents (propyl, hexyl, and phenyl) to modulate their lipophilicity, and tested the activity of the esters and the corresponding free acids against mycobacteria. We also studied the activation of the esters by mycobacterial enzymes and the stability of the compounds in buffer and plasma. We concluded that all the benzoates in our study can be activated by mycobacterial enzymes and that the phenyl and hexyl esters presented higher activity than the corresponding free acids, with the nitrobenzoates, and especially the dinitrobenzoates, showing very interesting antitubercular activity that deserve further exploration. Our results did not show a correlation between the activity and the pKa of the acids.
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Fenwick NW, Saidykhan A, Nazir Y, Telford R, Masood B, Martin WHC, Gallagher RT, Bowen RD. Proximity Effects in Mass Spectra of Benzanilides. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2021; 27:181-190. [PMID: 34762542 PMCID: PMC8586190 DOI: 10.1177/14690667211054152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The analytical value of peaks arising by a proximity effect in the electron ionization mass spectra of benzanilides has been established by examining the spectra of numerous examples of general structure XC6H4NHCOC6H4Y. Significant [M-X]+ signals are observed only when X = Cl, Br, I or CH3O in the 2-position. The presence of strong [M-X]+ signals, but negligibly weak [M-Y]+ peaks, even when the C-Y bond would be expected to break more readily than the C-X bond, indicates that these diagnostically useful signals do not arise by simple cleavage. Similarly, the presence of an appreciable [M-Cl]+ signal, but no [M-Br]+ signal, in the spectra of representative examples of 4-Br-2ClC6H3NHCOC6H4Y, reveals that loss of a substituent from the 2-position occurs much more rapidly than fission of a weaker bond to a substituent in the 4-position. These trends are interpreted in terms of cyclization of the ionized 2-substituted benzanilide, followed by elimination of the substituent originally in the 2-position, to form a protonated 2-arylbenzoxazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Fenwick
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Amie Saidykhan
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Yasser Nazir
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Richard Telford
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Binyaameen Masood
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - William H C Martin
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | | | - Richard D Bowen
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
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Pflégr V, Horváth L, Stolaříková J, Pál A, Korduláková J, Bősze S, Vinšová J, Krátký M. Design and synthesis of 2-(2-isonicotinoylhydrazineylidene)propanamides as InhA inhibitors with high antitubercular activity. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113668. [PMID: 34198149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Based on successful antitubercular isoniazid scaffold we have designed its "mee-too" analogues by a combination of this drug linked with substituted anilines through pyruvic acid as a bridge. Lipophilicity important for passive diffusion through impenetrable mycobacterial cell wall was increased by halogen substitution on the aniline. We prepared twenty new 2-(2-isonicotinoylhydrazineylidene)propanamides that were assayed against susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, nontuberculous mycobacteria, and also multidrug-resistant tuberculous strains (MDR-TB). All the compounds showed excellent activity not only against Mtb. (minimum inhibitory concentrations, MIC, from ≤0.03 μM), but also against M. kansasii (MIC ≥2 μM). The most active molecules have CF3 and OCF3 substituent in the position 4 on the aniline ring. MIC against MDR-TB were from 8 μM. The most effective derivatives were used for the mechanism of action investigation. The treatment of Mtb. H37Ra with tested compounds led to decreased production of mycolic acids and the strains overproducing InhA were more resistant to them. These results confirm that studied compounds inhibit the enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) in mycobacteria. The compounds did not show any cytotoxic and cytostatic activity for HepG2 cells. The amides can be considered as a promising scaffold for antitubercular drug discovery having better antimicrobial properties than original isoniazid together with a significantly improved pharmaco-toxicological profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Pflégr
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lilla Horváth
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, P.O. Box 32, 1518, Budapest 112, Hungary
| | - Jiřina Stolaříková
- Laboratory for Mycobacterial Diagnostics and Tuberculosis, Regional Institute of Public Health in Ostrava, Partyzánské náměstí 7, 702 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Adrián Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina CH-1, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Korduláková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina CH-1, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Szilvia Bősze
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, P.O. Box 32, 1518, Budapest 112, Hungary
| | - Jarmila Vinšová
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Krátký
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Krátký M, Štěpánková Š, Houngbedji NH, Vosátka R, Vorčáková K, Vinšová J. 2-Hydroxy- N-phenylbenzamides and Their Esters Inhibit Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110698. [PMID: 31694272 PMCID: PMC6920847 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of novel inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) represents a viable approach to alleviate Alzheimer’s disease. Thirty-six halogenated 2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamides (salicylanilides) with various substitution patterns and their esters with phosphorus-based acids were synthesized in yields of 72% to 92% and characterized. They were evaluated for in vitro inhibition of AChE from electric eel and BuChE from equine serum using modified Ellman’s spectrophotometric method. The benzamides exhibited a moderate inhibition of AChE with IC50 values in a narrow concentration range from 33.1 to 85.8 µM. IC50 values for BuChE were higher (53.5–228.4 µM). The majority of derivatives inhibit AChE more efficiently than BuChE and are comparable or superior to rivastigmine—an established cholinesterases inhibitor used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Phosphorus-based esters especially improved the activity against BuChE with 5-chloro-2-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}phenyl diethyl phosphite 5c superiority (IC50 = 2.4 µM). This derivative was also the most selective inhibitor of BuChE. It caused a mixed inhibition of both cholinesterases and acted as a pseudo-irreversible inhibitor. Several structure-activity relationships were identified, e.g., favouring esters and benzamides obtained from 5-halogenosalicylic acids and polyhalogenated anilines. Both 2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamides and esters share convenient physicochemical properties for blood-brain-barrier penetration and thus central nervous system delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Krátký
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Štěpánková
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Neto-Honorius Houngbedji
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Vosátka
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Vorčáková
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Vinšová
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Phenolic N-monosubstituted carbamates: Antitubercular and toxicity evaluation of multi-targeting compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111578. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sun YH, Sun TY, Wu YD, Zhang X, Rao Y. A diversity-oriented synthesis of bioactive benzanilides via a regioselective C(sp 2)-H hydroxylation strategy. Chem Sci 2016; 7:2229-2238. [PMID: 29910911 PMCID: PMC5975941 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03905c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A diversity-oriented synthesis of bioactive benzanilides via C(sp2)-H hydroxylation has been studied. Different regioselectivity was observed with Ru(ii) and Pd(ii) catalysts. The reaction demonstrates excellent regioselectivity, good tolerance of functional groups, and high yields. A wide range of ortho-hydroxylated-benzanilides can be readily synthesized with excellent regioselectivity via this new synthetic strategy. Computational investigations revealed that the regioselectivity was controlled mainly by both steric and electronic factors. Steric effects determine the regioselective outcomes in the Ru-catalyzed reaction, while electronic effects are dominant in the Pd-catalyzed reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hui Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences , Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China .
| | - Tian-Yu Sun
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design , Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055 , China .
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design , Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055 , China .
- College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design , Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055 , China .
| | - Yu Rao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences , Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China .
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Paraskevopoulos G, Krátký M, Mandíková J, Trejtnar F, Stolaříková J, Pávek P, Besra G, Vinšová J. Novel derivatives of nitro-substituted salicylic acids: Synthesis, antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7292-301. [PMID: 26526729 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the high antituberculous activity of novel nitro-substituted derivatives and based on promising predicted ADMET properties we have synthesized a series of 33 salicylanilides containing nitro-group in their salicylic part and evaluated them for their in vitro antimycobacterial, antimicrobial and antifungal activities. The presence of nitro-group in position 4 of the salicylic acid was found to be beneficial and the resulting molecules exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 2 to 32 μM against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The best activity was found for 2-hydroxy-4-nitro-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide (MIC=2 μM). 4-Nitrosalicylanilides were also found to be active against all Staphylococcus species tested while for MRSA strain 2-hydroxy-4-nitro-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide's MIC was 0.98 μM. None of the nitrosalicylanilides was active against Enterococcus sp. J 14365/08 and no considerable activity was found against Gram-negative bacteria or fungi. The hepatotoxicity of all nitrosalicylanilides was found to be in the range of their MICs for HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Paraskevopoulos
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Krátký
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Mandíková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - František Trejtnar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Stolaříková
- Laboratory for Mycobacterial Diagnostics and Tuberculosis, Regional Institute of Public Health in Ostrava, Partyzánské náměstí 7, 702 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pávek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Gurdyal Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jarmila Vinšová
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Krátký M, Bősze S, Baranyai Z, Szabó I, Stolaříková J, Paraskevopoulos G, Vinšová J. Synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation of 2-(phenylcarbamoyl)phenyl 4-substituted benzoates. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:868-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Zheng Y, Song WB, Xuan LJ. Directing-group-assisted copper-catalyzed oxidative esterification of phenols with aldehydes. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10834-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01465d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A directing-group-assisted copper-catalyzed oxidative esterification of phenols with aldehydes using TBHP as an oxidant was described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- PR China
| | - Wei-Bin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- PR China
| | - Li-Jiang Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- PR China
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Lugiņina J, Bizdēna Ē, Leonciks A, Kumpiņš V, Grīnšteine I, Turks M. Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of 5-Phthalate and 5-Glutarate Derivatives of Milbemycins A3/A4*. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-014-1604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Salicylanilide pyrazinoates inhibit in vitro multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, atypical mycobacteria and isocitrate lyase. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 53:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Vinšová J, Kozic J, Krátký M, Stolaříková J, Mandíková J, Trejtnar F, Buchta V. Salicylanilide diethyl phosphates: Synthesis, antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:728-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Antibacterial activity of salicylanilide 4-(trifluoromethyl)-benzoates. Molecules 2013; 18:3674-88. [PMID: 23529028 PMCID: PMC6270420 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18043674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of novel antimicrobial agents represents a timely research topic. Eighteen salicylanilide 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoates were evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. avium and M. kansasii, eight bacterial strains including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and for the inhibition of mycobacterial isocitrate lyase. Some compounds were further screened against drug-resistant M. tuberculosis and for their cytotoxicity. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for all mycobacterial strains were within 0.5–32 μmol/L, with 4-chloro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylcarbamoyl]phenyl 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoate superiority. Gram-positive bacteria including MRSA were inhibited with MICs ≥ 0.49 μmol/L, while Gram-negative ones were much less susceptible. Salicylanilide 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoates showed significant antibacterial properties, for many strains being comparable to standard drugs (isoniazid, benzylpenicillin) with no cross-resistance. All esters showed mild inhibition of mycobacterial isocitrate lyase and four compounds were comparable to 3-nitropropionic acid without a direct correlation between in vitro MICs and enzyme inhibition.
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