1
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Yang Y, Du Y, Ivanov D, Niu C, Clare R, Smith JW, Nazy I, Kaltashov IA. Molecular architecture and platelet-activating properties of small immune complexes assembled on heparin and platelet factor 4. Commun Biol 2024; 7:308. [PMID: 38467823 PMCID: PMC10928113 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05982-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an adverse reaction to heparin leading to a reduction in circulating platelets with an increased risk of thrombosis. It is precipitated by polymerized immune complexes consisting of pathogenic antibodies that recognize a small chemokine platelet factor 4 (PF4) bound to heparin. Characterization of these immune complexes is extremely challenging due to the enormous structural heterogeneity of such macromolecular assemblies and their constituents. Native mass spectrometry demonstrates that up to three PF4 tetramers can be assembled on a heparin chain, consistent with the molecular modeling studies showing facile polyanion wrapping along the polycationic belt on the PF4 surface. Although these assemblies can accommodate a maximum of only two antibodies, the resulting immune complexes are capable of platelet activation despite their modest size. Taken together, these studies provide further insight into molecular mechanisms of HIT and other immune disorders where anti-PF4 antibodies play a central role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Yi Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Daniil Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Chendi Niu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Rumi Clare
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - James W Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Ishac Nazy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Igor A Kaltashov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
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2
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Peng G, Li M, Meng Z. Polysaccharides: potential bioactive macromolecules for Alzheimer's disease. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1249018. [PMID: 37781122 PMCID: PMC10540640 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1249018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the leading causes of death and disability. AD is a devastating disease that has caused an overwhelming burden. However, no disease-modified treatment was discovered. The approval of sodium oligomannate (GV-971) in mild-moderate AD patients has attracted great attention to investigate the role of saccharides in AD. Therefore, summarizing and explaining the role of saccharides in AD is urgent and promising. Recent studies showed that polysaccharides (PSs) potentially benefit AD in vitro and in vivo. PSs could alleviate the pathological damage and improve cognitive symptoms via (1) antagonizing the toxicity of abnormal amyloid-beta and tau proteins; (2) attenuating oxidative stress and proinflammation; (3) rebuilding neuroplasticity. PSs exhibit one-multiple pathological hits of AD. However, a thorough chemical investigation is needed for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Peng
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhaoli Meng
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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3
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Yang Y, Du Y, Ivanov D, Niu C, Clare R, Smith JW, Nazy I, Kaltashov IA. Molecular architecture and platelet-activating properties of small immune complexes assembled on intact heparin and their possible involvement in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.11.528150. [PMID: 36798284 PMCID: PMC9934687 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.11.528150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an adverse reaction to heparin leading to a reduction in circulating platelets with an increased risk of thrombosis. It is precipitated by polymerized immune complexes consisting of pathogenic antibodies that recognize a small chemokine platelet factor 4 (PF4) bound to heparin, which trigger platelet activation and a hypercoagulable state. Characterization of these immune complexes is extremely challenging due to the enormous structural heterogeneity of such macromolecular assemblies and their constituents (especially heparin). We use native mass spectrometry to characterize small immune complexes formed by PF4, heparin and monoclonal HIT-specific antibodies. Up to three PF4 tetramers can be assembled on a heparin chain, consistent with the results of molecular modeling studies showing facile polyanion wrapping along the polycationic belt on the PF4 surface. Although these assemblies can accommodate a maximum of only two antibodies, the resulting immune complexes are capable of platelet activation despite their modest size. Taken together, these studies provide further insight into molecular mechanisms of HIT and other immune disorders where anti-PF4 antibodies play a central role.
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4
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Tian Z, Zhu S, Jiang F, Cong H. Molecular weight determination of low molecular weight hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate by gel permeation chromatography. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 311:120488. [PMID: 37028853 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular weight (LWM) hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) have a wide range of applications. To determine their molecular weight (MW), we developed a gel permeation chromatography (GPC) method, which is calibrated based on serrated peaks in the chromatograms. MW calibrants were obtained from the enzymolysis of HA and CS using hyaluronidase. The identical structure of calibrants and samples ensured the soundness of the method. The highest confidence MWs were up to 14,454 and 14,605 for HA and CS, respectively, and the standard curves showed very high correlation coefficients. Thanks to the changeless relationship between MW and its contribution to the GPC integral, the second calibration curves could be derived via one GPC column, also embodied correlation coefficients of >0.9999. The discrepancies of MW values were minuscule, and the measurement of a sample could be conducted in <30 min. The accuracy of the method was verified using LWM heparins, and the measured Mw values showed a 1.2 %-2.0 % error relative to pharmacopeia results. The MW results obtained for LWM-HA and LWM-CS samples were also consistent with the results obtained by multiangle laser light scattering. The method was also verified be able to measure the very low MWs.
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5
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Massironi N, Colombo M, Cosentino C, Fiandra L, Mauri M, Kayal Y, Testa F, Torri G, Urso E, Vismara E, Vlodavsky I. Heparin-Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207116. [PMID: 36296711 PMCID: PMC9611043 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were engineered with an organic coating composed of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), providing heparin-based nanoparticle systems (LMWH@SPIONs). The purpose was to merge the properties of the heparin skeleton and an inorganic core to build up a targeted theranostic nanosystem, which was eventually enhanced by loading a chemotherapeutic agent. Iron oxide cores were prepared via the co-precipitation of iron salts in an alkaline environment and oleic acid (OA) capping. Dopamine (DA) was covalently linked to BSA and LMWH by amide linkages via carbodiimide coupling. The following ligand exchange reaction between the DA-BSA/DA-LMWH and OA was conducted in a biphasic system composed of water and hexane, affording LMWH@SPIONs stabilized in water by polystyrene sulfonate (PSS). Their size and morphology were investigated via dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. The LMWH@SPIONs’ cytotoxicity was tested, showing marginal or no toxicity for samples prepared with PSS at concentrations of 50 µg/mL. Their inhibitory activity on the heparanase enzyme was measured, showing an effective inhibition at concentrations comparable to G4000 (N-desulfo-N-acetyl heparin, a non-anticoagulant and antiheparanase heparin derivative; Roneparstat). The LMWH@SPION encapsulation of paclitaxel (PTX) enhanced the antitumor effect of this chemotherapeutic on breast cancer cells, likely due to an improved internalization of the nanoformulated drug with respect to the free molecule. Lastly, time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) experiments were conducted on LMWH@SPIONs obtaining relaxivity values within the same order of magnitude as currently used commercial contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Massironi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Miriam Colombo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Cosentino
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “Giuliana Ronzoni”, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Fiandra
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Mauri
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano Bicocca, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Yasmina Kayal
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 2611001, Israel
| | - Filippo Testa
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Giangiacomo Torri
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “Giuliana Ronzoni”, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.T.); (E.V.); Tel.: +39-02-7064-1624 (G.T.); +39-02-2399-3088 (E.V.)
| | - Elena Urso
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “Giuliana Ronzoni”, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Vismara
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.T.); (E.V.); Tel.: +39-02-7064-1624 (G.T.); +39-02-2399-3088 (E.V.)
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 2611001, Israel
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6
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Recent advances in qualitative and quantitative analysis of polysaccharides in natural medicines: A critical review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 220:115016. [PMID: 36030753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides from natural medicines, being safe and effective natural mixtures, show great potential to be developed into botanical drugs. However, there is yet one polysaccharide-based case that has fulfilled the Botanical Guidance definition of a botanical drug product. One of the reasons is the analytical methods commonly used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of polysaccharides fall far behind the quality control criteria of botanical drugs. Here we systemically reviewed the recent advances in analytical methods. A critical evaluation of the strength and weaknesses of these methods was provided, together with possible solutions to the difficulties. Mass spectrometry with or without robust chromatographic separation was increasingly employed. And scientists have made significant progress in simplifying polysaccharide quantification by depolymerizing it into oligosaccharides. This oligosaccharides-based strategy is promising for qualitative and quantitative analysis of polysaccharides. And continuous efforts are still needed to develop a standardized quality control method that is specific, accurate, repeatable, and applicable for analyzing individual components in natural medicine formulas.
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7
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Bertini S, Alekseeva A, Elli S, Pagani I, Zanzoni S, Eisele G, Krishnan R, Maag KP, Reiter C, Lenhart D, Gruber R, Yates E, Vicenzi E, Naggi A, Bisio A, Guerrini M. Pentosan polysulfate inhibits attachment and infection by SARS-CoV-2 in vitro: insights into structural requirements for binding. Thromb Haemost 2022; 122:984-997. [PMID: 35322395 PMCID: PMC9252607 DOI: 10.1055/a-1807-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Two years since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic, there remain few clinically effective drugs to complement vaccines. One is the anticoagulant, heparin, which in 2004 was found able to inhibit invasion of SARS-CoV (CoV-1) and which has been employed during the current pandemic to prevent thromboembolic complications and moderate potentially damaging inflammation. Heparin has also been shown experimentally to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 attachment and infection in susceptible cells. At high therapeutic doses however, heparin increases the risk of bleeding and prolonged use can cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, a serious side effect. One alternative, with structural similarities to heparin, is the plant-derived, semi-synthetic polysaccharide, pentosan polysulfate (PPS). PPS is an established drug for the oral treatment of interstitial cystitis, is well-tolerated, and exhibits weaker anticoagulant effects than heparin. In an established Vero cell model, PPS and its fractions of varying molecular weights inhibited invasion by SARS-CoV-2. Intact PPS and its size-defined fractions were characterized by molecular weight distribution and chemical structure using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, then employed to explore the structural basis of interactions with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (S1 RBD) and the inhibition of Vero cell invasion. PPS was as effective as unfractionated heparin, but more effective in inhibiting cell infection than low-molecular-weight heparin (on a weight/volume basis). Isothermal titration calorimetry and viral plaque-forming assays demonstrated size-dependent binding to S1 RBD and inhibition of Vero cell invasion, suggesting the potential application of PPS as a novel inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bertini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Alekseeva
- Centro Alta Tecnologia Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Elli
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabel Pagani
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Zanzoni
- Centro Piattaforme Tecnologiche, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Eisele
- Centro Alta Tecnologia Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
| | - Ravi Krishnan
- Paradigm Biopharmaceuticals Ltd, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Klaus P Maag
- bene pharmaChem GmbH & Co.KG, Geretsried, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Edwin Yates
- Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Bisio
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
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8
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Dantas JMDM, Araújo NKD, Silva NSD, Torres-Rêgo M, Furtado AA, Assis CFD, Araújo RM, Teixeira JA, Ferreira LDS, Fernandes-Pedrosa MDF, Dos Santos ES. Purification of chitosanases produced by Bacillus toyonensis CCT 7899 and functional oligosaccharides production. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 52:443-451. [PMID: 34370621 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1961273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS) have a great potential to be used by pharmaceutical industry due to their many biological activities. The use of enzymes to produce them is very advantageous, however it still faces many challenges, such as discovering new strains capable to produce enzymes that are able to generate bioactive oligosaccharides. In the present study a purification protein protocol was performed to purify chitosanases produced by Bacillus toyonensis CCT 7899 for further chitosan hydrolysis. The produced chitooligosaccharides were characterized by mass spectroscopy (MS) and their antiedematogenic effect was investigated through carrageenan-induced paw edema model. The animals were treated previously to inflammation by intragastric route with COS at 30, 300 and 600 mg/kg. The purification protocol showed a good performance for the chitosanases purification using 0.20 M NaCl solution to elute it, with a 9.54-fold purification factor. The treatment with COS promoted a decrease of paw edema at all evaluated times and the AUC0-4h, proving that COS produced showed activity in acute inflammation like commercial anti-inflammatory Dexamethasone (corticosteroid). Therefore, the strategy used to purification was successfully applied and it was possible to generate bioactive oligosaccharides with potential pharmacological use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manoela Torres-Rêgo
- Department of Phamarcy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Everaldo Silvino Dos Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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9
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Kouta A, Jeske W, Cera L, Farshid A, Duff R, Hoppensteadt D, Fareed J. Protamine Sulfate Neutralization Profile of Various Dosages of Bovine, Ovine and Porcine UFHs and Their Depolymerized Derivatives in Non-Human Primates. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2021; 27:10760296211005544. [PMID: 33926250 PMCID: PMC8114756 DOI: 10.1177/10760296211005544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently used unfractionated heparins (UFHs) and low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are derived from porcine intestinal mucosa. However, heparins have also been manufactured from tissues of other mammalian species such as cow (Bovine) and sheep (Ovine). Protamine sulphate (PS) is an effective inhibitor of heparin and is used clinically to neutralize both LMWH and UFH. In this study, we determined the PS neutralization profile of these agents in non-human primate model using anti-Xa and anti-IIa methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS UFHs obtained from bovine, ovine and porcine mucosal tissues and their respective depolymerized LMWHs were administered at both, gravimetric (0.5 mg/kg) and potency adjusted (100 U/kg) dosages regimen intravenously to individual groups of primates in cross over studies. PS was administered at a fixed dosage and the relative neutralization of these anticoagulants was measured utilizing amidolytic anti-Xa and anti-IIa methods. RESULTS These studies have demonstrated that, the equi-gravimetric dosages of BMH, PMH and OMH have comparable PS neutralization profiles. At potency adjusted dosages, all UFHs were completely neutralized by PS. Although comparable, the LMWHs were not fully neutralized by PS in both the anti-Xa and anti-IIa assays. PS was more efficient in neutralizing the anti-IIa effects of LMWHs. CONCLUSION Heparins of diverse origins showed comparable neutralization profiles by PS in the amidolytic anti-Xa and anti-IIa assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kouta
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, 2456Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Walter Jeske
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, 2456Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Lee Cera
- Comparative Medical Facility, 2456Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Azarfrooz Farshid
- Comparative Medical Facility, 2456Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Richard Duff
- Comparative Medical Facility, 2456Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Debra Hoppensteadt
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, 2456Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Jawed Fareed
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, 2456Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
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10
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Baytas SN, Varghese SS, Jin W, Yu Y, He P, Douaisi M, Zhang F, Brodfuehrer P, Xia K, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Preparation of Low Molecular Weight Heparin from a Remodeled Bovine Intestinal Heparin. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2242-2253. [PMID: 33586962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bovine intestinal heparins are structurally distinct from porcine intestinal heparins and exhibit lower specific anticoagulant activity (units/mg). The reduced content of N-sulfo, 3-O-sulfo glucosamine, the central and critical residue in heparin's antithrombin III binding site, is responsible for bovine intestinal heparin's reduced activity. Previous studies demonstrate that treatment of bovine intestinal heparin with 3-O-sulfotransferase in the presence of 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate afforded remodeled bovine heparin with an enhanced activity reaching the United States Pharmacopeia's requirements. Starting from this remodeled bovine intestinal heparin, we report the preparation of a bovine intestinal low molecular weight heparin having the same structural properties and anti-factor IIa and anti-factor Xa activities of Enoxaparin. Moreover, this bovine intestinal heparin-derived "Enoxaparin" showed comparable platelet factor-4 binding affinity, suggesting that it should exhibit similarly low levels of heparin induced thrombocytopeneia, HIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan N Baytas
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, 06330, Turkey
| | - Sony S Varghese
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Weihua Jin
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Peng He
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Marc Douaisi
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Paul Brodfuehrer
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Ke Xia
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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11
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Fang G, Tang B. Advanced delivery strategies facilitating oral absorption of heparins. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 15:449-460. [PMID: 32952668 PMCID: PMC7486512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparins show great anticoagulant effect with few side effects, and are administered by subcutaneous or intravenous route in clinics. To improve patient compliance, oral administration is an alternative route. Nonetheless, oral administration of heparins still faces enormous challenges due to the multiple obstacles. This review briefly analyzes a series of barriers ranging from poorly physicochemical properties of heparins, to harsh biological barriers including gastrointestinal degradation and pre-systemic metabolism. Moreover, several approaches have been developed to overcome these obstacles, such as improving stability of heparins in the gastrointestinal tract, enhancing the intestinal epithelia permeability and facilitating lymphatic delivery of heparins. Overall, this review aims to provide insights concerning advanced delivery strategies facilitating oral absorption of heparins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Bo Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
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12
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Kouta A, Jeske W, Hoppensteadt D, Iqbal O, Yao Y, Fareed J. Comparative Pharmacological Profiles of Various Bovine, Ovine, and Porcine Heparins. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2020; 25:1076029619889406. [PMID: 31793333 PMCID: PMC7019494 DOI: 10.1177/1076029619889406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Unfractionated heparin is the first anticoagulant drug and has been successfully used clinically for over 80 years. Heparin and its analogues are used during surgery and dialysis and are often used to coat indwelling catheters and other devices where the vascular system is exposed. Most of the heparins used clinically are derived from porcine intestinal mucosa. However, heparins have also been manufactured from tissues of other mammalian species such as cows and sheep. Recently there have been attempts to generate bioengineered heparin in order to overcome contamination and antigenicity problems. Currently there are some concerns about the shortage of the porcine heparins as they are widely used in the manufacturing of the low-molecular-weight heparins. Moreover, due to cultural and religious reasons in some countries, alternative sources of heparins are needed. The Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory agencies have considered alternative sourcing of heparin for potential substitution of porcine heparin and are currently reviewing this matter. Numerous studies are ongoing to understand the structure-activity relationships of these various heparins. In this article, heparins from different animal sources were studied to determine the extent of biosimilarity between them. For these investigations, 10 batches each of bovine mucosal heparin (BMH), ovine mucosal heparin (OMH), and porcine mucosal heparin (PMH) were studied. These studies have demonstrated that OMH and PMH have comparable anticoagulant and antiproteases activities. However, BMH exhibited somewhat a lower potency compared to OMH and PMH in functional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kouta
- Health Sciences Division, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Walter Jeske
- Health Sciences Division, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Debra Hoppensteadt
- Health Sciences Division, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Omer Iqbal
- Health Sciences Division, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | | | - Jawed Fareed
- Health Sciences Division, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
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13
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Neupane S, Bittkau KS, Alban S. Size distribution and chain conformation of six different fucoidans using size-exclusion chromatography with multiple detection. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1612:460658. [PMID: 31703890 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fucoidans represent an intriguing class of fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides. The biological activities of these polysaccharides are related to their compositional and structural parameters, whereby their degree of sulfation, as well as molecular weight (MW) distribution and chain conformation play important roles. Modern NMR and mass spectrometry techniques allow elucidating details of the glycan structure, but not the structure of the whole molecules in their native state. Accordingly, the knowledge about the latter of the fucoidans is currently still limited. Contrary to traditional MW determination by SEC with column calibration, SEC with triple detection provides not only the absolute Mw, but can also give information on additional molecule characteristics. In the present study, we used this method to compare six fucoidans extracted from Fucus vesiculosus (FV), F. serratus (FS), F. evanescens (FE), Dictyosiphon foeniculaceus (DF), Laminaria digitata (LD), and Saccharina latissima (SL) concerning their molar mass (Mw, Mn, Mp, dispersity) and size (rms radius, Rh) characteristics and distribution as well as their chain conformation in solution. The tested fucoidans displayed considerable structural diversity including large differences in their MW profiles and showed to be heterogeneously composed. Fuc-FV and Fuc-SL showed the broadest MW distributions, those from Fuc-FE and Fuc-DF the narrowest ones. Most of the fucoidan fractions (except for Fuc-DF) turned out to exist as expanded flexible chains in PBS solution. The conformation data suggest branched structures with partly long side chains. The knowledge obtained by this study is useful for further fractionation and structural characterization as well as the interpretation of the bioactivity differences between the various fucoidans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh Neupane
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Kiel University, Gutenbergstr. 76, D- 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Kaya Saskia Bittkau
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Kiel University, Gutenbergstr. 76, D- 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Susanne Alban
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Kiel University, Gutenbergstr. 76, D- 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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14
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Alekseeva A, Raman R, Eisele G, Clark T, Fisher A, Lee SL, Jiang X, Torri G, Sasisekharan R, Bertini S. In-depth structural characterization of pentosan polysulfate sodium complex drug using orthogonal analytical tools. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 234:115913. [PMID: 32070534 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advances have been made in developing analytical technologies for characterization of highly heterogeneous active ingredients of complex drugs, such as pentosan polysulfate (PPS), active ingredient of the drug Elmiron®, approved by the Food and Drug Administration and marketed in the United States to treat interstitial cystitis. PPS sulfated polysaccharides comprise of a repeat unit of β(1-4)-D-xylopyranoses randomly substituted by 4-O-methyl-glucopyranosyluronic acid. To define the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of such a complex drug, it is critical to develop an approach that integrates data from orthogonal analytical methodologies. Here, we developed an approach integrating diverse analytical tools including gel permeation chromatography, LC/ESI-MS and NMR to measure CQAs of PPS. The proposed mathematical framework integrates the data from these diverse analytical methods as function of PPS chain length and building blocks. Our approach would facilitate in establishing a scientific foundation for comparative characterization of drug products with complex active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alekseeva
- Centro Alta Tecnologia "Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni" Srl, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Rahul Raman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA, 02139, United States
| | - Giorgio Eisele
- Centro Alta Tecnologia "Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni" Srl, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Clark
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA, 02139, United States
| | - Adam Fisher
- US Food and Drug Administration, United States
| | | | | | - Giangiacomo Torri
- Centro Alta Tecnologia "Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni" Srl, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ram Sasisekharan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA, 02139, United States
| | - Sabrina Bertini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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15
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Delézay O, Hé Z, Sabido O, Hodin S, Bin V, Saleem MA, Mismetti P, Delavenne X. Effects of heparin and derivatives on podocytes: An in vitro functional and morphological evaluation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15438-15449. [PMID: 30684278 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low molecular heparin derivatives (LMWH) display numerous biological properties in addition to their anticoagulant effects. However, due to the physicochemical heterogeneity of these drugs, a better understanding concerning their effects on human cells is clearly needed. Considering that heparins are mainly excreted by the kidney, we focused our attention on the effect of UFH and LMWH on human podocytes by functional and morphological/phenotypic in vitro analyses. We demonstrated that these products differentially modulate the permeability of podocyte monolayer to albumin. The functional perturbations observed were correlated to significant cellular morphological and cytoskeletal changes, as well as a decrease in the expression of proteins involved in podocyte adherence to the extracellular matrix or intercellular interactions. This point confirms that UFH and the different LMWHs exert specific effects on podocyte permeability and underlines the need of in vitro tests to evaluate new biological nonanticoagulant properties of LMWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Delézay
- INSERM, U1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France.,Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Zhiguo Hé
- Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France.,EA 2521, Biologie, Ingénierie et Imagerie de la Greffe de Cornée (BIIGC), Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Odile Sabido
- INSERM, U1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France.,Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Sophie Hodin
- INSERM, U1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France.,Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Valérie Bin
- INSERM, U1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France.,Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Moin A Saleem
- University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | - Patrick Mismetti
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Innovation et Pharmacologie, CHU de Saint-Etienne, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Xavier Delavenne
- INSERM, U1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France.,Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France.,Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Toxicologie, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
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16
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Peng LX, Liu XH, Lu B, Liao SM, Zhou F, Huang JM, Chen D, Troy FA, Zhou GP, Huang RB. The Inhibition of Polysialyltranseferase ST8SiaIV Through Heparin Binding to Polysialyltransferase Domain (PSTD). Med Chem 2019; 15:486-495. [PMID: 30569872 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666181218101623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polysialic acid (polySia) is a unique carbohydrate polymer produced on the surface Of Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) in a number of cancer cells, and strongly correlates with the migration and invasion of tumor cells and with aggressive, metastatic disease and poor clinical prognosis in the clinic. Its synthesis is catalyzed by two polysialyltransferases (polySTs), ST8SiaIV (PST) and ST8SiaII (STX). Selective inhibition of polySTs, therefore, presents a therapeutic opportunity to inhibit tumor invasion and metastasis due to NCAM polysialylation. Heparin has been found to be effective in inhibiting the ST8Sia IV activity, but no clear molecular rationale. It has been found that polysialyltransferase domain (PSTD) in polyST plays a significant role in influencing polyST activity, and thus it is critical for NCAM polysialylation based on the previous studies. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the three different types of heparin (unfractionated hepain (UFH), low molecular heparin (LMWH) and heparin tetrasaccharide (DP4)) is bound to the PSTD; and if so, what are the critical residues of the PSTD for these binding complexes? METHODS Fluorescence quenching analysis, the Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy were used to determine and analyze interactions of PSTD-UFH, PSTD-LMWH, and PSTD-DP4. RESULTS The fluorescence quenching analysis indicates that the PSTD-UFH binding is the strongest and the PSTD-DP4 binding is the weakest among these three types of the binding; the CD spectra showed that mainly the PSTD-heparin interactions caused a reduction in signal intensity but not marked decrease in α-helix content; the NMR data of the PSTD-DP4 and the PSTDLMWH interactions showed that the different types of heparin shared 12 common binding sites at N247, V251, R252, T253, S257, R265, Y267, W268, L269, V273, I275, and K276, which were mainly distributed in the long α-helix of the PSTD and the short 3-residue loop of the C-terminal PSTD. In addition, three residues K246, K250 and A254 were bound to the LMWH, but not to DP4. This suggests that the PSTD-LMWH binding is stronger than the PSTD-DP4 binding, and the LMWH is a more effective inhibitor than DP4. CONCLUSION The findings in the present study demonstrate that PSTD domain is a potential target of heparin and may provide new insights into the molecular rationale of heparin-inhibiting NCAM polysialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xin Peng
- Life Science and Technology College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004 China; 2Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Xue-Hui Liu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Lu
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Si-Ming Liao
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Ji-Min Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Dong Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Frederic A Troy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CL, United States
| | - Guo-Ping Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China.,Gordon Life Science Institute, 53 South Cottage Road Belmont, MA 02478, United States
| | - Ri-Bo Huang
- Life Science and Technology College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004 China; 2Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
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17
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Snyder SR, Wei W, Xiong H, Wesdemiotis C. Sequencing of Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Copolymers by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071118. [PMID: 31266225 PMCID: PMC6680698 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyether based side-chain liquid crystalline (SCLC) copolymers with distinct microstructures were prepared using living anionic polymerization techniques. The composition, end groups, purity, and sequence of the resulting copolymers were elucidated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). MALDI-MS analysis confirmed the presence of (CH3)3CO– and –H end groups at the initiating (α) and terminating (ω) chain end, respectively, and allowed determination of the molecular weight distribution and comonomer content of the copolymers. The comonomer positions along the polymer chain were identified by MS/MS, from the fragments formed via C–O and C–C bond cleavages in the polyether backbone. Random and block architectures could readily be distinguished by the contiguous fragment series formed in these reactions. Notably, backbone C–C bond scission was promoted by a radical formed via initial C–O bond cleavage in the mesogenic side chain. This result documents the ability of a properly substituted side chain to induce sequence indicative bond cleavages in the polyether backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah R Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Huiming Xiong
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
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18
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Zhang T, Liu X, Li H, Wang Z, Chi L, Li JP, Tan T. Characterization of epimerization and composition of heparin and dalteparin using a UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 203:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Monakhova YB, Diehl BWK, Do TX, Schulze M, Witzleben S. Novel method for the determination of average molecular weight of natural polymers based on 2D DOSY NMR and chemometrics: Example of heparin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 149:128-132. [PMID: 29112901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Apart from the characterization of impurities, the full characterization of heparin and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) also requires the determination of average molecular weight, which is closely related to the pharmaceutical properties of anticoagulant drugs. To determine average molecular weight of these animal-derived polymer products, partial least squares regression (PLS) was utilized for modelling of diffused-ordered spectroscopy NMR data (DOSY) of a representative set of heparin (n=32) and LMWH (n=30) samples. The same sets of samples were measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) to obtain reference data. The application of PLS to the data led to calibration models with root mean square error of prediction of 498Da and 179Da for heparin and LMWH, respectively. The average coefficients of variation (CVs) did not exceed 2.1% excluding sample preparation (by successive measuring one solution, n=5) and 2.5% including sample preparation (by preparing and analyzing separate samples, n=5). An advantage of the method is that the sample after standard 1D NMR characterization can be used for the molecular weight determination without further manipulation. The accuracy of multivariate models is better than the previous results for other matrices employing internal standards. Therefore, DOSY experiment is recommended to be employed for the calculation of molecular weight of heparin products as a complementary measurement to standard 1D NMR quality control. The method can be easily transferred to other matrices as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia B Monakhova
- Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Straße 33, 50996 Köln, Germany; Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Bernd W K Diehl
- Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Straße 33, 50996 Köln, Germany
| | - Tung X Do
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Margit Schulze
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Steffen Witzleben
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
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20
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Arnold KM, Capuzzi SJ, Xu Y, Muratov EN, Carrick K, Szajek AY, Tropsha A, Liu J. Modernization of Enoxaparin Molecular Weight Determination Using Homogeneous Standards. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10030066. [PMID: 28737679 PMCID: PMC5620610 DOI: 10.3390/ph10030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enoxaparin is a low-molecular weight heparin used to treat thrombotic disorders. Following the fatal contamination of the heparin supply chain in 2007–2008, the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have worked extensively to modernize the unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin monographs. As a result, the determination of molecular weight (MW) has been added to the monograph as a measure to strengthen the quality testing and to increase the protection of the global supply of this life-saving drug. The current USP calibrant materials used for enoxaparin MW determination are composed of a mixture of oligosaccharides; however, they are difficult to reproduce as the calibrants have ill-defined structures due to the heterogeneity of the heparin parent material. To address this issue, we describe a promising approach consisting of a predictive computational model built from a library of chemoenzymatically synthesized heparin oligosaccharides for enoxaparin MW determination. Here, we demonstrate that this test can be performed with greater efficiency by coupling synthetic oligosaccharides with the power of computational modeling. Our approach is expected to improve the MW measurement for enoxaparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M. Arnold
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.M.A.); (S.J.C.); (Y.X.); (E.N.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Stephen J. Capuzzi
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.M.A.); (S.J.C.); (Y.X.); (E.N.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.M.A.); (S.J.C.); (Y.X.); (E.N.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Eugene N. Muratov
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.M.A.); (S.J.C.); (Y.X.); (E.N.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Kevin Carrick
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.M.A.); (S.J.C.); (Y.X.); (E.N.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Anita Y. Szajek
- U.S. Pharmacopeia, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; (K.C.); (A.Y.S.)
- Center for Scientific Review, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander Tropsha
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.M.A.); (S.J.C.); (Y.X.); (E.N.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.M.A.); (S.J.C.); (Y.X.); (E.N.M.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +01-919-843-6511
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21
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Gardini C, Urso E, Guerrini M, van Herpen R, de Wit P, Naggi A. Characterization of Danaparoid Complex Extractive Drug by an Orthogonal Analytical Approach. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071116. [PMID: 28678201 PMCID: PMC6152146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Danaparoid sodium salt, is the active component of ORGARAN, an anticoagulant and antithrombotic drug constituted of three glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) obtained from porcine intestinal mucosa extracts. Heparan sulfate is the major component, dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate being the minor ones. Currently dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate are quantified by UV detection of their unsaturated disaccharides obtained by enzymatic depolymerization. Due to the complexity of danaparoid biopolymers and the presence of shared components, an orthogonal approach has been applied using more advanced tools and methods. To integrate the analytical profile, 2D heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR spectroscopy was applied and found effective to identify and quantify GAG component signals as well as those of some process signatures of danaparoid active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) batches. Analyses of components of both API samples and size separated fractions proceeded through the determination and distribution of the molecular weight (Mw) by high performance size exclusion chromatographic triple detector array (HP-SEC-TDA), chain mapping by LC/MS, and mono- (1H and 13C) and bi-dimensional (HSQC) NMR spectroscopy. Finally, large scale chromatographic isolation and depolymerization of each GAG followed by LC/MS and 2D-NMR analysis, allowed the sequences to be defined and components to be evaluated of each GAG including oxidized residues of hexosamines and uronic acids at the reducing ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gardini
- Centro Alta Tecnologia Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni S.r.l., via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Urso
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni S.r.l., via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni S.r.l., via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - René van Herpen
- Aspen Oss B.V., Kloosterstraat 6, 5349 AB Oss, The Netherlands.
| | - Pauline de Wit
- Aspen Oss B.V., Kloosterstraat 6, 5349 AB Oss, The Netherlands.
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni S.r.l., via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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22
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Bisio A, Urso E, Guerrini M, de Wit P, Torri G, Naggi A. Structural Characterization of the Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin Dalteparin by Combining Different Analytical Strategies. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071051. [PMID: 28672818 PMCID: PMC6152074 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) products are available for clinical use and although all share a similar mechanism of action, they are classified as distinct drugs because of the different depolymerisation processes of the native heparin resulting in substantial pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics differences. While enoxaparin has been extensively investigated, little information is available regarding the LMWH dalteparin. The present study is focused on the detailed structural characterization of Fragmin® by LC-MS and NMR applied both to the whole drug and to its enzymatic products. For a more in-depth approach, size homogeneous octasaccharide and decasaccharide components together with their fractions endowed with high or no affinity toward antithrombin were also isolated and their structural profiles characterized. The combination of different analytical strategies here described represents a useful tool for the assessment of batch-to-batch structural variability and for comparative evaluation of structural features of biosimilar products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Bisio
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Urso
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Pauline de Wit
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Cell and Applied Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Giangiacomo Torri
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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23
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Glycosaminoglycans and Their Mimetics. Molecules 2016; 22:molecules22010020. [PMID: 28029141 PMCID: PMC6155932 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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24
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Yan Y, Ji Y, Su N, Mei X, Wang Y, Du S, Zhu W, Zhang C, Lu Y, Xing XH. Non-anticoagulant effects of low molecular weight heparins in inflammatory disorders: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 160:71-81. [PMID: 28115102 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are produced by chemical or enzymatic depolymerization of unfractionated heparin (UFH). Besides their well-known anticoagulant effects, LMWHs have also been reported to exhibit numerous anti-inflammatory properties. Previous studies have, however, shown that different production processes result in unique structural characteristics of LMWHs. The structural variations may help explain the different therapeutic spectrums in disease treatment for non-anticoagulant effects. In the present review, we summarize major advances in understanding and exploiting the anti-inflammatory disorder activities of LMWHs, based on mechanistic studies, preclinical experiments and clinical trials. We highlight differences in these activities of commercially available LMWHs produced using different manufacturing processes. We stress the importance of structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on the non-anticoagulant effects of LMWHs and discuss strategies for exploring new clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishu Yan
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Room 607, Yingshi Building, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yang Ji
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Room 607, Yingshi Building, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Nan Su
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Room 607, Yingshi Building, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xiang Mei
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Room 607, Yingshi Building, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Room 607, Yingshi Building, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Shanshan Du
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Room 607, Yingshi Building, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Wenming Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Room 607, Yingshi Building, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Chong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Room 607, Yingshi Building, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yuan Lu
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Room 607, Yingshi Building, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xin-Hui Xing
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Room 607, Yingshi Building, Beijing 100084, China.
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