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Hu M, Xu M, Chen Y, Ye Z, Zhu S, Cai J, Zhang M, Zhang C, Huang R, Ye Q, Ao H. Therapeutic potential of toosendanin: Novel applications of an old ascaris repellent as a drug candidate. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115541. [PMID: 37738795 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Toosendanin (TSN), extracted from Melia. toosendan Sieb.et Zucc. and Melia. azedarach L., has been developed into an ascaris repellent in China. However, with the improvement of public health protection, the incidence of ascariasis has been reduced considerably, resulting in limited medical application of TSN. Therefore, it is questionable whether this old ascaris repellent can develop into a drug candidate. Modern studies have shown that TSN has strong pharmacological activities, including anti-tumor, anti-botulinum, anti-viral and anti-parasitic potentials. It also can regulate fat formation and improve inflammation. These researches indicate that TSN has great potential to be developed into a corresponding medical product. In order to better development and application of TSN, the availability, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and toxicology of TSN are summarized systematically. In addition, this review discusses shortcomings in the current researches and provides useful suggestions about how TSN developed into a drug candidate. Therefore, this paper illustrates the possibility of developing TSN as a medical product, aimed to provide directions for the clinical application and further research of TSN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhangkai Ye
- Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shunpeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengxue Zhang
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruizhen Huang
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Qiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hui Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China; Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China.
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Peng T, Rao J, Zhang T, Wang Y, Li N, Gao Q, Feng X, Song Z, Wang K, Qiu F. Elucidation of the relationship between evodiamine-induced liver injury and CYP3A4-mediated metabolic activation by UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5619-5635. [PMID: 37433953 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04831-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Evodiamine (EVD), which has been reported to cause liver damage, is the main constituent of Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth and may be bioactivated into reactive metabolites mediated by cytochrome P450. However, the relationships between bioactivation and EVD-induced hepatotoxicity remain unknown. In this study, comprehensive hepatotoxicity evaluation was explored, which demonstrated that EVD caused hepatotoxicity in both time- and dose-dependent manners in mice. By application of UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS, two GSH conjugates (GM1 and GM2) derived from reactive metabolites of EVD were identified, in microsomal incubation systems exposed to EVD with glutathione (GSH) as trapping agents. CYP3A4 was proved to be the main metabolic enzyme. Correspondingly, the N-acetyl-L-cysteine conjugate derived from the degradation of GM2 was detected in the urine of mice after exposure to EVD. For the first time, the iminoquinone intermediate was found in EVD-pretreated rat bile by the high-resolution MS platform. Pretreatment with ketoconazole protected the animals from hepatotoxicity, decreased the protein expression of cleaved caspase-1 and -3, but increased the area under the serum-concentration-time curve of EVD in blood determined by UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS. Depletion of GSH by buthionine sulfoximine exacerbated EVD-induced hepatotoxicity. These results implicated that the CYP3A4-mediated metabolic activation was responsible for the observed hepatotoxicity induced by EVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Peng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinqiu Rao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Gao
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinchi Feng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co Ltd, Tianjin, 300410, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.
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An overview of Fructus Meliae Toosendan: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:113795. [PMID: 36395606 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructus Meliae Toosendan (FMT) is the dried and mature fruit of MeLia toosendan Sieb.et Zucc. It contains a variety of chemical constituents and reported to possess a variety of pharmacological activities. This review aims to provide a thorough and organized summary of botany, traditional uses, chemical ingredients, pharmacological actions, toxicity, quality control, and uses. In this review, we have compiled the data regarding FMT from 1994 to 2022 in the databases: Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, CNKI, and Baidu Scholar. The keywords: "Fructus Meliae Toosendan", "botany", "traditional uses","chemical components", "pharmacological activity", "toxicity", "quality control" and "clinical application" have been used to collected the literature published in the online bibliographic databases. Based on the correlation of these documents and FMT, 126 articles were finally selected as references. This paper provides a reasonable summary of the 190 chemical components of FMT and its pharmacological effects and toxicity. Moreover, this paper also compiled the quality control studies and clinical applications. In the future, more experimental studies on FMT are needed to achieve the purpose of toxicity reducing and efficacy enhancing. This comprehensive review of FMT can provide a reference for subsequent relevant studies.
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Kousar R, Naeem M, Jamaludin MI, Arshad A, Shamsuri AN, Ansari N, Akhtar S, Hazafa A, Uddin J, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A. Exploring the anticancer activities of novel bioactive compounds derived from endophytic fungi: mechanisms of action, current challenges and future perspectives. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:2897-2919. [PMID: 35968347 PMCID: PMC9360238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death all around the world. The natural compounds derived from the endophytic flora of fungi are possible solutions to cancer treatment because they are safe for health, cost-effective, biocompatible and have fewer toxicity issues. The active ingredients in endophytic fungi that are responsible for anti-cancer activities are alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, saponin, peptides, steroids, phenols, quinones, and flavonoids. This review highlights the anti-cancer activities of entophytic fungus against human papillary thyroid carcinoma (IHH4), human pancreatic (PANC-1), ovarian (OVCAR-3), hepatic (HepG2), lung (A-549), human lymphoma (U937), human skin carcinoma (A431), breast (MCF-7), and Kaposi's sarcoma. The emerging evidence suggested that bioactive compounds isolated from endophytic fungi showed their anti-cancer activities by revealing the disturbance of the microtubule network caused by increased levels of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins that triggers cell cycle arrest at the G2-M phase, by inhibiting the DNA replication via binding with topoisomerase II, by regulating the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and NF-kB, by evaluating the levels of p21, p27, and cyclins B/D1/E that led to cell death by apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. This review will assist readers in better comprehending bioactive chemicals and the beneficial interaction between the fungal endophytes and medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Kousar
- Collage of Life Science, Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical UniversityTaichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal UniversityShijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Mohamad Ikhwan Jamaludin
- Bioinspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MalaysiaJohor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ammara Arshad
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Management & Technology LahorePakistan
| | - Aisyah Nazirah Shamsuri
- Johor Pharmaceutical Services Division, Hospital Permai LamaJalan Persiaran Permai, Johor Bahru 81200, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nelofar Ansari
- Department of Botany, University of BalochistanQuetta, Pakistan
| | | | - Abu Hazafa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of AgricultureFaisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Jalal Uddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid UniversityAbha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of NizwaPO Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of NizwaPO Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
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Fan W, Fan L, Wang Z, Yang L. Limonoids From the Genus Melia (Meliaceae): Phytochemistry, Synthesis, Bioactivities, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicology. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:795565. [PMID: 35140606 PMCID: PMC8819599 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.795565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Limonoids, as the vital bioactive chemical compounds in genus Melia plants, have attracted significant attention owing to their exclusive structural characteristics and remarkable biological activity. These compounds can be usually classified into two categories, including the ring-intact group and the ring-C-seco group. Benefiting from the development of separation and analysis technology, more than 200 limonoids have been isolated and identified from this genus. There is growing evidence that limonoids from genus Melia possess diverse pharmacological activities, especially anti-cancer effects, insecticidal activities, and anti-botulism effects. Toosendanin, one of the paramount limonoids, was considered as the pivotal bioactive marker in two medicinal herbs, including Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc and Melia azedarach L. In particular, limonoids are found to exhibit non-negligible toxic effects, a finding which needs further research. Besides this, the lack of clinical research data seriously hinders its further development and utilization, and necessary clinical trials should be taken into consideration. In this review, we systematically summarized the phytochemical compounds and their synthesis methods, pharmacological activities, and the structure–activity relationship, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology of genus Melia-derived limonoids. We believe that this up-to-date review could provide scientific evidence for the application of limonoids as agents beneficial to health in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Fan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linhong Fan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengtao Wang, ; Li Yang,
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengtao Wang, ; Li Yang,
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B Gowda SG, Gowda D, Ohno M, Liang C, Chiba H, Hui SP. Detection and Structural Characterization of SFAHFA Homologous Series in Mouse Colon Contents by LTQ-Orbitrap-MS and Their Implication in Influenza Virus Infection. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2196-2205. [PMID: 34170677 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a new class of endogenous lipids with promising physiological functions in mammals. We previously introduced a new type of lipids to this family called short-chain fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (SFAHFAs), branching specific to the C2 carbon of a long-chain fatty acid (≥C20). In this study, we discovered a homologous series of SFAHFAs comprising C16-C26 hydroxy fatty acids esterified with short-chain fatty acids (C2-C5) in mouse colon contents. The detected SFAHFAs were characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry with MSn analysis. The double-bond position of monounsaturated SFAHFAs was determined by the epoxidation reaction of samples with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid and their MSn analysis. Further, the measurement of SFAHFA concentration in the colon contents of mice infected with influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1; PR8) virus revealed a significant increase in their levels compared to native control. A strong correlation was observed between hydroxy fatty acid and SFAHFAs. Detection, characterization, and profiling of these new SFAHFA levels in relation with pandemic H1N1; PR8 influenza virus will contribute to the in-depth study of their function and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Divyavani Gowda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Marumi Ohno
- Zoonosis Research Center, Hokkaido University, Kita-20, Nishi-10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Chongsheng Liang
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Department of Nutrition, Sapporo University of Health Sciences, Nakanuma, Nishi-4-3-1-15, Higashi-ku, Sapporo 007-0894, Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Liu LX, Cao L, Shi DF, Wang ZZ, Xiao W, Yao XS, Li HB, Yu Y. Metabolic profiles of Jin-hong tablets in rats by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5072. [PMID: 33453065 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Jin-hong tablets (JHTs), a well-known traditional Chinese patent medicine (TCPM), have been effectively used for the treatment of chronic superficial gastritis (CSG). The metabolic profile of TCPMs is performed to determine their bioactive components. In this study, a five-step strategy based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and metabolynx™ software combined with mass defect filter technique was developed to delineate the metabolic profile of JHT in vivo. As a result, a total of 163 JHT-related xenobiotics (38 prototypes and 125 metabolites) were identified or tentatively characterized in rat biological samples, and the phase I and II metabolism processes mainly included demethylation, hydroxylation, sulfation, and glucuronidation. In addition, after oral administration of JHT, a large amount of alkaloid-related ingredients was detected in rat plasma samples, indicating that alkaloids may play an important role in the treatment of CSG with JHT. This study is beneficial for understanding the JHT's in vivo metabolic profiles and characteristics, which helps to reveal its in vivo effective components and provides a solid basis for further studies on its functional mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Xian Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Cao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan-Feng Shi
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Zhong Wang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Bo Li
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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B. Gowda SG, Gowda D, Liang C, Li Y, Kawakami K, Fukiya S, Yokota A, Chiba H, Hui SP. Chemical Labeling Assisted Detection and Identification of Short Chain Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acid in Rat Colon and Cecum Contents. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10100398. [PMID: 33050007 PMCID: PMC7600112 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are novel endogenous lipids with important physiological functions in mammals. We previously identified a new type of FAHFAs, named short-chain fatty acid esterified hydroxy fatty acids (SFAHFAs), with acetyl or propyl esters of hydroxy fatty acids of carbon chains, C ≥ 20. However, sensitive determination of SFAHFAs is still a challenge, due to their high structural similarity and low abundance in biological samples. This study employs one-step chemical derivatization following total lipid extraction using 2-dimethylaminoethylamine (DMED) for enhanced detection of SFAHFAs. The labeled extracts were subjected to ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to linear ion trap quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC/LTQ-Orbitrap MS). Our results demonstrated that the detection sensitivities of SFAHFAs increased after DMED labeling, and is highly helpful in discovering six additional novel SFAHFAs in the cecum and colon contents of WKAH/HKmSlc rats fed with normal and high-fat diet (HFD). The identified DMED labeled SFAHFAs were characterized by their detailed MS/MS analysis, and their plausible fragmentation patterns were proposed. The concentrations of SFAHFAs were significantly reduced in the cecum of HFD group compared to the control. Hence, the proposed method could be a promising tool to apply for the enhanced detection of SFAHFAs in various biological matrices, which in turn facilitate the understanding of their sources, and physiological functions of these novel lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddabasave Gowda B. Gowda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (S.G.B.G.); (D.G.)
- Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan
| | - Divyavani Gowda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (S.G.B.G.); (D.G.)
| | - Chongsheng Liang
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (C.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yonghan Li
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (C.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kentaro Kawakami
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (K.K.); (S.F.); (A.Y.)
| | - Satoru Fukiya
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (K.K.); (S.F.); (A.Y.)
| | - Atsushi Yokota
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (K.K.); (S.F.); (A.Y.)
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Department of Nutrition, Sapporo University of Health Sciences, Nakanuma Nishi-4-3-1-15, Higashi-Ku, Sapporo 007-0894, Japan;
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (S.G.B.G.); (D.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +8111-706-3692
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Bio-selective hormonal breast cancer cytotoxic and antioxidant potencies of Melia azedarach L. wild type leaves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 25:e00437. [PMID: 32140442 PMCID: PMC7044715 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
1st report on physical qualities and phytochemical content of M. azedarach wild type leaves extract and fractions. Ethyl acetate fraction was the most active against bio-selective hormonal breast cancer T47D cell cytotoxic and antioxidant activities. The phytochemicals content of active fraction was steroids and triterpene saponin, limonoid (toosendanin, meliarachin, salannin, salannal, 12-hydroxyamoorastatin, meliacarpinin and its derivates), and flavonoids (quercetin glycoside). Significant (p < 0.05) correlations were observed between TPC, IC50DPPH, FRAP and IC50T47D.
Melia azedarach L. is used widely in traditional medicine for local or systemic ailments. Although studies exist on phytochemicals and potencies of Chinese and Indian cultivars of Melia, the present study investigated in vitro antioxidant properties of Melia wild type and its cytotoxicity against T47D cell. The ethanolic extract of the Melia leaves was fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water, and the secondary metabolites were obtained. The antioxidant properties were determined with IC50 DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl) radical and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), while the cytotoxicity was determined with the MTT method. The total phenolic (TPC) and β-sitosterol (SC) contents were also measured. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction had higher antioxidant and cytotoxic activities (IC50 211.89 ± 10.86 and 147.90 ± 8.49 μg/mL, respectively) than others. Significant (p < 0.05) correlations were observed between TPC, IC50DPPH, FRAP and IC50T47D. LC-EI MS analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction revealed the steroid and triterpenoid saponins, limonoids and quercetin glycosides, which influenced the medicinal properties of the Melia leaves. Melia azedarach L. wild type leaf extracts are a promising natural resource for managing breast cancer.
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Zhang S, Cao L, Wang ZR, Li Z, Ma J. Anti-cancer effect of toosendanin and its underlying mechanisms. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2019; 21:270-283. [PMID: 29629572 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2018.1451516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Toosendanin (TSN) is a triterpenoid purified from the medicinal herb Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc and has been used as an insecticide for decades. Recent studies have attracted increasing interest of TSN due to its novel anti-cancer effect in diverse cancer models. The broad spectrum anti-cancer activity suggests that TSN inhibits multiple pathways/targets that are critical for cancer cell survival and proliferation. Our recent study indicated that TSN has anti-cancer effect in glioblastoma through induction of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) and p53. This review highlights the anti-cancer efficacy of TSN and provides proof-of-principle insight into the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Zhang
- a Department of Basic Medicine , Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine , Xianyang 712046 , China
| | - Liang Cao
- b Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xijing Hospital , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032 , China
| | - Zong-Ren Wang
- b Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xijing Hospital , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032 , China
| | - Zhe Li
- c Second Clinical Medical College , Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine , Xianyang 712046 , China
| | - Jing Ma
- b Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xijing Hospital , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032 , China
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11
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Yang R, Zhao Q, Hu DD, Xiao XR, Li F. Optimization of extraction and analytical protocol for mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis of hepatotoxicity. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4359. [PMID: 30091800 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Dan-Dan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural Products; Kunming Medical University; Kunming China
| | - Xue-Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming China
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12
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Ren X, Fan W, Shao Z, Chen K, Yu X, Liang Q. A metabolomic study on early detection of steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Oncotarget 2018; 9:7984-7995. [PMID: 29487708 PMCID: PMC5814275 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The early and accurate diagnosis of steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head (SANFH) is appealing considering its irreversible progression and serious consequence for the patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the metabolic change of SANFH for its early detection. Two stages were designed in this study, namely discovery and verification. Except the biochemical index anomaly and the accidental death, 30 adult healthy adult Japanese white rabbits were used for screening out the potential metabolites in discovery experiment and 13 rabbits were used in verification experiment. The femoral heads were assessed with magnetic resonance imaging and transmission electron microscopy. The metabolomic profiling of serum samples were analysis by UHPLC-MS/MS. Metabolomic cluster analysis enable us to differentiate the rabbits without and with injection of the glucocorticoid in 1 week even when there is no obvious abnormal symptom in behaviors or imaging diagnosis. The majority of differential metabolites were identified as phospholipids which were observed significant change after injection of glucocorticoid in 1, 2, 3 weeks. And the results obtained in verification experiment of 6 weeks showed that these differential metabolites exhibited consistent trends in late progression with that in early-stage. At the end of 6 weeks the damage of SANFH could be verified by pathological imaging. Therefore the finding of serum metabolite profile links to the progression of SANFH and provides the potential of early detection of SANFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangnan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wu Fan
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330003, China
| | - Zixing Shao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kaiyun Chen
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330003, China
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330003, China
| | - Qionglin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Zhuo Y, Wu JL, Yan X, Guo MQ, Liu N, Zhou H, Liu L, Li N. Strategy for Hepatotoxicity Prediction Induced by Drug Reactive Metabolites Using Human Liver Microsome and Online 2D-Nano-LC-MS Analysis. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13167-13175. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhuo
- State
Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Jian-Lin Wu
- State
Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- State
Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
- Changzhou Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 25 Heping North Road, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Ming-Quan Guo
- Key
Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture,
Wuhan Botanical Garden, Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Central
Laboratory, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Liang Liu
- State
Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Na Li
- State
Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
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14
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Ma Y, Guo Z, Wang X. Tribulus terrestris extracts alleviate muscle damage and promote anaerobic performance of trained male boxers and its mechanisms: Roles of androgen, IGF-1, and IGF binding protein-3. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2017; 6:474-481. [PMID: 30356644 PMCID: PMC6189260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of Tribulus terrestris (TT) extracts on muscle mass, muscle damage, and anaerobic performances of trained male boxers and its mechanisms: roles of plasma androgen, insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and IGF-1 binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). METHODS Fifteen male boxers were divided into exercise group (E, n = 7) and exercise plus TT group (E + TT, n = 8). The 2 groups both undertook 3-week high-intensity and 3-week high-volume trainings separated by a 4-week rest. TT extracts (1250 mg/day) were orally administered by boxers in E + TT group. TT extract compositions were detected by UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Before and at the end of the 2 trainings, muscle mass, anaerobic performance, and blood indicators were explored. RESULTS Compared with E group, decreases of plasma CK (1591.5 ± 909.6 U/L vs. 2719.9 ± 832.5 U/L) and IGFBP-3 (3075.5 ± 1072.5 ng/mL vs. 3950.8 ± 479.3 ng/mL) as well as increases of mean power (MP, 459.4 ± 122.3 W vs. 434.6 ± 69.5 W) and MP/body weight (MP/BW, 7.5 ± 0.9 W/kg vs. 7.1 ± 1.1 W/kg) were detected in E + TT group after a high-intensity training. For high-volume training, reduction of IGFBP-3 (2946.4 ± 974.1 ng/mL vs. 3632.7 ± 470.1 ng/mL) and increases of MP (508.7 ± 103.2 W vs. 477.8 ± 49.9 W) and MP/BW (8.2 ± 0.3 W/kg vs. 7.5 ± 0.9 W/kg) were detected in E + TT group, compared with E group. Muscle mass, blood levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and IGF-1 were not signifiantly changed between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION Taking 1250 mg capsules containing TT extracts did not change muscle mass and plasma levels of testosterone, DHT, and IGF-1 but significantly alleviated muscle damage and promoted anaerobic performance of trained male boxers, which may be related to the decrease of plasma IGFBP-3 rather than androgen in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaohui Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
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15
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Li Y, Li C, Yu J, Gao Y, Zhao Y, Xue D, Zhang G, Chai Y, Ke Y, Zhang H. Rapid separation and characterization of comprehensive ingredients in Yangxinshi tablet and rat plasma by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1335213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Pharmacy of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chengjian Li
- Department of Pharmacy of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Pharmacy of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yue Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yahong Zhao
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica, Central Research Institute, Shanghai Pharmaceuticals Holding Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Xue
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica, Central Research Institute, Shanghai Pharmaceuticals Holding Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yifeng Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ying Ke
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica, Central Research Institute, Shanghai Pharmaceuticals Holding Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tong Ji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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16
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Wu Y, Yang H, Wang X. The function of androgen/androgen receptor and insulin growth factor‑1/insulin growth factor‑1 receptor on the effects of Tribulus terrestris extracts in rats undergoing high intensity exercise. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:2931-2938. [PMID: 28677770 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that treatment with Tribulus terrestris (TT) extracts (120 mg/kg) promoted the muscle weight gain and performance of rats undergoing high intensity exercise. The present study was designed to explore the mechanisms underlying the effect of treatment with TT extracts and the involvement of androgens, the androgen receptor (AR), insulin growth factor‑1 (IGF‑1) and the IGF‑1 receptor (IGF‑1R). A total of 32 Sprague‑Dawley rats were randomly divided into groups as follows: Control; TT, treated with TT extracts, E, high intensity exercise; E+TT, high intensity exercise plus TT treatment. The rats of the E and E+TT groups underwent high intensity exercise with a progressively increasing load for 5 weeks, and TT extracts were intragastrically administered in the TT and E+TT rats 30 min prior to training. TT extract composition was analyzed using ultra‑high performance liquid chromatography‑quadrupole‑time of flight mass spectrometry. Testosterone and IGF‑1 plasma levels and AR, IGF‑1R and myosin heavy chain (MHC) protein levels in muscles were determined by ELISA and western blotting, respectively. The saponins tigogenin and diosgenin comprised ~71.35% of the total peak area. Compared with the E group, TT extracts increased the testosterone and IGF‑1 plasma levels, and AR, IGF‑1R and MHC protein levels in the gastrocnemius of rats undergoing high intensity exercise, accompanied with increased body weight and gastrocnemius weight. In conclusion, the effect of TT extracts on the performance of high intensity exercise rats may be attributed to increased levels of circulating testosterone and IGF‑1 and increased AR and IGF‑1R protein expression levels in the gastrocnemius, resulting in increased muscle weight and increased MHC in the gastrocnemius. The present study provided preliminary evidence supporting the use of TT extracts as a dietary supplement for the promotion of skeletal muscle mass increase and the enhancement of athletic performance in humans performing high intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wu
- Department of Computer and Statistics, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Hongfang Yang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
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17
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Zhao P, Liu B, Wang C. Hepatotoxicity evaluation of traditional Chinese medicines using a computational molecular model. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2017; 55:996-1000. [PMID: 28594241 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1333123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver injury caused by traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) is reported from many countries around the world. TCM hepatotoxicity has attracted worldwide concerns. OBJECTIVE This study aims to develop a more applicable and optimal tool to evaluate TCM hepatotoxicity. METHODS A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis was performed based on published data and U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Liver Toxicity Knowledge Base (LTKB). RESULTS Eleven herbal ingredients with proven liver toxicity in the literature were added into the dataset besides chemicals from LTKB. The finally generated QSAR model yielded a sensitivity of 83.8%, a specificity of 70.1%, and an accuracy of 80.2%. Among the externally tested 20 ingredients from TCMs, 14 hepatotoxic ingredients were all accurately identified by the QSAR model derived from the dataset containing natural hepatotoxins. CONCLUSIONS Adding natural hepatotoxins into the dataset makes the QSAR model more applicable for TCM hepatotoxicity assessment, which provides a right direction in the methodology study for TCM safety evaluation. The generated QSAR model has the practical value to prioritize the hepatotoxicity risk of TCM compounds. Furthermore, an open-access international specialized database on TCM hepatotoxicity should be quickly established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhao
- a Clinical Trial Center , Beijing 302 Hospital , Beijing , China.,b Liver Failure Therapy and Research Center, Beijing 302 Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Bin Liu
- c Computer Technology Center, Beijing 302 Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Chunya Wang
- d Emergency & Critical Care Center , Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
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18
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Zhao L, Li F. UHPLC-MS strategies and applications for bioanalyses related to pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Yu J, Deng P, Zhong D, Chen X. Identification of amino acid and glutathione N-conjugates of toosendanin: bioactivation of the furan ring mediated by CYP3A4. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1598-609. [PMID: 25105339 DOI: 10.1021/tx5002145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Toosendanin (TSN) is a hepatotoxic triterpenoid extracted from Melia toosendan Sieb et Zucc. Considering that TSN contains the structural alert of the furan ring, it is believed that bioactivation of TSN may be responsible for its toxicity. Herein, the bioactivation potential and metabolism profiles of TSN were investigated. After an oral administration of 10 mg/kg TSN to rats, esterolysis and conjugation with amino acids were identified as the main metabolic pathways. The same types of conjugates were detected in liver microsomes in an NADPH-dependent manner. According to the remaining amount of the parent drug, the reactivity of trapping reagents with TSN reactive metabolites was sorted in a decreasing order of N(α)-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-l-lysine (Boc-Lys) > alanine, lysine, taurine, phenylalanine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, and glutathione (GSH) > cysteine. No conjugates were observed in NADPH and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)-supplemented human liver microsomal incubations. Further phenotyping studies and the chemical synthesis of the major conjugated standards proved that TSN was bioactivated by CYP3A4 and yielded a cis-butene-1,4-dial intermediate, which was prone to undergo 1,2-addition with the amino group of amino acids and GSH to form 3-pyrroline-2-one adducts. The sulfydryl group of GSH also attacked the intermediate and yielded S-conjugates by 1,4- or 1,2-addition, which would form pyrrole conjugates by further reacting with the amino group. Compared to the well-recognized S-conjugation of the furan ring, N-conjugation with multiple amino acids and GSH played a more important part in the elimination of reactive metabolites of TSN. The significance of these conjugates requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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