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Weber F, Weber A, Schmitt L, Lechtenberg I, Greb J, Henßen B, Wesselborg S, Pietruszka J. From the Total Synthesis of Semi-Viriditoxin, Semi-Viriditoxic Acid and Dimeric Naphthopyranones to their Biological Activities in Burkitt B Cell Lymphoma. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400559. [PMID: 38411573 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Dimeric naphthopyranones are known to be biologically active, however, for the corresponding monomeric naphthopyranones this information is still elusive. Here the first enantioselective total synthesis of semi-viriditoxic acid as well as the synthesis of semi-viriditoxin and derivatives is reported. The key intermediate in the synthesis of naphthopyranones is an α,β-unsaturated δ-lactone, which we synthesized in two different ways (Ghosez-cyclization and Grubbs ring-closing metathesis), while the domino-Michael-Dieckmann reaction of the α,β-unsaturated δ-lactone with an orsellinic acid derivative is the key reaction. A structure-activity relationship study was performed measuring the cytotoxicity in Burkitt B lymphoma cells (Ramos). The dimeric structure was found to be crucial for biological activity: Only the dimeric naphthopyranones showed cytotoxic and apoptotic activity, whereas the monomers did not display any activity at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Weber
- Institute for Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf in, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Anja Weber
- Institute for Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf in, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Laura Schmitt
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ilka Lechtenberg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julian Greb
- Institute for Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf in, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Birgit Henßen
- Institute for Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf in, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1: Biotechnology), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wesselborg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute for Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf in, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1: Biotechnology), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426, Jülich, Germany
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Volpe-Zanutto F, Fonseca-Santos B, McKenna PE, Paredes AJ, Dávila JL, McCrudden MTC, Tangerina MMP, Ceccheto Figueiredo M, Vilegas W, Brisibe A, Akira D'Ávila M, Donnelly RF, Chorilli M, Foglio MA. Novel transdermal bioadhesive surfactant-based system for release and solubility improvement of antimalarial drugs artemether-lumefantrine. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 34544052 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Artemether (ART) and lumefantrine (LUM) are the gold standard antimalarial drugs used for the treatment of malaria in children and pregnant women. Typically, ART and LUM are delivered orally in the form of a combined tablet, however, the appropriateness of this route of administration for these drugs is questionable due to the poor absorption and therefore bioavailability observed unless administered alongside lipid-rich foods. Transdermal drug delivery in the form of a patch-type system has been identified as a viable alternative to the conventional tablet-based therapy. A novel, surfactant-based ART-LUM formulation (S3AL), developed for transdermal delivery, may eliminate the shortcomings associated with oral delivery; namely poor drug absorption which is caused by the inherently low solubility of ART and LUM. Moreover, by successfully delivering these antimalarials transdermally, first-pass metabolism will be avoided leading to enhanced drug bioavailability in both cases. The S3AL formulation contained ART and LUM at equal concentrations (2.5% w/w of each) as well as Procetyl® AWS (30% w/w), oleic acid (10% w/w), 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (10% w/w), and water (45% w/w). The addition of LUM to the formulation changed the system from a striae structure to a dark field structure when visualized by a polarized light microscope. Additionally, this system possessed higher viscosity and superior skin bioadhesion, as evidenced by mechanical characterization, when compared to a similar formulation containing ART alone. S3AL was also proven to be biocompatible to human keratinocyte cells. Finally,in vitrostudies demonstrated the propensity of S3AL for successful delivery via the transdermal route, with 2279 ± 295 µg cm-2of ART and 94 ± 13 µg cm-2of LUM having permeated across dermatomed porcine skin after 24 h, highlighting its potential as a new candidate for the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Volpe-Zanutto
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Technology of Bioactive Products, Biology Institute, University at Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Fonseca-Santos
- UNESP- University Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University at Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter E McKenna
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | | | - José Luis Dávila
- Centre for Information Technology 'Renato Archer' (CTI), 3D Printing open lab-Laprint, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Wagner Vilegas
- UNESP- Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, São Vicente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Akira D'Ávila
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- UNESP- University Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mary Ann Foglio
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University at Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Taher RF, Raslan MA, Masoud MA, Nassar MI, Aboutabl ME. HPLC-ESI/MS profiling, phytoconstituent isolation and evaluation of renal function, oxidative stress and inflammation in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats of Ficus spragueana Mildbr. & Burret. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5135. [PMID: 33818792 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ficus spragueana Mildbr. & Burret (family Moraceae) was reported to have various biological activities. However, its activity in treatment of renal injury has not been investigated yet. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of F. spragueana leaf extract on nephrotoxicity caused by gentamicin. Gentamicin is an important broad-spectrum antibiotic; nevertheless, it exhibits serious nephrotoxic adverse effects. HPLC-ESI/MS spectrometric analysis of the extract revealed the presence of 37 phenolic compounds. Moreover, five compounds were isolated from the leaf extract, and identified on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. The isolated compounds were syringic acid (1), p-coumaric acid (2), 3',5' O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3), luteolin-8-C-β-D glucopyranoside (orientin) (4) and 8-methoxy kaempferol-3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2) β-D-glucopyranoside] (5). The gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity model was used to evaluate the protective effect of F. spragueana on renal toxicity biomarkers throughout the development of acute kidney injury. Administration of extract led to improvement in kidney function through inhibition of kidney injury molecule-1, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and total bilirubin, as well as decreasing the inflammatory markers interlukin1-beta and myeloperoxidase. Furthermore, it reduced the oxidative stress by increasing reduced glutathione and total antioxidant capacity levels while decreasing malondialdehyde and nitric oxide content, and improved renal histopathological injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab F Taher
- Natural Compounds Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (ID 60014618), Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona A Raslan
- Pharmacognosy Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (ID 60014618), Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Masoud
- Pharmacology Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud I Nassar
- Natural Compounds Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (ID 60014618), Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona E Aboutabl
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department (Pharmacology Group), Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (ID 60014618), Giza, Egypt
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Kotsupiy OV, Zagurskaya YV, Ufimtsev VI. Determination of phenolic compounds in water-ethanol extracts of <i>Populus tremula</i> L. leaves using high-performance liquid chromatography. PROCEEDINGS OF UNIVERSITIES. APPLIED CHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.21285/2227-2925-2020-10-3-470-478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The analytical task of determining the phenolic compound content of water-ethanol extracts of Populus tremula L. (common aspen) leaves is complicated by the heterogeneity of compound groups having different polarities and appearing in varying concentrations. The purpose of the present work is to study the conditions of solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography used to analyse the content of different groups of phenolic compounds in water-ethanol extracts of leaves from the P. tremula plant. In order to facilitate the derivation of phenolic compounds, an exhaustive extraction process was carried out using ethanol. Solid-phase extraction was carried out using a Diapak C16 cartridge, after which the eluates were passed through a membrane filter having a pore diameter of 0.45 μm. The high-performance liquid chromatography method was used to determine the content of phenolic acids and flavonoid glycosides, as well as salicin and individual flavonoid glycoside components: hyperoside, rutin, astragalin and two unidentified flavonoid glycosides in aqueous (analyte 1) and aqueous-alcoholic fractions (analyte 2) in two systems along the gradient elution. The requirement of analysing the primary aqueous eluate together or in parallel with the main aqueous-alcoholic fraction in the preparation of P. tremula leaf extracts for high-performance liquid chromatography using solid-phase extraction cartridges was substantiated. For separating the extract to determine the hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acid content, it is preferable to use system 2; for determining the phenologlycoside (salicin) content, system 1 is more effective. Flavonoid glycosides (hyperoside, rutin, astragalin and two unidentified flavonoids) make the most significant contribution to the difference between the aqueous and aqueous-alcoholic fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu. V. Zagurskaya
- Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry SB RAS (Institute of Human Ecology)
| | - V. I. Ufimtsev
- Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry SB RAS (Institute of Human Ecology)
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Veerabadhran M, Chakraborty S, Mitra S, Karmakar S, Mukherjee J. Effects of flask configuration on biofilm growth and metabolites of intertidal Cyanobacteria isolated from a mangrove forest. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:190-202. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Veerabadhran
- School of Environmental Studies; Jadavpur University; Kolkata India
| | - S. Chakraborty
- School of Environmental Studies; Jadavpur University; Kolkata India
| | - S. Mitra
- School of Environmental Studies; Jadavpur University; Kolkata India
| | - S. Karmakar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Jadavpur University; Kolkata India
| | - J. Mukherjee
- School of Environmental Studies; Jadavpur University; Kolkata India
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Zanatta AC, Mari A, Masullo M, Zeppone Carlos I, Vilegas W, Piacente S, Campaner Dos Santos L. Chemical metabolome assay by high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry and assessment of associated antitumoral activity of Actinocephalus divaricatus. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:241-250. [PMID: 29166547 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Actinocephalus divaricatus (Eriocaulaceae) is an important source of income for rural communities as it is sold as an ornamental plant. To date, no investigation has been conducted concerning the chemical composition and biological studies of the aerial parts of A. divaricatus. METHODS The methanolic extract of the aerial parts of this species was chemically characterized. We applied an analytical dereplication approach based on Liquid Chromatography coupled to High-Resolution Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry in order to develop, identify and define rapidly the metabolite fingerprint of the aerial parts of A. divaricatus. Biological in vitro antitumor tests were undertaken using breast and lung cell lines of mice and humans. RESULTS High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) allowed the fast determination of 30 compounds, which comprised three different classes of compounds: naphthopyranones, flavonoids and saponins. Chromatographic fractionation of the crude methanolic extract validated these results, since it led to the isolation of compounds belonging to the aforementioned classes of compounds, including new acyl glycosylated flavonoids (6-hydroxy-7-methoxyquercetin-3-O-(2"-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside and 6-hydroxy-7-methoxyquercetin-3-O-(6"-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside), which were fully characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Mass Spectrometry experiments, and a known triterpenic saponin (3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-30-norolean-12,20(29)-dien-28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester). Biological assays indicated that the methanolic extract of the capitula exhibited the best in vitro cytotoxicity against MCF7 cells (human breast cancer). CONCLUSIONS The HRMS technique enabled us to identify several classes of compounds. In addition, saponins were identified for the first time in plants belonging to the Eriocaulaceae family. Thus, the essential contribution of this work lies in the new elements it brings to the taxonomic discussion which the Actinocephalus genus as a distinct genus of the Paepalanthus. The results obtained show that the methanolic extract of the capitula could be a promising source of bioactive fractions and/or compounds that may contribute towards breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Zanatta
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Araraquara, Department of Organic Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Angela Mari
- Università degli Studi di Salerno, Departament of Pharmaceutical Science and Biomedical, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Milena Masullo
- Università degli Studi di Salerno, Departament of Pharmaceutical Science and Biomedical, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Araraquara, Department of Organic Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Coastal Campus of São Vicente, São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Sonia Piacente
- Università degli Studi di Salerno, Departament of Pharmaceutical Science and Biomedical, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Lourdes Campaner Dos Santos
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Araraquara, Department of Organic Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Rashad H, Metwally FM, Ezzat SM, Salama MM, Hasheesh A, Abdel Motaal A. Randomized double-blinded pilot clinical study of the antidiabetic activity of Balanites aegyptiaca and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS identification of its metabolites. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:1954-1961. [PMID: 28724331 PMCID: PMC6130648 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1354388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Balanites aegyptiaca Del. (Zygophyllaceae) fruits are traditionally known for the treatment of hyperglycaemia. Several in vitro and in vivo studies proposed some mechanisms of action. However, clinical trials in human beings were never reported to date. OBJECTIVES To investigate the antidiabetic efficacy of the 70% ethanol extract of the pericarps of B. aegyptiaca (BE) within a nutritional intervention in elderly people. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ultra-performance electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis was used for metabolic profiling of BE which was incorporated in hard gelatine capsules (400 mg/day) and tested on 30 type 2 diabetes (T2D) Egyptian patients for 8 weeks. According to sex, age and body mass index participants were divided into two equivalent groups, placebo and treatment. RESULTS Thirteen compounds were identified in BE using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis among which five steroidal saponins, seven phenolic compounds and a sterol glucoside. At the end of the 8-week treatment, the treated group showed 26.88% decrease in 2 h postprandial plasma glucose relative to 2.6% increase in the placebo group, while fasting plasma glucose was reduced to 10.3%. Treatment with BE capsules for 8 weeks produced significant reduction in the plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 9.0, 12.76 and 21.35%, respectively, with 29.8% increase in the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Plasma alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase were reduced by 42.6 and 43.3%, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Administration of the BE capsules to T2D resulted in significant improvements in the glycaemic markers and the lipid profile, without adverse effects or hypoglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend Rashad
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine , National Research Center , Dokki , Egypt
| | - Fateheya M Metwally
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine , National Research Center , Dokki , Egypt
| | - Shahira M Ezzat
- b Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Cairo University , Giza , Egypt
| | - Maha M Salama
- b Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Cairo University , Giza , Egypt
| | - Adel Hasheesh
- c Department of Research on children with special needs , National Research Center , Dokki , Egypt
| | - Amira Abdel Motaal
- b Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Cairo University , Giza , Egypt
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Wei Q, Yan G, Li Q. Characterization of 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives by Electrospray Ionization Ion-Trap Time-of-Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wei
- College of Pharmacy; Anhui Xinhua University; Hefei 230088 China
| | - Guoquan Yan
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qianrong Li
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
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Donner CD. Naphthopyranones--isolation, bioactivity, biosynthesis and synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:578-604. [PMID: 25531639 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00127c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The 1H-naphtho[2,3-c]pyran-1-one (naphthopyranone) moiety forms the structural framework of a group of secondary metabolites that have been isolated from a range of organisms including fungi, bacteria, lichen and plants. This review documents the known naturally occurring naphthopyranones - their isolation, biosynthesis and biological activity. A survey of methods reported for the synthesis of naphthopyranone natural products is presented.
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Spínola V, Pinto J, Castilho PC. Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds of selected fruits from Madeira Island by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS(n) and screening for their antioxidant activity. Food Chem 2014; 173:14-30. [PMID: 25465990 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Five fruits species commonly cultivated and consumed in Madeira Island (Portugal) were investigated for their phenolic profile by means of reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS(n)) and antioxidant potential. A large number of compounds were characterised, flavonoids and phenolic acids being the major components found in target samples, 39 compounds (flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, cyanogenic glycosides and organic acids) were identified in cherimoyas, lemons, papayas, passion-fruits and strawberries for the first time. Furthermore, all samples were systematically analysed for their total phenolic and flavonoid contents along with two radical scavenging methods (ABTS and ORAC) for antioxidant activity measurement. Target fruits presented high phenolic contents which is responsible for most of the antioxidant activity against radical reactive species (R(2)>0.80). Quantitative data showed that anthocyanins, in particular pelargonidin-3-O-hexoside (>300 mg/100 mL), present only in strawberries were the compounds in largest amounts but are the ones which contribute less to the antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor Spínola
- Centro de Química da Madeira (CQM), Centro de Ciências Exactas e da Engenharia da Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Joana Pinto
- Centro de Química da Madeira (CQM), Centro de Ciências Exactas e da Engenharia da Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Paula C Castilho
- Centro de Química da Madeira (CQM), Centro de Ciências Exactas e da Engenharia da Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal.
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