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Kalogirou AS, Oh HJ, Asquith CRM. The Synthesis and Biological Applications of the 1,2,3-Dithiazole Scaffold. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073193. [PMID: 37049953 PMCID: PMC10096614 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The 1,2,3-dithiazole is an underappreciated scaffold in medicinal chemistry despite possessing a wide variety of nascent pharmacological activities. The scaffold has a potential wealth of opportunities within these activities and further afield. The 1,2,3-dithiazole scaffold has already been reported as an antifungal, herbicide, antibacterial, anticancer agent, antiviral, antifibrotic, and is a melanin and Arabidopsis gibberellin 2-oxidase inhibitor. These structure activity relationships are discussed in detail, along with insights and future directions. The review also highlights selected synthetic strategies developed towards the 1,2,3-dithiazole scaffold, how these are integrated to accessibility of chemical space, and to the prism of current and future biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Kalogirou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenis Str., Engomi, P.O. Box 22006, Nicosia 1516, Cyprus
| | - Hans J Oh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher R M Asquith
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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2
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Kalogirou AS, Kourtellaris A, Koutentis PA. Oxidations of 4
H
‐1,2,6‐Thiadiazines. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S. Kalogirou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences European University Cyprus 6 Diogenis Str., Engomi, P. O. Box 22006, 1516 Nicosia Cyprus
| | - Andreas Kourtellaris
- Department of Chemistry University of Cyprus P. O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia Cyprus
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3
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Al-Faiyz YS, Sayed AR. Synthesis of Two Isomeric Thiadiazine and Thiazole Derivatives from a Hydrazonoyl Halide. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1936085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasair S. Al-Faiyz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelwahed R. Sayed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-suef, Egypt
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4
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3-(1,3-Benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-1,2,6-thiadiazinones: Surrogates for 3-halo-1,2,6-thiadiazinones. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-022-03122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6,10-Dichloro-1-oxa-4,8-dithia-7,9-diazaspiro[4.5]deca-6,9-diene. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reaction of 3,4,4,5-tetrachloro-4H-1,2,6-thiadiazine with 2-mercaptoethan-1-ol (1 equiv.) gave 6,10-dichloro-1-oxa-4,8-dithia-7,9-diazaspiro[4.5]deca-6,9-diene in 12% yield. The compound was fully characterized.
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6
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Studying the effect of two isomer forms thiazole and thiadiazine on the inhibition of acidic chloride-induced steel corrosion: Empirical and Computer simulation explorations. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Kalogirou AS, East MP, Laitinen T, Torrice CD, Maffuid KA, Drewry DH, Koutentis PA, Johnson GL, Crona DJ, Asquith CRM. Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel 1,2,6-Thiadiazinone Kinase Inhibitors as Potent Inhibitors of Solid Tumors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195911. [PMID: 34641454 PMCID: PMC8513058 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A focused series of substituted 4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-ones was designed and synthesized to probe the anti-cancer properties of this scaffold. Insights from previous kinase inhibitor programs were used to carefully select several different substitution patterns. Compounds were tested on bladder, prostate, pancreatic, breast, chordoma, and lung cancer cell lines with an additional skin fibroblast cell line as a toxicity control. This resulted in the identification of several low single digit micro molar compounds with promising therapeutic windows, particularly for bladder and prostate cancer. A number of key structural features of the 4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-one scaffold are discussed that show promising scope for future improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S. Kalogirou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenis Str., Engomi, P.O. Box 22006, Nicosia 1516, Cyprus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus;
- Correspondence: (A.S.K.); (C.R.M.A.); Tel.: +357-22-559655 (A.S.K.); +1-919-491-3177 (C.R.M.A.)
| | - Michael P. East
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.P.E.); (G.L.J.)
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Chad D. Torrice
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.D.T.); (K.A.M.); (D.J.C.)
| | - Kaitlyn A. Maffuid
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.D.T.); (K.A.M.); (D.J.C.)
| | - David H. Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Gary L. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.P.E.); (G.L.J.)
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Daniel J. Crona
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.D.T.); (K.A.M.); (D.J.C.)
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher R. M. Asquith
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.P.E.); (G.L.J.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.K.); (C.R.M.A.); Tel.: +357-22-559655 (A.S.K.); +1-919-491-3177 (C.R.M.A.)
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Kalogirou AS, Kourtellaris A, Koutentis PA. Synthesis and Chemistry of Benzo[ e][1,2,6]thiadiazino[3,4- b][1,4]diazepin-10(11 H)-ones and Related Ring Transformations. J Org Chem 2021; 86:5702-5713. [PMID: 33818096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
2-[(3,5-Dichloro-4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-ylidene)amino]benzamides are cyclized to benzo[e][1,2,6]thiadiazino[3,4-b][1,4]diazepin-10(11H)-ones via (i) treatment with NaH and via (ii) Pd-catalyzed C-N coupling. The behavior of the latter toward nucleophiles and thermal, oxidative, and reductive conditions revealed unexpected transformations to 3,5-dioxo-4,5-dihydro-3H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepine-2-carbonitrile and 2-(4-substituted-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)quinazolin-4(3H)-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Kalogirou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenis Str., Engomi, P.O. Box 22006, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andreas Kourtellaris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
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Synthesis of (R) and (S)-3-Chloro-5-(2,4-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)-4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-ones. MOLBANK 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/m1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of 3,5-dichloro-4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-one with (R) and (S)-1,3-dimethylpiperazines (1 equiv), in THF, at ca. 20 °C gives (R) and (S)-3-chloro-5-(2,4-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)-4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-ones in 70% and 68% yields, respectively. The new compounds were fully characterized.
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Synthesis of (R) and (S)-3-Chloro-5-(3-methylmorpholino)-4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-ones. MOLBANK 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/m1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reaction of 3,5-dichloro-4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-one with (R) and (S)-3-methylmorpholines (2 equiv), in THF, at ca. 20 °C gave (R) and (S)-3-chloro-5-(3-methylmorpholino)-4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-ones in 95 and 97% yields, respectively. The new compounds were fully characterized.
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11
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Kalogirou AS, Kourtellaris A, Koutentis PA. Synthesis of 2‐Cyanoquinazolin‐4‐ones from 3′,5′‐Dichloro‐1
H
‐spiro(quinazoline‐2,4′‐[1,2,6]thiadiazin)‐4(3
H
)‐ones. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S. Kalogirou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences European University Cyprus 6 Diogenis Str., Engomi, P. O. Box 22006, 1516 Nicosia Cyprus
| | - Andreas Kourtellaris
- Department of Chemistry University of Cyprus, P. O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia Cyprus
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Abstract
The reaction of 2,4,5,6-tetrachloropyrimidine (4) and 4,5,6-trichloropyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (1) with DABCO (1 equiv.), in MeCN, at ca. 20 °C gives 2,4,5-trichloro-6-[4-(2-chloroethyl)piperazin-1-yl]pyrimidine (5) and 4,5-dichloro-6-[4-(2-chloroethyl)piperazin-1-yl]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (6) in 42% and 52% yields, respectively. The new compounds were fully characterized.
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Kalogirou AS, Kourtellaris A, Koutentis PA. Synthesis and Reactivity of 3′,5′‐Dichloro‐1
H
‐spiro(quinazoline‐2,4′‐[1,2,6]thiadiazin)‐4(3
H
)‐ones. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S. Kalogirou
- Department of Life Sciences European University Cyprus 6 Diogenis Str., Engomi, P. O. Box 22006 1516 Nicosia Cyprus
- Department of Chemistry University of Cyprus P. O. Box 20537 1678 Nicosia Cyprus
| | - Andreas Kourtellaris
- Department of Chemistry University of Cyprus P. O. Box 20537 1678 Nicosia Cyprus
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Kalogirou AS, Manoli M, Koutentis PA. Reaction of 3,4,4,5-tetrachloro-4H-1,2,6-thiadiazine with benzyltriethylammonium chloride. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Asquith CRM, Godoi PH, Couñago RM, Laitinen T, Scott JW, Langendorf CG, Oakhill JS, Drewry DH, Zuercher WJ, Koutentis PA, Willson TM, Kalogirou AS. 1,2,6-Thiadiazinones as Novel Narrow Spectrum Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase 2 (CaMKK2) Inhibitors. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051221. [PMID: 29783765 PMCID: PMC6019134 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate for the first time that 4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-one (TDZ) can function as a chemotype for the design of ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors. Using insights from a co-crystal structure of a 3,5-bis(arylamino)-4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-one bound to calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2), several analogues were identified with micromolar activity through targeted displacement of bound water molecules in the active site. Since the TDZ analogues showed reduced promiscuity compared to their 2,4-dianilinopyrimidine counter parts, they represent starting points for development of highly selective kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R M Asquith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Paulo H Godoi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-886, Brazil.
| | - Rafael M Couñago
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-886, Brazil.
- Center for Molecular and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Avenida Cândido Rondon 400, P. O. Box 6010, 13083-875 Campinas, São Paulo 13083-886, Brazil.
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - John W Scott
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy 3065, Australia.
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia.
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville 3052, Australia.
| | - Christopher G Langendorf
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy 3065, Australia.
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy 3065, Australia.
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia.
| | - David H Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - William J Zuercher
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | | | - Timothy M Willson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Andreas S Kalogirou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P. O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenis Str., Engomi, P. O. Box 22006, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Two-step conversion of 3,4,4,5-tetrachloro-4H-1,2,6-thiadiazine into 4,5,6-trichloropyrimidine-2-carbonitrile. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kalogirou AS, Koutentis PA. Regioselective geminal dichloride reactivity of 3,4,4,5-tetrachloro-4H-1,2,6-thiadiazine: access to 4,4-dioxo- and dithio-ketals. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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