1
|
Yang B, Zhang Z, Song J, Qi T, Zeng J, Feng L, Jia X. Interpreting the efficacy enhancement mechanism of Chinese medicine processing from a biopharmaceutic perspective. Chin Med 2024; 19:14. [PMID: 38238801 PMCID: PMC10797928 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Chinese medicine processing (CMP) is a unique pharmaceutical technology that distinguishes it from natural medicines. Current research primarily focuses on changes in chemical components to understand the mechanisms behind efficacy enhancement in processing. However, this paper presents a novel perspective on the biopharmaceutics of CMP. It provides a comprehensive overview of the current research, emphasizing two crucial aspects: the role of 'heat' during processing and the utilization of processing adjuvants. The paper highlights the generation of easily absorbed components through the hydrolysis of glycosides by 'heat', as well as the facilitation of dissolution, absorption, and targeted distribution of active components through the utilization of processing adjuvants. From a biopharmaceutic perspective, this paper provides a lucid comprehension of the scientific foundation for augmenting the efficacy of CMP. Moreover, it proposes a three-dimensional research framework encompassing chemical reactions, phase transitions, and biopharmaceutical properties to further investigate the mechanisms involved in enhancing the efficacy of CMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhubin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingqi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Drug-device systems based on biodegradable metals for bone applications: Potential, development and challenges. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
3
|
Moch Rizal D, Septiyorini N. Molecular Action of Herbal Medicine in Physiology of Erection and its Dysfunction. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20224902002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Erection is a physiological process that involves vascular, hormonal, and nervous factors. Erectile dysfunction is one of the male sexual problems that occur globally and is reported to affect men's quality of life. Herbal plants have been widely used for disease treatment, including the problem of erectile dysfunction. This paper aims to review the molecular potential of various plants in the physiology of erection and to treat erectile dysfunction. The literature search was carried out through the Pubmed and Google Scholar databases regarding the molecular mechanisms of herbal plants and their potential involvement in the physiology of erection and overcoming erectile dysfunction. This paper focuses on six herbal plants: Panax ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Epimedium, Black pepper, Tribulus terrestris, and Eurycoma longifolia. The six herbal plants have involvement in the erection process and have molecular potential in the treatment of erectile problems
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen Z, Ye SY, Zhu RG. The extraordinary transformation of traditional Chinese medicine: processing with liquid excipients. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:561-573. [PMID: 32615903 PMCID: PMC8641677 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1778740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Context: The Chinese medicinal materials originate from animals, plants, or minerals must undergo appropriate treatment before use as decoction pieces. Processing of Chinese medicines with liquid excipients is a pharmaceutical technique that transforms medicinal raw materials into decoction pieces which are significantly different from the original form. During processing, significant changes occur in chemical constituents, which inevitably affects clinical efficacy. At present, the liquid materials in processing mainly involve wine, vinegar, honey, saline water, ginger juice, herbal juice, etc.Objective: This review introduces the typical methods of liquid excipients processing, summarizes the influence on chemical composition, pharmacological efficacy, and expounds the ways and mechanisms of liquid excipients to change the properties of drugs, enhance the efficacy, eliminate or reduce toxicity and adverse reaction.Methods: English and Chinese literature from 1986 to 2020 was collected from databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier, Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015, and CNKI (Chinese). Liquid excipients, processing, pharmacological effects, synergism, chemical constitution, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) were used as the key words.Results: Liquid excipients play a key role in the application of TCM. Processing with proper liquid excipients can change the content of toxic or active components by physical or chemical transformation, decrease or increase drug dissolution, alter drug pharmacokinetics, or exert their own pharmacological effects. Thus, processing with liquid excipients is essential to ensure the safety and efficacy of TCM in clinic.Conclusion: This article could be helpful for researchers who are interested in traditional Chinese herbs processed with liquid excipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Pharmaceutical College, Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, China
- CONTACT Zhi Chen College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, China
| | - Si-Yong Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Second People’s Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Rong-Gang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Second People’s Hospital, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
He F, Li M, He Y, Dong Z, Cao J, Dai Z, Ma S. Authentication of Processed Epimedii folium by EA-IRMS. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2020; 2020:8920380. [PMID: 32089950 PMCID: PMC7023830 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8920380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Processing of crude drug is a key character of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which could enhance the efficacy and/or reduce the toxicity of crude drugs to fulfill different requirements of TCM clinical practice. Epimedii folium (EF) is a widely used TCM. As a traditional method of TCM, EF is processed with refined mutton fat before being used in clinical practice. It has been reported that processing EF with mutton fat could improve the bioavailability and intestinal absorption of epimedium flavonoids and thus enhances the pharmacological effects. For economic benefits, it is possible to adulterate processed EF with unprocessed drug or process EF with cheaper plant oils. In the present study, 17 batches of crude and processed EF samples were collected from the Chinese market and 10 batches of replica processed drugs were prepared with different edible plant oils and animal fats in our laboratory. Elemental analyzer coupled with isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS) was applied to determine the δ 13C values of the cyclohexane extracts of those samples. Significant differences could be observed in the results. EA-IRMS could be used to discriminate raw EF, processed EF, and EF processed with C3 plant oils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyan He
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mengyi Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yi He
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhe Dong
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jin Cao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhong Dai
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shuangcheng Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jiang J, Chen T, Xu X. Simultaneous Determination of 16 Phthalate Esters in Suet Oil by GC–EIMS Coupled with Refrigerant Centrifugation and Ethylenediamine-N-propylsilane Depuration. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
7
|
Chen LL, Verpoorte R, Yen HR, Peng WH, Cheng YC, Chao J, Pao LH. Effects of processing adjuvants on traditional Chinese herbs. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:S96-S114. [PMID: 29703391 PMCID: PMC9326876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Processing of Chinese medicines is a pharmaceutical technique that transforms medicinal raw materials into decoction pieces for use in different therapies. Various adjuvants, such as vinegar, wine, honey, and brine, are used in the processing to enhance the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of crude drugs. Proper processing is essential to ensure the quality and safety of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Therefore, sound knowledge of processing principles is crucial to the standardized use of these processing adjuvants and to facilitate the production and clinical use of decoction pieces. Many scientific reports have indicated the synergistic effects of processing mechanisms on the chemistry, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics of the active ingredients in TCMs. Under certain conditions, adjuvants change the content of active or toxic components in drugs by chemical or physical transformation, increase or decrease drug dissolution, exert their own pharmacological effects, or alter drug pharmacokinetics. This review summarizes various processing methods adopted in the last two decades, and highlights current approaches to identify the effects of processing parameters on TCMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Robert Verpoorte
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hung-Rong Yen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, School of Chinese Medicine, Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huang Peng
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jung Chao
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Heng Pao
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hou J, Wang J, Sun E, Yang L, Yan HM, Jia XB, Zhang ZH. Preparation and evaluation of icariside II-loaded binary mixed micelles using Solutol HS15 and Pluronic F127 as carriers. Drug Deliv 2016; 23:3248-3256. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2016.1167270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hou
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China and
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China and
| | - E. Sun
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China and
| | - Lei Yang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China and
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong-Mei Yan
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China and
| | - Xiao-Bin Jia
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China and
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen-Hai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China and
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Profiling of fatty acids composition in suet oil based on GC-EI-qMS and chemometrics analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:2864-78. [PMID: 25636032 PMCID: PMC4346870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16022864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) composition of suet oil (SO) was measured by precolumn methylesterification (PME) optimized using a Box-Behnken design (BBD) and gas chromatography/electron ionization-quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-EI-qMS). A spectral library (NIST 08) and standard compounds were used to identify FAs in SO representing 90.89% of the total peak area. The ten most abundant FAs were derivatized into FA methyl esters (FAMEs) and quantified by GC-EI-qMS; the correlation coefficient of each FAME was 0.999 and the lowest concentration quantified was 0.01 μg/mL. The range of recovery of the FAMEs was 82.1%-98.7% (relative standard deviation 2.2%-6.8%). The limits of quantification (LOQ) were 1.25-5.95 μg/L. The number of carbon atoms in the FAs identified ranged from 12 to 20; hexadecanoic and octadecanoic acids were the most abundant. Eighteen samples of SO purchased from Qinghai, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces of China were categorized into three groups by principal component analysis (PCA) according to the contents of the most abundant FAs. The results showed SOs samples were rich in FAs with significantly different profiles from different origins. The method described here can be used for quality control and SO differentiation on the basis of the FA profile.
Collapse
|
10
|
Jiang J, Feng L, Li J, Sun E, Ding SM, Jia XB. Multielemental composition of suet oil based on quantification by ultrawave/ICP-MS coupled with chemometric analysis. Molecules 2014; 19:4452-65. [PMID: 24727417 PMCID: PMC6271827 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19044452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Suet oil (SO) has been used commonly for food and medicine preparation. The determination of its elemental composition has became an important challenge for human safety and health owing to its possible contents of heavy metals or other elements. In this study, ultrawave single reaction chamber microwave digestion (Ultrawave) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis was performed to determine 14 elements (Pb, As, Hg, Cd, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ti, Ni, V, Sr, Na, Ka and Ca) in SO samples. Furthermore, the multielemental content of 18 SO samples, which represented three different sources in China: Qinghai, Anhui and Jiangsu, were evaluated and compared. The optimal ultrawave digestion conditions, namely, the optimal time (35 min), temperature (210 °C) and pressure (90 bar), were screened by Box-Behnken design (BBD). Eighteen samples were successfully classified into three groups by principal component analysis (PCA) according to the contents of 14 elements. The results showed that all SO samples were rich in elements, but with significant differences corresponding to different origins. The outliers and majority of SO could be discriminated by PCA according to the multielemental content profile. The results highlighted that the element distribution was associated with the origins of SO samples. The proposed ultrawave digestion system was quite efficient and convenient, which could be mainly attributed to its high pressure and special high-throughput for the sample digestion procedure. Our established method could be useful for the quality control and standardization of elements in SO samples and products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Avenue 138#, Xianlin University City, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liang Feng
- Affiliated Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Avenue 138#, Xianlin University City, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jie Li
- Affiliated Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Avenue 138#, Xianlin University City, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - E Sun
- Affiliated Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Avenue 138#, Xianlin University City, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shu-Min Ding
- Affiliated Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Avenue 138#, Xianlin University City, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiao-Bin Jia
- Affiliated Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Avenue 138#, Xianlin University City, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
A comparative study on the metabolism of Epimedium koreanum Nakai-prenylated flavonoids in rats by an intestinal enzyme (lactase phlorizin hydrolase) and intestinal flora. Molecules 2013; 19:177-203. [PMID: 24368601 PMCID: PMC6271967 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the significance of the intestinal hydrolysis of prenylated flavonoids in Herba Epimedii by an intestinal enzyme and flora. Flavonoids were incubated at 37 °C with rat intestinal enzyme and intestinal flora. HPLC-UV was used to calculate the metabolic rates of the parent drug in the incubation and LC/MS/MS was used to determine the chemical structures of metabolites generated by different flavonoid glycosides. Rates of flavonoid metabolism by rat intestinal enzyme were quicker than those of intestinal flora. The sequence of intestinal flora metabolic rates was icariin > epimedin B > epimedin A > epimedin C > baohuoside I, whereas the order of intestinal enzyme metabolic rates was icariin > epimedin A > epimedin C > epimedin B > baohuoside I. Meanwhile, the LC/MS/MS graphs showed that icariin produced three products, epimedin A/B/C had four and baohuoside I yielded one product in incubations of both intestinal enzyme and flora, which were more than the results of HPLC-UV due to the fact LC/MS/MS has lower detectability and higher sensitivity. Moreover, the outcomes indicated that the rate of metabolization of flavonoids by intestinal enzyme were faster than those of intestinal flora, which was consistent with the HPLC-UV results. In conclusion, the metabolic pathways of the same components by intestinal flora and enzyme were the same. What’s more, an intestinal enzyme such as lactase phlorizin hydrolase exhibited a more significant metabolic role in prenylated flavonoids of Herba Epimedi compared with intestinal flora.
Collapse
|