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Cuevas-Padilla EJ, Hernández-Velázquez VM, Cardoso-Taketa A, Sánchez JE, Vargas-Uriostegui P, Dantan-Gonzalez E, Castañeeda-Ramírez GS, de Freitas Soares FE, Páez-León SY, Aguilar-Marcelino L. Crude Extracts of Pleurotus Spp. and the Presence of Their Proteins in the Ovicidal and Larvicidal Activity of Haemonchus contortus. J Med Food 2024; 27:379-384. [PMID: 38507677 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2023.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms of the genus Pleurotus have shown nematophagous activity as it produces many chemical compounds and enzymes affecting parasitic nematodes. This study aimed to extract the inhibitory activity of the five strains of the fungus Pleurotus spp. It was evaluated against eggs and larvae of Haemonchus contortus. The extract of P. ostreatus obtained the highest level of inhibition of eggs at 97.6% (1341 μg/mL) followed by P. pulmonarius (EPP) at 81.2% (774 μg/mL). The extract selected for evaluation against larvae was P. pulmonarius, showing no effect for L3 larvae, but for L4 larvae an immobility effect of 56.93% was observed at 900 μg/mL. The protein profile showed the presence of 23 protein bands in the extract. The crude extract of P. pulmonarius showed degradation of tissues both inside the eggs and larvae L1. Metabolites produced by Pleurotus mushrooms can consider using in agriculture sustainable by utilizing in producing of ovicidal and larvicidal against H. contortus instead of chemical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Josué Cuevas-Padilla
- Biological Control Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Center (CEIB), Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Research Laboratory, National Center for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Safety, INIFAP, Jiutepec, Mexico
| | - Víctor Manuel Hernández-Velázquez
- Biological Control Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Center (CEIB), Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Alexandre Cardoso-Taketa
- Medicinal Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Center (CEIB), Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - José Ernesto Sánchez
- Tropical Mushroom Laboratory, The Southern Border College, Apdo. Tapachula, Mexico
| | - Patricia Vargas-Uriostegui
- Research Laboratory, National Center for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Safety, INIFAP, Jiutepec, Mexico
| | - Edgar Dantan-Gonzalez
- Studies Ecogenomic Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Center (CEIB), Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Gloria Sarahi Castañeeda-Ramírez
- Studies Ecogenomic Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Center (CEIB), Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Susan Yaracet Páez-León
- Medicinal Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Center (CEIB), Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Liliana Aguilar-Marcelino
- Research Laboratory, National Center for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Safety, INIFAP, Jiutepec, Mexico
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Földi C, Merényi Z, Balázs B, Csernetics Á, Miklovics N, Wu H, Hegedüs B, Virágh M, Hou Z, Liu XB, Galgóczy L, Nagy LG. Snowball: a novel gene family required for developmental patterning of fruiting bodies of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes). mSystems 2024; 9:e0120823. [PMID: 38334416 PMCID: PMC10949477 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01208-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The morphogenesis of sexual fruiting bodies of fungi is a complex process determined by a genetically encoded program. Fruiting bodies reached the highest complexity levels in the Agaricomycetes; yet, the underlying genetics is currently poorly known. In this work, we functionally characterized a highly conserved gene termed snb1, whose expression level increases rapidly during fruiting body initiation. According to phylogenetic analyses, orthologs of snb1 are present in almost all agaricomycetes and may represent a novel conserved gene family that plays a substantial role in fruiting body development. We disrupted snb1 using CRISPR/Cas9 in the agaricomycete model organism Coprinopsis cinerea. snb1 deletion mutants formed unique, snowball-shaped, rudimentary fruiting bodies that could not differentiate caps, stipes, and lamellae. We took advantage of this phenotype to study fruiting body differentiation using RNA-Seq analyses. This revealed differentially regulated genes and gene families that, based on wild-type RNA-Seq data, were upregulated early during development and showed tissue-specific expression, suggesting a potential role in differentiation. Taken together, the novel gene family of snb1 and the differentially expressed genes in the snb1 mutants provide valuable insights into the complex mechanisms underlying developmental patterning in the Agaricomycetes. IMPORTANCE Fruiting bodies of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are complex multicellular structures, with a spatially and temporally integrated developmental program that is, however, currently poorly known. In this study, we present a novel, conserved gene family, Snowball (snb), termed after the unique, differentiation-less fruiting body morphology of snb1 knockout strains in the model mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea. snb is a gene of unknown function that is highly conserved among agaricomycetes and encodes a protein of unknown function. A comparative transcriptomic analysis of the early developmental stages of differentiated wild-type and non-differentiated mutant fruiting bodies revealed conserved differentially expressed genes which may be related to tissue differentiation and developmental patterning fruiting body development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csenge Földi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Merényi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bálint Balázs
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Árpád Csernetics
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Miklovics
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hongli Wu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Botond Hegedüs
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Máté Virágh
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zhihao Hou
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Xiao-Bin Liu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Galgóczy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László G. Nagy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
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3
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John E, Chau MQ, Hoang CV, Chandrasekharan N, Bhaskar C, Ma LS. Fungal Cell Wall-Associated Effectors: Sensing, Integration, Suppression, and Protection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:196-210. [PMID: 37955547 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0142-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall (CW) of plant-interacting fungi, as the direct interface with host plants, plays a crucial role in fungal development. A number of secreted proteins are directly associated with the fungal CW, either through covalent or non-covalent interactions, and serve a range of important functions. In the context of plant-fungal interactions many are important for fungal development in the host environment and may therefore be considered fungal CW-associated effectors (CWAEs). Key CWAE functions include integrating chemical/physical signals to direct hyphal growth, interfering with plant immunity, and providing protection against plant defenses. In recent years, a diverse range of mechanisms have been reported that underpin their roles, with some CWAEs harboring conserved motifs or functional domains, while others are reported to have novel features. As such, the current understanding regarding fungal CWAEs is systematically presented here from the perspective of their biological functions in plant-fungal interactions. An overview of the fungal CW architecture and the mechanisms by which proteins are secreted, modified, and incorporated into the CW is first presented to provide context for their biological roles. Some CWAE functions are reported across a broad range of pathosystems or symbiotic/mutualistic associations. Prominent are the chitin interacting-effectors that facilitate fungal CW modification, protection, or suppression of host immune responses. However, several alternative functions are now reported and are presented and discussed. CWAEs can play diverse roles, some possibly unique to fungal lineages and others conserved across a broad range of plant-interacting fungi. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan John
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Minh-Quang Chau
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Cuong V Hoang
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | | | - Chibbhi Bhaskar
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Lay-Sun Ma
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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4
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Clavé C, Dheur S, Ament-Velásquez SL, Granger-Farbos A, Saupe SJ. het-B allorecognition in Podospora anserina is determined by pseudo-allelic interaction of genes encoding a HET and lectin fold domain protein and a PII-like protein. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011114. [PMID: 38346076 PMCID: PMC10890737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi display allorecognition genes that trigger regulated cell death (RCD) when strains of unlike genotype fuse. Podospora anserina is one of several model species for the study of this allorecognition process termed heterokaryon or vegetative incompatibility. Incompatibility restricts transmission of mycoviruses between isolates. In P. anserina, genetic analyses have identified nine incompatibility loci, termed het loci. Here we set out to clone the genes controlling het-B incompatibility. het-B displays two incompatible alleles, het-B1 and het-B2. We find that the het-B locus encompasses two adjacent genes, Bh and Bp that exist as highly divergent allelic variants (Bh1/Bh2 and Bp1/Bp2) in the incompatible haplotypes. Bh encodes a protein with an N-terminal HET domain, a cell death inducing domain bearing homology to Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains and a C-terminal domain with a predicted lectin fold. The Bp product is homologous to PII-like proteins, a family of small trimeric proteins acting as sensors of adenine nucleotides in bacteria. We show that although the het-B system appears genetically allelic, incompatibility is in fact determined by the non-allelic Bh1/Bp2 interaction while the reciprocal Bh2/Bp1 interaction plays no role in incompatibility. The highly divergent C-terminal lectin fold domain of BH determines recognition specificity. Population studies and genome analyses indicate that het-B is under balancing selection with trans-species polymorphism, highlighting the evolutionary significance of the two incompatible haplotypes. In addition to emphasizing anew the central role of TIR-like HET domains in fungal RCD, this study identifies novel players in fungal allorecognition and completes the characterization of the entire het gene set in that species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Clavé
- IBGC, UMR 5095, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sonia Dheur
- IBGC, UMR 5095, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Sven J. Saupe
- IBGC, UMR 5095, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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5
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Yan B, Ma A. PriA is involved in Pleurotus ostreatus development and defense against Pseudomonas tolaasii. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2023; 117:1. [PMID: 38095768 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-023-01900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Pleurotus ostreatus is a crucial commercial mushroom widely cultivated for diverse uses. Scientists have worked on breeding disease-resistant and high-yielding varieties to secure food supply. Studies on the molecular genetic mechanism of growth and development can provide valuable information to facilitate crop breeding programs by genetic engineering. Aegerolysins are pore-forming proteins widely distributed in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are reported to have haemolytic activity and be involved in the early stages of fructification. The present study aimed to explore biological function of a differential expressed aegerolysin gene PriA in P. ostreatus. The expression level of PriA gene was higher in primordium and fruiting body than that in mycelium. The PriA expression in overexpression (OE) and RNAi interference (RNAi) strains was detected by qRT-PCR. The RNAi strains grew at slightly slower rates and advanced producing yellow pigments than the wild type, while OE strains showed no prominent phenotypic characteristics. Furthermore, Pseudomonas tolaasii infection assays showed that the PriA OE strains could enhance mycelia and caps resistance to P. tolaasii. These data demonstrate PriA from P. ostreatus play an essential role in mycelial development and increase antagonism against P. tolaasii. Our study provides some reference information on interactions between edible fungi and pathogenic bacteria and offers a new resistance-conferring gene for breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyun Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Aimin Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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6
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Nagy L, Vonk P, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm R, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu X, Nan S, Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu H, Yang X, Merényi Z. Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Stud Mycol 2023; 104:1-85. [PMID: 37351542 PMCID: PMC10282164 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fruiting bodies (sporocarps, sporophores or basidiomata) of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are among the most complex structures produced by fungi. Unlike vegetative hyphae, fruiting bodies grow determinately and follow a genetically encoded developmental program that orchestrates their growth, tissue differentiation and sexual sporulation. In spite of more than a century of research, our understanding of the molecular details of fruiting body morphogenesis is still limited and a general synthesis on the genetics of this complex process is lacking. In this paper, we aim at a comprehensive identification of conserved genes related to fruiting body morphogenesis and distil novel functional hypotheses for functionally poorly characterised ones. As a result of this analysis, we report 921 conserved developmentally expressed gene families, only a few dozens of which have previously been reported to be involved in fruiting body development. Based on literature data, conserved expression patterns and functional annotations, we provide hypotheses on the potential role of these gene families in fruiting body development, yielding the most complete description of molecular processes in fruiting body morphogenesis to date. We discuss genes related to the initiation of fruiting, differentiation, growth, cell surface and cell wall, defence, transcriptional regulation as well as signal transduction. Based on these data we derive a general model of fruiting body development, which includes an early, proliferative phase that is mostly concerned with laying out the mushroom body plan (via cell division and differentiation), and a second phase of growth via cell expansion as well as meiotic events and sporulation. Altogether, our discussions cover 1 480 genes of Coprinopsis cinerea, and their orthologs in Agaricus bisporus, Cyclocybe aegerita, Armillaria ostoyae, Auriculariopsis ampla, Laccaria bicolor, Lentinula edodes, Lentinus tigrinus, Mycena kentingensis, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Schizophyllum commune, providing functional hypotheses for ~10 % of genes in the genomes of these species. Although experimental evidence for the role of these genes will need to be established in the future, our data provide a roadmap for guiding functional analyses of fruiting related genes in the Agaricomycetes. We anticipate that the gene compendium presented here, combined with developments in functional genomics approaches will contribute to uncovering the genetic bases of one of the most spectacular multicellular developmental processes in fungi. Citation: Nagy LG, Vonk PJ, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm RA, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu XB, Nan S, M. Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu W, Yang X, Merényi Z (2023). Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Studies in Mycology 104: 1-85. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.G. Nagy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - P.J. Vonk
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - M. Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - C. Földi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - M. Virágh
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - R.A. Ohm
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - F. Hennicke
- Project Group Genetics and Genomics of Fungi, Chair Evolution of Plants and Fungi, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany;
| | - B. Bálint
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Á. Csernetics
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Hegedüs
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Z. Hou
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X.B. Liu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - S. Nan
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - M. Pareek
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - N. Sahu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Szathmári
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - T. Varga
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - H. Wu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X. Yang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Z. Merényi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
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Liu J, Li H, Luo X, Ma L, Li C, Qu S. A lectin gene is involved in the defense of Pleurotus ostreatus against the mite predator Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1191500. [PMID: 37180275 PMCID: PMC10174108 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1191500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The storage mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, found worldwide in many habitats, is an important pest of edible mushrooms. Excessive chemical spraying for pest control has been linked to environmental pollution, health risks, insecticide resistance development, and food safety. Host resistance can be sustainable and cost-effective and provide effective and economical pest control. Previous studies have reported that the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus has evolved effective defense mechanisms against T. putrescentiae attack, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we report that a lectin gene from P. ostreatus mycelia, Polec2, induced fungal resistance to mite grazing. Polec2 belongs to a galectin-like lectin classification, encoding a protein with β-sandwith-fold domain. Overexpression of Polec2 in P. ostreatus led to activation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway, salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis. The activation resulted in bursts of antioxidant activities of catalases (CAT), peroxidases (POD), superoxide dismutases (SOD), and increased production of SA, JA, jasmonic acid-isoleucine (JA-Ile) and jasmonic acid methyl ester (MeJA), accompanied by reduced T. putrescentiae feeding and suppressed its population. We also provide an overview of the phylogenetic distribution of lectins across 22 fungal genomes. Our findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms of P. ostreatus' defense against the mite predator and will be useful in investigating the molecular basis of fungi-fungivory interactions and gene mining for pest-resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Huiping Li
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Cuixin Li
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- *Correspondence: Cuixin Li,
| | - Shaoxuan Qu
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Shaoxuan Qu,
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8
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Activation of mycelial defense mechanisms in the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus induced by Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Food Res Int 2022; 160:111708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Bleuler-Martinez S, Varrot A, Olieric V, Schubert M, Vogt E, Fetz C, Wohlschlager T, Plaza DF, Wälti M, Duport Y, Capitani G, Aebi M, Künzler M. Structure-function relationship of a novel fucoside-binding fruiting body lectin from Coprinopsis cinerea exhibiting nematotoxic activity. Glycobiology 2022; 32:600-615. [PMID: 35323921 PMCID: PMC9191617 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are non-immunoglobulin-type proteins that bind to specific carbohydrate epitopes and play important roles in intra- and inter-organismic interactions. Here, we describe a novel fucose-specific lectin, termed CML1, which we identified from fruiting body extracts of Coprinopsis cinerea. For further characterization, the coding sequence for CML1 was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Feeding of CML1-producing bacteria inhibited larval development of the bacterivorous nematode Caenorhabditis tropicalis, but not of C. elegans. The crystal structure of the recombinant protein in its apo-form and in complex with H type I or Lewis A blood group antigens was determined by X-ray crystallography. The protein folds as a sandwich of 2 antiparallel β-sheets and forms hexamers resulting from a trimer of dimers. The hexameric arrangement was confirmed by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). One carbohydrate-binding site per protomer was found at the dimer interface with both protomers contributing to ligand binding, resulting in a hexavalent lectin. In terms of lectin activity of recombinant CML1, substitution of the carbohydrate-interacting residues His54, Asn55, Trp94, and Arg114 by Ala abolished carbohydrate-binding and nematotoxicity. Although no similarities to any characterized lectin were found, sequence alignments identified many non-characterized agaricomycete proteins. These results suggest that CML1 is the founding member of a novel family of fucoside-binding lectins involved in the defense of agaricomycete fruiting bodies against predation by fungivorous nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bleuler-Martinez
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annabelle Varrot
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Vincent Olieric
- Swiss Light Source (SLS), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Mario Schubert
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva Vogt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Céline Fetz
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Therese Wohlschlager
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Fernando Plaza
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64, Solna, Sweden
| | - Martin Wälti
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Duport
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Capitani
- Swiss Light Source (SLS), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Markus Aebi
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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10
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Moradi A, Austerlitz T, Dahlin P, Robert CA, Maurer C, Steinauer K, van Doan C, Himmighofen PA, Wieczorek K, Künzler M, Mauch F. Marasmius oreades agglutinin enhances resistance of Arabidopsis against plant-parasitic nematodes and a herbivorous insect. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:402. [PMID: 34470613 PMCID: PMC8408931 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-parasitic nematodes and herbivorous insects have a significant negative impact on global crop production. A successful approach to protect crops from these pests is the in planta expression of nematotoxic or entomotoxic proteins such as crystal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) or plant lectins. However, the efficacy of this approach is threatened by emergence of resistance in nematode and insect populations to these proteins. To solve this problem, novel nematotoxic and entomotoxic proteins are needed. During the last two decades, several cytoplasmic lectins from mushrooms with nematicidal and insecticidal activity have been characterized. In this study, we tested the potential of Marasmius oreades agglutinin (MOA) to furnish Arabidopsis plants with resistance towards three economically important crop pests: the two plant-parasitic nematodes Heterodera schachtii and Meloidogyne incognita and the herbivorous diamondback moth Plutella xylostella. RESULTS The expression of MOA does not affect plant growth under axenic conditions which is an essential parameter in the engineering of genetically modified crops. The transgenic Arabidopsis lines showed nearly complete resistance to H. schachtii, in that the number of female and male nematodes per cm root was reduced by 86-91 % and 43-93 % compared to WT, respectively. M. incognita proved to be less susceptible to the MOA protein in that 18-25 % and 26-35 % less galls and nematode egg masses, respectively, were observed in the transgenic lines. Larvae of the herbivorous P. xylostella foraging on MOA-expression lines showed a lower relative mass gain (22-38 %) and survival rate (15-24 %) than those feeding on WT plants. CONCLUSIONS The results of our in planta experiments reveal a robust nematicidal and insecticidal activity of the fungal lectin MOA against important agricultural pests which may be exploited for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboubakr Moradi
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Tina Austerlitz
- Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Dahlin
- Agroscope, Research Division, Plant Protection, Phytopathology and Zoology in Fruit and Vegetable Production, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Am Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Corina Maurer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katja Steinauer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cong van Doan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Krzysztof Wieczorek
- Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Felix Mauch
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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11
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Moradi A, El-Shetehy M, Gamir J, Austerlitz T, Dahlin P, Wieczorek K, Künzler M, Mauch F. Expression of a Fungal Lectin in Arabidopsis Enhances Plant Growth and Resistance Toward Microbial Pathogens and a Plant-Parasitic Nematode. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:657451. [PMID: 33897746 PMCID: PMC8063123 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.657451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Coprinopsis cinerea lectin 2 (CCL2) is a fucoside-binding lectin from the basidiomycete C. cinerea that is toxic to the bacterivorous nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as well as animal-parasitic and fungivorous nematodes. We expressed CCL2 in Arabidopsis to assess its protective potential toward plant-parasitic nematodes. Our results demonstrate that expression of CCL2 enhances host resistance against the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. Surprisingly, CCL2-expressing plants were also more resistant to fungal pathogens including Botrytis cinerea, and the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. In addition, CCL2 expression positively affected plant growth indicating that CCL2 has the potential to improve two important agricultural parameters namely biomass production and general disease resistance. The mechanism of the CCL2-mediated enhancement of plant disease resistance depended on fucoside-binding by CCL2 as transgenic plants expressing a mutant version of CCL2 (Y92A), compromised in fucoside-binding, exhibited wild type (WT) disease susceptibility. The protective effect of CCL2 did not seem to be direct as the lectin showed no growth-inhibition toward B. cinerea in in vitro assays. We detected, however, a significantly enhanced transcriptional induction of plant defense genes in CCL2- but not CCL2-Y92A-expressing lines in response to infection with B. cinerea compared to WT plants. This study demonstrates a potential of fungal defense lectins in plant protection beyond their use as toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboubakr Moradi
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed El-Shetehy
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Jordi Gamir
- Department Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural (ESTCE), Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Tina Austerlitz
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Dahlin
- Agroscope, Research Division, Plant Protection, Phytopathology and Zoology in Fruit and Vegetable Production, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Krzysztof Wieczorek
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Mauch
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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12
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Fungal GH25 muramidases: New family members with applications in animal nutrition and a crystal structure at 0.78Å resolution. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248190. [PMID: 33711051 PMCID: PMC7954357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Muramidases/lysozymes hydrolyse the peptidoglycan component of the bacterial cell wall. They are found in many of the glycoside hydrolase (GH) families. Family GH25 contains muramidases/lysozymes, known as CH type lysozymes, as they were initially discovered in the Chalaropsis species of fungus. The characterized enzymes from GH25 exhibit both β-1,4-N-acetyl- and β-1,4-N,6-O-diacetylmuramidase activities, cleaving the β-1,4-glycosidic bond between N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) moieties in the carbohydrate backbone of bacterial peptidoglycan. Here, a set of fungal GH25 muramidases were identified from a sequence search, cloned and expressed and screened for their ability to digest bacterial peptidoglycan, to be used in a commercial application in chicken feed. The screen identified the enzyme from Acremonium alcalophilum JCM 736 as a suitable candidate for this purpose and its relevant biochemical and biophysical and properties are described. We report the crystal structure of the A. alcalophilum enzyme at atomic, 0.78 Å resolution, together with that of its homologue from Trichobolus zukalii at 1.4 Å, and compare these with the structures of homologues. GH25 enzymes offer a new solution in animal feed applications such as for processing bacterial debris in the animal gut.
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13
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Perduca M, Destefanis L, Bovi M, Galliano M, Munari F, Assfalg M, Ferrari F, Monaco HL, Capaldi S. Structure and properties of the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) lectin. Glycobiology 2020; 30:550-562. [PMID: 31985778 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus ostreatus Lectin (POL) is a 353 amino acid chain lectin that can be purified from the fruiting bodies of the very well-known and widely diffused edible oyster mushrooms (P. ostreatus). The lectin has been partially characterized by different groups and, although it was crystallized about 20 years ago, its 3D structure and the details of its interactions with carbohydrates are still unknown. This paper reports the 3D structure and ligand-binding properties of POL. We have determined the X-ray structure of the apo-protein purified from the fruiting bodies of the mushroom and that of the recombinant protein in complex with melibiose to a resolution of about 2 Å. The lectin is a homodimer in which the two polypeptide chains are linked by a disulfide bridge. A POL monomer is composed of two highly homologous β-jellyroll domains each of which containing a calcium-dependent carbohydrate-binding site. A high degree of sequence similarity is observed between the two carbohydrate-binding modules present in each monomer. The structure of the lectin in complex with melibiose reveals that a POL dimer has four calcium-dependent carbohydrate-binding sites. The interaction with sugars in solution has been characterized by isothermal titration calorimetry and saturation transfer difference NMR and it sheds new light on the molecular determinants of POL specificity. The lectin exhibits in vitro antiproliferative effects against human cancer cell lines and presents structural similarity with the prototype member of the CBM67 family, the noncatalytic domain of Streptomyces avermitilis α-rhamnosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Perduca
- Biocrystallography and Nanostructure Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Destefanis
- Biocrystallography and Nanostructure Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Bovi
- Biocrystallography and Nanostructure Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Monica Galliano
- Department of Molecular Medicine via Taramelli 3b, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Munari
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Michael Assfalg
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Ferrari
- Department of Molecular Medicine via Taramelli 3b, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Hugo L Monaco
- Biocrystallography and Nanostructure Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Capaldi
- Biocrystallography and Nanostructure Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
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14
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Sharma S, Shekhar S, Sharma B, Jain P. Decoding glycans: deciphering the sugary secrets to be coherent on the implication. RSC Adv 2020; 10:34099-34113. [PMID: 35519023 PMCID: PMC9056758 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04471g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoteric techniques, skills, and methodological advances in glycobiology and glycochemistry have been instrumental in pertinent discoveries to pave way for a new era in biomedical sciences. Glycans are sugar-based polymers that coat cells and decorate majority of proteins, forming glycoproteins. They are also found deposited in extracellular spaces between cells, attached to soluble signaling molecules, and are key players in several biological processes including regulation of immune responses and cell–cell interactions. Laboratory manipulations of protein, DNA and other macromolecules celebrate the accelerated research in respective fields, but the same seems unlikely for the complex sugar polymers. The structural complex polymers are neither synthesized using a known template nor are dynamically stable with respect to a cell's metabolic rate. What is more, sugar isomers—structurally distinct molecules with the same chemical formula—can be employed to construct varied glycans, but are almost impossible to tell apart based on molecular weight alone. The apparent lack of a glycan alphabet further reflects on an enduring question: how little do we know about the sugars? Evidently, glycan-based therapeutic potentials and glycomimetics are propitious advances for the future that have not been well exploited, and with a few conspicuous anomalies. Here, we contour the most notable contributions to enhance our ability to utilize the complex glycans as therapeutics. Diagnostic strategies concerning recurrent diseases and headways to address the challenges are also discussed. A glycan toolbox for pathogenic and cancerous interventions. The review article sheds light on the sweet secrets of this complex structure.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Netaji Subhas University of Technology
- India
| | - Shashank Shekhar
- Department of Chemistry
- Netaji Subhas University of Technology
- India
| | - Bhasha Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Netaji Subhas University of Technology
- India
| | - Purnima Jain
- Department of Chemistry
- Netaji Subhas University of Technology
- India
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15
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Heterologous Production and Functional Characterization of Ageritin, a Novel Type of Ribotoxin Highly Expressed during Fruiting of the Edible Mushroom Agrocybe aegerita. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01549-19. [PMID: 31444206 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01549-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi produce various defense proteins against antagonists, including ribotoxins. These toxins cleave a single phosphodiester bond within the universally conserved sarcin-ricin loop of ribosomes and inhibit protein biosynthesis. Here, we report on the structure and function of ageritin, a previously reported ribotoxin from the edible mushroom Agrocybe aegerita The amino acid sequence of ageritin was derived from cDNA isolated from the dikaryon A. aegerita AAE-3 and lacks, according to in silico prediction, a signal peptide for classical secretion, predicting a cytoplasmic localization of the protein. The calculated molecular weight of the protein is slightly higher than the one reported for native ageritin. The A. aegerita ageritin-encoding gene, AaeAGT1, is highly induced during fruiting, and toxicity assays with AaeAGT1 heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli showed a strong toxicity against Aedes aegypti larvae yet not against nematodes. The activity of recombinant A. aegerita ageritin toward rabbit ribosomes was confirmed in vitro Mutagenesis studies revealed a correlation between in vivo and in vitro activities, indicating that entomotoxicity is mediated by ribonucleolytic cleavage. The strong larvicidal activity of ageritin makes this protein a promising candidate for novel biopesticide development.IMPORTANCE Our results suggest a pronounced organismal specificity of a protein toxin with a very conserved intracellular molecular target. The molecular details of the toxin-target interaction will provide important insight into the mechanism of action of protein toxins and the ribosome. This insight might be exploited to develop novel bioinsecticides.
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16
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Novak M, Čepin U, Hodnik V, Narat M, Jamnik M, Kraševec N, Sepčić K, Anderluh G. Functional studies of aegerolysin and MACPF-like proteins in Aspergillus niger. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:1253-1269. [PMID: 31376198 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the aegerolysin family have a high abundance in Fungi. Due to their specific binding to membrane lipids, and their membrane-permeabilization potential in concert with protein partner(s) belonging to a membrane-attack-complex/perforin (MACPF) superfamily, they were proposed as useful tools in different biotechnological and biomedical applications. In this work, we performed functional studies on expression of the genes encoding aegerolysin and MACPF-like proteins in Aspergillus niger. Our results suggest the sporulation process being crucial for strong induction of the expression of all these genes. However, deletion of either of the aegerolysin genes did not influence the growth, development, sporulation efficiency and phenotype of the mutants, indicating that aegerolysins are not key factors in the sporulation process. In all our expression studies we noticed a strong correlation in the expression of one aegerolysin and MACPF-like gene. Aegerolysins were confirmed to be secreted from the fungus. We also showed the specific interaction of a recombinant A. niger aegerolysin with an invertebrate-specific membrane sphingolipid. Moreover, using this protein labelled with mCherry we successfully stained insect cells membranes containing this particular sphingolipid. Our combined results suggest, that aegerolysins in this species, and probably also in other aspergilli, could be involved in defence against predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruša Novak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Čepin
- BioSistemika Ltd and National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vesna Hodnik
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Narat
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Jamnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nada Kraševec
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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17
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Bis-naphthopyrone pigments protect filamentous ascomycetes from a wide range of predators. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3579. [PMID: 31395863 PMCID: PMC6687722 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is thought that fungi protect themselves from predation by the production of compounds that are toxic to soil-dwelling animals. Here, we show that a nontoxic pigment, the bis-naphthopyrone aurofusarin, protects Fusarium fungi from a wide range of animal predators. We find that springtails (primitive hexapods), woodlice (crustaceans), and mealworms (insects) prefer feeding on fungi with disrupted aurofusarin synthesis, and mealworms and springtails are repelled by wheat flour amended with the fungal bis-naphthopyrones aurofusarin, viomellein, or xanthomegnin. Predation stimulates aurofusarin synthesis in several Fusarium species and viomellein synthesis in Aspergillus ochraceus. Aurofusarin displays low toxicity in mealworms, springtails, isopods, Drosophila, and insect cells, contradicting the common view that fungal defence metabolites are toxic. Our results indicate that bis-naphthopyrones are defence compounds that protect filamentous ascomycetes from predators through a mechanism that does not involve toxicity.
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18
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Tayyrov A, Stanley CE, Azevedo S, Künzler M. Combining microfluidics and RNA-sequencing to assess the inducible defensome of a mushroom against nematodes. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:243. [PMID: 30909884 PMCID: PMC6434838 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungi are an attractive source of nutrients for predators. As part of their defense, some fungi are able to induce the production of anti-predator protein toxins in response to predation. A previous study on the interaction of the model mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea by the fungivorous nematode Aphelenchus avenae on agar plates has shown that the this fungal defense response is most pronounced in the part of the mycelium that is in direct contact with the nematode. Hence, we hypothesized that, for a comprehensive characterization of this defense response, an experimental setup that maximizes the zone of direct interaction between the fungal mycelium and the nematode, was needed. RESULTS In this study, we conducted a transcriptome analysis of C. cinerea vegetative mycelium upon challenge with A. avenae using a tailor-made microfluidic device. The device was designed such that the interaction between the fungus and the nematode was confined to a specific area and that the mycelium could be retrieved from this area for analysis. We took samples from the confrontation area after different time periods and extracted and sequenced the poly(A)+ RNA thereof. The identification of 1229 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shows that this setup profoundly improved sensitivity over co-cultivation on agar plates where only 37 DEGs had been identified. The product of one of the most highly upregulated genes shows structural homology to bacterial pore-forming toxins, and revealed strong toxicity to various bacterivorous nematodes. In addition, bacteria associated with the fungivorous nematode A. avenae were profiled with 16S rRNA deep sequencing. Similar to the bacterivorous and plant-feeding nematodes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the most dominant phyla in A. avenae. CONCLUSIONS The use of a novel experimental setup for the investigation of the defense response of a fungal mycelium to predation by fungivorous nematodes resulted in the identification of a comprehensive set of DEGs and the discovery of a novel type of fungal defense protein against nematodes. The bacteria found to be associated with the fungivorous nematode are a possible explanation for the induction of some antibacterial defense proteins upon nematode challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annageldi Tayyrov
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Claire E. Stanley
- Agroecology and Environment Research Division, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Azevedo
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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19
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Transcriptomic atlas of mushroom development reveals conserved genes behind complex multicellularity in fungi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:7409-7418. [PMID: 30902897 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817822116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of complex multicellularity has been one of the major transitions in the history of life. In contrast to simple multicellular aggregates of cells, it has evolved only in a handful of lineages, including animals, embryophytes, red and brown algae, and fungi. Despite being a key step toward the evolution of complex organisms, the evolutionary origins and the genetic underpinnings of complex multicellularity are incompletely known. The development of fungal fruiting bodies from a hyphal thallus represents a transition from simple to complex multicellularity that is inducible under laboratory conditions. We constructed a reference atlas of mushroom formation based on developmental transcriptome data of six species and comparisons of >200 whole genomes, to elucidate the core genetic program of complex multicellularity and fruiting body development in mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes). Nearly 300 conserved gene families and >70 functional groups contained developmentally regulated genes from five to six species, covering functions related to fungal cell wall remodeling, targeted protein degradation, signal transduction, adhesion, and small secreted proteins (including effector-like orphan genes). Several of these families, including F-box proteins, expansin-like proteins, protein kinases, and transcription factors, showed expansions in Agaricomycetes, many of which convergently expanded in multicellular plants and/or animals too, reflecting convergent solutions to genetic hurdles imposed by complex multicellularity among independently evolved lineages. This study provides an entry point to studying mushroom development and complex multicellularity in one of the largest clades of complex eukaryotic organisms.
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20
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Deveau A, Bonito G, Uehling J, Paoletti M, Becker M, Bindschedler S, Hacquard S, Hervé V, Labbé J, Lastovetsky OA, Mieszkin S, Millet LJ, Vajna B, Junier P, Bonfante P, Krom BP, Olsson S, van Elsas JD, Wick LY. Bacterial-fungal interactions: ecology, mechanisms and challenges. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:335-352. [PMID: 29471481 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi and bacteria are found living together in a wide variety of environments. Their interactions are significant drivers of many ecosystem functions and are important for the health of plants and animals. A large number of fungal and bacterial families engage in complex interactions that lead to critical behavioural shifts of the microorganisms ranging from mutualism to antagonism. The importance of bacterial-fungal interactions (BFI) in environmental science, medicine and biotechnology has led to the emergence of a dynamic and multidisciplinary research field that combines highly diverse approaches including molecular biology, genomics, geochemistry, chemical and microbial ecology, biophysics and ecological modelling. In this review, we discuss recent advances that underscore the roles of BFI across relevant habitats and ecosystems. A particular focus is placed on the understanding of BFI within complex microbial communities and in regard of the metaorganism concept. We also discuss recent discoveries that clarify the (molecular) mechanisms involved in bacterial-fungal relationships, and the contribution of new technologies to decipher generic principles of BFI in terms of physical associations and molecular dialogues. Finally, we discuss future directions for research in order to stimulate synergy within the BFI research area and to resolve outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Deveau
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR IAM, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Gregory Bonito
- Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jessie Uehling
- Biology Department, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27705, USA.,Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94703, USA
| | - Mathieu Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie et Génétique Cellulaire, UMR 5095 CNRS et Université de Bordeaux, 1 rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - Matthias Becker
- IGZ, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Saskia Bindschedler
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Hacquard
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Vincent Hervé
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Biogeosciences, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jessy Labbé
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Olga A Lastovetsky
- Graduate Field of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sophie Mieszkin
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR IAM, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Larry J Millet
- Joint Institute for Biological Science, University of Tennessee, and the Biosciences Division of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Balázs Vajna
- Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pilar Junier
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Bastiaan P Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry, G. Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Olsson
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jan Dirk van Elsas
- Microbial Ecology group, GELIFES, University of Groningen, 9747 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas Y Wick
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Kombrink A, Tayyrov A, Essig A, Stöckli M, Micheller S, Hintze J, van Heuvel Y, Dürig N, Lin CW, Kallio PT, Aebi M, Künzler M. Induction of antibacterial proteins and peptides in the coprophilous mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea in response to bacteria. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 13:588-602. [PMID: 30301946 PMCID: PMC6461984 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria are the main nutritional competitors of saprophytic fungi during colonization of their ecological niches. This competition involves the mutual secretion of antimicrobials that kill or inhibit the growth of the competitor. Over the last years it has been demonstrated that fungi respond to the presence of bacteria with changes of their transcriptome, but the significance of these changes with respect to competition for nutrients is not clear as functional proof of the antibacterial activity of the induced gene products is often lacking. Here, we report the genome-wide transcriptional response of the coprophilous mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea to the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The genes induced upon co-cultivation with each bacterium were highly overlapping, suggesting that the fungus uses a similar arsenal of effectors against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Intriguingly, the induced genes appeare to encode predominantly secreted peptides and proteins with predicted antibacterial activities, which was validated by comparative proteomics of the C. cinerea secretome. Induced members of two putative antibacterial peptide and protein families in C. cinerea, the cysteine-stabilized αβ-defensins (Csαβ-defensins) and the GH24-type lysozymes, were purified, and their antibacterial activity was confirmed. These results provide compelling evidence that fungi are able to recognize the presence of bacteria and respond with the expression of an arsenal of secreted antibacterial peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kombrink
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annageldi Tayyrov
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Essig
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Stöckli
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,rqmicro AG, Brandstrasse 24, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Micheller
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - John Hintze
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yasemin van Heuvel
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Dürig
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pauli T Kallio
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Aebi
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Künzler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Nagy LG, Kovács GM, Krizsán K. Complex multicellularity in fungi: evolutionary convergence, single origin, or both? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1778-1794. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- László G. Nagy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit; Institute of Biochemistry, BRC-HAS, 62 Temesvári krt; 6726 Szeged Hungary
| | - Gábor M. Kovács
- Department of Plant Anatomy; Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C; H-1117 Budapest Hungary
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research; Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA-ATK); PO Box 102, H-1525 Budapest Hungary
| | - Krisztina Krizsán
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit; Institute of Biochemistry, BRC-HAS, 62 Temesvári krt; 6726 Szeged Hungary
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24
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Sommer R, Makshakova ON, Wohlschlager T, Hutin S, Marsh M, Titz A, Künzler M, Varrot A. Crystal Structures of Fungal Tectonin in Complex with O-Methylated Glycans Suggest Key Role in Innate Immune Defense. Structure 2018; 26:391-402.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Genome expansion and lineage-specific genetic innovations in the forest pathogenic fungi Armillaria. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:1931-1941. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Bleuler-Martinez S, Stutz K, Sieber R, Collot M, Mallet JM, Hengartner M, Schubert M, Varrot A, Künzler M. Dimerization of the fungal defense lectin CCL2 is essential for its toxicity against nematodes. Glycobiology 2017; 27:486-500. [PMID: 27980000 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are used as defense effector proteins against predators, parasites and pathogens by animal, plant and fungal innate defense systems. These proteins bind to specific glycoepitopes on the cell surfaces and thereby interfere with the proper cellular functions of the various antagonists. The exact cellular toxicity mechanism is in many cases unclear. Lectin CCL2 of the mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea was previously shown to be toxic for Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. This toxicity is dependent on a single, high-affinity binding site for the trisaccharide GlcNAc(Fucα1,3)β1,4GlcNAc, which is a hallmark of nematode and insect N-glycan cores. The carbohydrate-binding site is located at an unusual position on the protein surface when compared to other β-trefoil lectins. Here, we show that CCL2 forms a compact dimer in solution and in crystals. Substitution of two amino acid residues at the dimer interface, R18A and F133A, interfered with dimerization of CCL2 and reduced toxicity but left carbohydrate-binding unaffected. These results, together with the positioning of the two carbohydrate-binding sites on the surface of the protein dimer, suggest that crosslinking of N-glycoproteins on the surface of intestinal cells of invertebrates is a crucial step in the mechanism of CCL2-mediated toxicity. Comparisons of the number and positioning of carbohydrate-binding sites among different dimerizing fungal β-trefoil lectins revealed a considerable variability in the carbohydrate-binding patterns of these proteins, which are likely to correlate with their respective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrin Stutz
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ramon Sieber
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mayeul Collot
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UPMC Université Paris 06, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Maurice Mallet
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UPMC Université Paris 06, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Michael Hengartner
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mario Schubert
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, Schafmattstr. 20, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Annabelle Varrot
- CERMAV, UPR5301, CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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27
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Diwan D, Shinkai K, Tetsuka T, Cao B, Arai H, Koyama T, Hatano K, Matsuoka K. Synthetic Assembly of Mannose Moieties Using Polymer Chemistry and the Biological Evaluation of Its Interaction towards Concanavalin A. Molecules 2017; 22:E157. [PMID: 28106805 PMCID: PMC6155820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-carbohydrate interactions exhibit myriad intracellular recognition events, so understanding and investigating their specific interaction with high selectivity and strength are of crucial importance. In order to examine the effect of multivalent binding on the specificity of protein-carbohydrate interactions, we synthesized mannose glycosides as a novel type of glycosylated monomer and glycopolymers of polyacrylamide derivatives with α-mannose (α-Man) by radical polymerization and monitored their strength of interaction with concanavalin A (Con A) by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) detection. In a quantitative test using the Con A-immobilized sensor surface, the kinetic affinity for the synthesized polymers, 8a (KD = 3.3 × 10-6 M) and 8b (KD = 5.3 × 10-5 M), were concentration-dependent, showing strong, specific molecular recognition abilities with lectin. Our study showed the enhancement in recognition specificity for multivalent saccharides, which is often mediated by cell surface carbohydrate-binding proteins that exhibit weak affinity and broad specificity for the individual ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Diwan
- Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Kohei Shinkai
- Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Toshihiro Tetsuka
- Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Bin Cao
- Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Hidenao Arai
- Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Tetsuo Koyama
- Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Ken Hatano
- Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Koji Matsuoka
- Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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28
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Schlegel M, Münsterkötter M, Güldener U, Bruggmann R, Duò A, Hainaut M, Henrissat B, Sieber CMK, Hoffmeister D, Grünig CR. Globally distributed root endophyte Phialocephala subalpina links pathogenic and saprophytic lifestyles. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:1015. [PMID: 27938347 PMCID: PMC5148876 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas an increasing number of pathogenic and mutualistic ascomycetous species were sequenced in the past decade, species showing a seemingly neutral association such as root endophytes received less attention. In the present study, the genome of Phialocephala subalpina, the most frequent species of the Phialocephala fortinii s.l. - Acephala applanata species complex, was sequenced for insight in the genome structure and gene inventory of these wide-spread root endophytes. RESULTS The genome of P. subalpina was sequenced using Roche/454 GS FLX technology and a whole genome shotgun strategy. The assembly resulted in 205 scaffolds and a genome size of 69.7 Mb. The expanded genome size in P. subalpina was not due to the proliferation of transposable elements or other repeats, as is the case with other ascomycetous genomes. Instead, P. subalpina revealed an expanded gene inventory that includes 20,173 gene models. Comparative genome analysis of P. subalpina with 13 ascomycetes shows that P. subalpina uses a versatile gene inventory including genes specific for pathogens and saprophytes. Moreover, the gene inventory for carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) was expanded including genes involved in degradation of biopolymers, such as pectin, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of a globally distributed root endophyte allowed detailed insights in the gene inventory and genome organization of a yet largely neglected group of organisms. We showed that the ubiquitous root endophyte P. subalpina has a broad gene inventory that links pathogenic and saprophytic lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schlegel
- Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Forest Pathology and Dendrology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Münsterkötter
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Genome-oriented Bioinformatics, Technische Universität München, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Berne, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Angelo Duò
- Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Forest Pathology and Dendrology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Hainaut
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257 CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257 CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Christian M K Sieber
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,DOE Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Pharmazeutische Mikrobiologie, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph R Grünig
- Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Forest Pathology and Dendrology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Microsynth AG, Schützenstrasse 15, 9436, Balgach, Switzerland.
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Stöckli M, Lin CW, Sieber R, Plaza DF, Ohm RA, Künzler M. Coprinopsis cinerea intracellular lactonases hydrolyze quorum sensing molecules of Gram-negative bacteria. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 102:49-62. [PMID: 27475110 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation on fungal hyphae and production of antifungal molecules are strategies of bacteria in their competition with fungi for nutrients. Since these strategies are often coordinated and under control of quorum sensing by the bacteria, interference with this bacterial communication system can be used as a counter-strategy by the fungi in this competition. Hydrolysis of N-acyl-homoserine lactones (HSL), a quorum sensing molecule used by Gram-negative bacteria, by fungal cultures has been demonstrated. However, the enzymes that are responsible for this activity, have not been identified. In this study, we identified and characterized two paralogous HSL hydrolyzing enzymes from the coprophilous fungus Coprinopsis cinerea. The C. cinerea HSL lactonases belong to the metallo-β-lactamase family and show sequence homology to and a similar biochemical activity as the well characterized lactonase AiiA from Bacillus thuringiensis. We show that the fungal lactonases, similar to the bacterial enzymes, are kept intracellularly and act as a sink for the bacterial quorum sensing signals both in C. cinerea and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing C. cinerea lactonases, due to the ability of these signal molecules to diffuse over the fungal cell wall and plasma membrane. The two isogenes coding for the C. cinerea HSL lactonases are arranged in the genome as a tandem repeat and expressed preferentially in vegetative mycelium. The occurrence of orthologous genes in genomes of other basidiomycetes appears to correlate with a saprotrophic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Stöckli
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Ramon Sieber
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - David F Plaza
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Robin A Ohm
- Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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30
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Takeuchi T, Arata Y, Kasai KI. Galactoseβ1-4fucose: A unique disaccharide unit found inN-glycans of invertebrates including nematodes. Proteomics 2016; 16:3137-3147. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoichiro Arata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Josai University; Saitama Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Kasai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Teikyo University; Tokyo Japan
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31
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Entomotoxic and nematotoxic lectins and protease inhibitors from fungal fruiting bodies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:91-111. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +32-9-264-6086; Fax: +32-9-264-6219
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33
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Heim C, Hertzberg H, Butschi A, Bleuler-Martinez S, Aebi M, Deplazes P, Künzler M, Štefanić S. Inhibition of Haemonchus contortus larval development by fungal lectins. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:425. [PMID: 26283415 PMCID: PMC4539729 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that are involved in fundamental intra- and extracellular biological processes. They occur ubiquitously in nature and are especially abundant in plants and fungi. It has been well established that certain higher fungi produce lectins in their fruiting bodies and/or sclerotia as a part of their natural resistance against free-living fungivorous nematodes and other pests. Despite relatively high diversity of the glycan structures in nature, many of the glycans targeted by fungal lectins are conserved among organisms of the same taxon and sometimes even among different taxa. Such conservation of glycans between free-living and parasitic nematodes is providing us with a useful tool for discovery of novel chemotherapeutic and vaccine targets. In our study, a subset of fungal lectins emanating from toxicity screens on Caenorhabditis elegans was tested for their potential to inhibit larval development of Haemonchus contortus. Methods The effect of Coprinopsis cinerea lectins - CCL2, CGL2, CGL3; Aleuria aurantia lectin – AAL; Marasmius oreades agglutinin - MOA; and Laccaria bicolor lectin – Lb-Tec2, on cultivated Haemonchus contortus larval stages was investigated using a larval development test (LDT). To validate the results of the toxicity assay and determine lectin binding capacity to the nematode digestive tract, biotinylated versions of lectins were fed to pre-infective larval stages of H. contortus and visualized by fluorescent microscopy. Lectin histochemistry on fixed adult worms was performed to investigate the presence and localisation of lectin binding sites in the disease-relevant developmental stage. Results Using an improved larval development test we found that four of the six tested lectins: AAL, CCL2, MOA and CGL2, exhibited a dose-dependent toxicity in LDT, as measured by the number of larvae developing to the L3 stage. In the case of AAL, CGL2 and MOA lectin, doses as low as 5 μg/ml caused >95 % inhibition of larval development while 40 μg/ml were needed to achieve the same inhibition by CCL2 lectin. MOA was the only lectin tested that caused larval death while other toxic lectins had larvistatic effect manifesting as L1 growth arrest. Using lectin histochemistry we demonstrate that of all lectins tested, only the four toxic ones displayed binding to the larvae’s gut and likewise were found to interact with glycans localized to the gastrodermal tissue of adults. Conclusion The results of our study suggest a correlation between the presence of target glycans of lectins in the digestive tract and the lectin-mediated toxicity in Haemonchus contortus. We demonstrate that binding to the structurally conserved glycan structures found in H. contortus gastrodermal tissue by the set of fungal lectins has detrimental effect on larval development. Some of these glycan structures might represent antigens which are not exposed to the host immune system (hidden antigens) and thus have a potential for vaccine or drug development. Nematotoxic fungal lectins prove to be a useful tool to identify such targets in parasitic nematodes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1032-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Heim
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Hubertus Hertzberg
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Alex Butschi
- Malcisbo AG, Wagistrasse 27a, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Silvia Bleuler-Martinez
- Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Markus Aebi
- Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Saša Štefanić
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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