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Mével E, Shutter JA, Ding X, Mattingly BT, Williams JN, Li Y, Huls A, Kambrath AV, Trippel SB, Wagner D, Allen MR, O'Keefe R, Thompson WR, Burr DB, Sankar U. Systemic inhibition or global deletion of CaMKK2 protects against post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 30:124-136. [PMID: 34506942 PMCID: PMC8712369 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CaMKK2) in post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). METHODS Destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) or sham surgeries were performed on 10-week-old male wild-type (WT) and Camkk2-/- mice. Half of the DMM-WT mice and all other cohorts (n = 6/group) received tri-weekly intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of saline whereas the remaining DMM-WT mice (n = 6/group) received i.p. injections of the CaMKK2 inhibitor STO-609 (0.033 mg/kg body weight) thrice a week. Study was terminated at 8- or 12-weeks post-surgery, and knee joints processed for microcomputed tomography imaging followed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Primary articular chondrocytes were isolated from knee joints of 4-6-day-old WT and Camkk2-/- mice, and treated with 10 ng/ml interleukin-1β (IL)-1β for 24 or 48 h to investigate gene and protein expression. RESULTS CaMKK2 levels and activity became elevated in articular chondrocytes following IL-1β treatment or DMM surgery. Inhibition or absence of CaMKK2 protected against DMM-associated destruction of the cartilage, subchondral bone alterations and synovial inflammation. When challenged with IL-1β, chondrocytes lacking CaMKK2 displayed attenuated inflammation, cartilage catabolism, and resistance to suppression of matrix synthesis. IL-1β-treated CaMKK2-null chondrocytes displayed decreased IL-6 production, activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), indicating a potential mechanism for the regulation of inflammatory responses in chondrocytes by CaMKK2. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a novel function for CaMKK2 in chondrocytes and highlight the potential for its inhibition as an innovative therapeutic strategy in the prevention of PTOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mével
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - J A Shutter
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - X Ding
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - B T Mattingly
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - J N Williams
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Y Li
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - A Huls
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - A V Kambrath
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - S B Trippel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - D Wagner
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - M R Allen
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - R O'Keefe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - W R Thompson
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - D B Burr
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - U Sankar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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2
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Eduful B, O’Byrne SN, Temme L, Asquith CR, Liang Y, Picado A, Pilotte JR, Hossain MA, Wells CI, Zuercher WJ, Catta-Preta CMC, Zonzini Ramos P, Santiago AD, Couñago RM, Langendorf CG, Nay K, Oakhill JS, Pulliam TL, Lin C, Awad D, Willson TM, Frigo DE, Scott JW, Drewry DH. Hinge Binder Scaffold Hopping Identifies Potent Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase 2 (CAMKK2) Inhibitor Chemotypes. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10849-10877. [PMID: 34264658 PMCID: PMC8365604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CAMKK2 is a serine/threonine kinase and an activator of AMPK whose dysregulation is linked with multiple diseases. Unfortunately, STO-609, the tool inhibitor commonly used to probe CAMKK2 signaling, has limitations. To identify promising scaffolds as starting points for the development of high-quality CAMKK2 chemical probes, we utilized a hinge-binding scaffold hopping strategy to design new CAMKK2 inhibitors. Starting from the potent but promiscuous disubstituted 7-azaindole GSK650934, a total of 32 compounds, composed of single-ring, 5,6-, and 6,6-fused heteroaromatic cores, were synthesized. The compound set was specifically designed to probe interactions with the kinase hinge-binding residues. Compared to GSK650394 and STO-609, 13 compounds displayed similar or better CAMKK2 inhibitory potency in vitro, while compounds 13g and 45 had improved selectivity for CAMKK2 across the kinome. Our systematic survey of hinge-binding chemotypes identified several potent and selective inhibitors of CAMKK2 to serve as starting points for medicinal chemistry programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin
J. Eduful
- Structural
Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sean N. O’Byrne
- Structural
Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Louisa Temme
- Structural
Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Christopher R.
M. Asquith
- Structural
Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yi Liang
- Structural
Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alfredo Picado
- Structural
Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Joseph R. Pilotte
- Structural
Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mohammad Anwar Hossain
- Structural
Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Carrow I. Wells
- Structural
Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - William J. Zuercher
- Structural
Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Carolina M. C. Catta-Preta
- Centro
de Química Medicinal (CQMED), Centro de Biologia Molecular
e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade
Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-875, Brazil
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, Departamento de Genética e Evolução,
Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Priscila Zonzini Ramos
- Centro
de Química Medicinal (CQMED), Centro de Biologia Molecular
e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade
Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-875, Brazil
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, Departamento de Genética e Evolução,
Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-886, Brazil
| | - André de
S. Santiago
- Centro
de Química Medicinal (CQMED), Centro de Biologia Molecular
e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade
Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-875, Brazil
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, Departamento de Genética e Evolução,
Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Rafael M. Couñago
- Centro
de Química Medicinal (CQMED), Centro de Biologia Molecular
e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade
Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-875, Brazil
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, Departamento de Genética e Evolução,
Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Christopher G. Langendorf
- St
Vincent’s Institute and Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy 3065, Australia
| | - Kévin Nay
- St
Vincent’s Institute and Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy 3065, Australia
- Mary MacKillop
Institute for Health Research, Australian
Catholic University, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Jonathan S. Oakhill
- St
Vincent’s Institute and Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy 3065, Australia
- Mary MacKillop
Institute for Health Research, Australian
Catholic University, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Thomas L. Pulliam
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
- Center
for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
- Department
of Biology and Biochemistry, University
of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
| | - Chenchu Lin
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth
Graduate
School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Dominik Awad
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth
Graduate
School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Timothy M. Willson
- Structural
Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Daniel E. Frigo
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
- Center
for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
- Department
of Biology and Biochemistry, University
of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - John W. Scott
- St
Vincent’s Institute and Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy 3065, Australia
- Mary MacKillop
Institute for Health Research, Australian
Catholic University, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - David H. Drewry
- Structural
Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center,
UNC Eshelman School of
Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Wu B, Jiang S, Wang X, Zhong S, Bi Y, Yi D, Liu G, Hu F, Dou G, Chen Y, Wu Y, Dong J. Identification of driver genes and key pathways of non-functional pituitary adenomas predicts the therapeutic effect of STO-609. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240230. [PMID: 33119597 PMCID: PMC7595405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Our study is to identify DEGs (Differentially Expressed Genes), comprehensively investigate hub genes, annotate enrichment functions and key pathways of Non-functional pituitary adenomas (NFPAs), and also to verify STO-609 therapeutic effect. Methods The gene expression level of NFPA and normal tissues were compared to identify the DEGs (Differential expressed genes) based on gene expression profiles (GSE2175, GSE26966 and GSE51618). Enrichment functions, pathways and key genes were identified by carrying out GO (Gene Ontology), KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis and PPI (Protein-Protein Interation) network analysis. Moreover, experiments in vitro were conducted to verify the anti-NFPAs effects of STO-609. Results 169 over-expression genes and 182 low expression genes were identified among 3 datasets. Dopaminergic synapse and vibrio cholerae infection pathways have distinctly changed in NFPA tissues. The Ca2+/CaM pathway played important roles in NFPA. Four hub proteins encoded by genes CALM1, PRDM10, RIPK4 and MAD2L1 were recognized as hub proteins. In vitro, assays showed that STO-609 induced apoptosis of NFPA cells to inhibit the hypophysoma cellular viability, diffusion and migration. Conclusion Four hub proteins, encoded by gene CALM1, PRDM10, RIPK4 and MAD2L1, played important roles in NFPA development. The Ca2+/CaM signaling pathway had significant alternations during NFPA forming process, the STO-609, a selective CaM-KK inhibitor, inhibited NFPA cellular viability, proliferation and migration. Meanwhile, NFPA was closely related to parkinson’s disease (PD) in many aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- Institute of Zoology, China Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Oncology, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Sheng Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of Sun Yat sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Bi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dazhuang Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ge Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fangfei Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gaojing Dou
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgy, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
- * E-mail: (YW); (JD)
| | - Jiajun Dong
- Department of Neurosurgy, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
- * E-mail: (YW); (JD)
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4
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O’Byrne SN, Scott JW, Pilotte JR, Santiago ADS, Langendorf CG, Oakhill JS, Eduful BJ, Couñago RM, Wells CI, Zuercher WJ, Willson TM, Drewry DH. In Depth Analysis of Kinase Cross Screening Data to Identify CAMKK2 Inhibitory Scaffolds. Molecules 2020; 25:E325. [PMID: 31941153 PMCID: PMC7024175 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2) activates CAMK1, CAMK4, AMPK, and AKT, leading to numerous physiological responses. The deregulation of CAMKK2 is linked to several diseases, suggesting the utility of CAMKK2 inhibitors for oncological, metabolic and inflammatory indications. In this work, we demonstrate that STO-609, frequently described as a selective inhibitor for CAMKK2, potently inhibits a significant number of other kinases. Through an analysis of literature and public databases, we have identified other potent CAMKK2 inhibitors and verified their activities in differential scanning fluorimetry and enzyme inhibition assays. These inhibitors are potential starting points for the development of selective CAMKK2 inhibitors and will lead to tools that delineate the roles of this kinase in disease biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean N. O’Byrne
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (S.N.O.); (J.R.P.); (B.J.E.); (C.I.W.); (W.J.Z.); (T.M.W.)
| | - John W. Scott
- St Vincent’s Institute and Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy 3065, Australia; (J.W.S.); (C.G.L.); (J.S.O.)
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Joseph R. Pilotte
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (S.N.O.); (J.R.P.); (B.J.E.); (C.I.W.); (W.J.Z.); (T.M.W.)
| | - André da S. Santiago
- Centro de Química Medicinal (CQMED), Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas SP 13083-875, Brazil; (A.d.S.S.); (R.M.C.)
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas SP 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Christopher G. Langendorf
- St Vincent’s Institute and Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy 3065, Australia; (J.W.S.); (C.G.L.); (J.S.O.)
| | - Jonathan S. Oakhill
- St Vincent’s Institute and Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy 3065, Australia; (J.W.S.); (C.G.L.); (J.S.O.)
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Eduful
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (S.N.O.); (J.R.P.); (B.J.E.); (C.I.W.); (W.J.Z.); (T.M.W.)
| | - Rafael M. Couñago
- Centro de Química Medicinal (CQMED), Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas SP 13083-875, Brazil; (A.d.S.S.); (R.M.C.)
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas SP 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Carrow I. Wells
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (S.N.O.); (J.R.P.); (B.J.E.); (C.I.W.); (W.J.Z.); (T.M.W.)
| | - William J. Zuercher
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (S.N.O.); (J.R.P.); (B.J.E.); (C.I.W.); (W.J.Z.); (T.M.W.)
| | - Timothy M. Willson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (S.N.O.); (J.R.P.); (B.J.E.); (C.I.W.); (W.J.Z.); (T.M.W.)
| | - David H. Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (S.N.O.); (J.R.P.); (B.J.E.); (C.I.W.); (W.J.Z.); (T.M.W.)
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5
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Racioppi L, Nelson ER, Huang W, Mukherjee D, Lawrence SA, Lento W, Masci AM, Jiao Y, Park S, York B, Liu Y, Baek AE, Drewry DH, Zuercher WJ, Bertani FR, Businaro L, Geradts J, Hall A, Means AR, Chao N, Chang CY, McDonnell DP. CaMKK2 in myeloid cells is a key regulator of the immune-suppressive microenvironment in breast cancer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2450. [PMID: 31164648 PMCID: PMC6547743 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated myeloid cells regulate tumor growth and metastasis, and their accumulation is a negative prognostic factor for breast cancer. Here we find calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase (CaMKK2) to be highly expressed within intratumoral myeloid cells in mouse models of breast cancer, and demonstrate that its inhibition within myeloid cells suppresses tumor growth by increasing intratumoral accumulation of effector CD8+ T cells and immune-stimulatory myeloid subsets. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) isolated from Camkk2-/- mice expressed higher levels of chemokines involved in the recruitment of effector T cells compared to WT. Similarly, in vitro generated Camkk2-/- macrophages recruit more T cells, and have a reduced capability to suppress T cell proliferation, compared to WT. Treatment with CaMKK2 inhibitors blocks tumor growth in a CD8+ T cell-dependent manner, and facilitates a favorable reprogramming of the immune cell microenvironment. These data, credential CaMKK2 as a myeloid-selective checkpoint, the inhibition of which may have utility in the immunotherapy of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Racioppi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, 80131, Italy.
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Debarati Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Scott A Lawrence
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - William Lento
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Anna Maria Masci
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Yiquin Jiao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sunghee Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Brian York
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yaping Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Amy E Baek
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - David H Drewry
- Department of Chemical Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - William J Zuercher
- Department of Chemical Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | | | - Luca Businaro
- CNR IFN Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Rome, 00156, Italy
| | - Joseph Geradts
- Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Allison Hall
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Anthony R Means
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nelson Chao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ching-Yi Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Donald P McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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6
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Min JW, Bu F, Qi L, Munshi Y, Kim GS, Marrelli SP, McCullough LD, Li J. Inhibition of Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase β Is Detrimental in Hypoxia⁻Ischemia Neonatal Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092063. [PMID: 31027360 PMCID: PMC6539688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia–ischemia (HI) is a major cause of death and disability in neonates. HI leads to a dramatic rise in intracellular calcium levels, which was originally thought to be detrimental to the brain. However, it has been increasingly recognized that this calcium signaling may also play an important protective role after injury by triggering endogenous neuroprotective pathways. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKK β) is a major kinase activated by elevated levels of intracellular calcium. Here we evaluated the functional role of CaMKK β in neonatal mice after HI in both acute and chronic survival experiments. Postnatal day ten wild-type (WT) and CaMKK β knockout (KO) mouse male pups were subjected to unilateral carotid artery ligation, followed by 40 min of hypoxia (10% O2 in N2). STO-609, a CaMKK inhibitor, was administered intraperitoneally to WT mice at 5 minutes after HI. TTC (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride monohydrate) staining was used to assess infarct volume 24 h after HI. CaMKK β KO mice had larger infarct volume than WT mice and STO-609 increased the infarct volume in WT mice after HI. In chronic survival experiments, WT mice treated with STO-609 showed increased tissue loss in the ipsilateral hemisphere three weeks after HI. Furthermore, when compared with vehicle-treated mice, they showed poorer functional recovery during the three week survival period, as measured by the wire hang test and corner test. Loss of blood–brain barrier proteins, a reduction in survival protein (Bcl-2), and an increase in pro-apoptotic protein Bax were also seen after HI with CaMKK β inhibition. In conclusion, inhibition of CaMKK β exacerbated neonatal hypoxia–ischemia injury in mice. Our data suggests that enhancing CaMKK signaling could be a potential target for the treatment of hypoxic–ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Min
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, MSER338, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Fan Bu
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, MSER338, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Li Qi
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, MSER338, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Yashasvee Munshi
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, MSER338, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Gab Seok Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, MSER338, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Sean P Marrelli
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, MSER338, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, MSER338, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, MSER338, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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7
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Bort A, Sánchez BG, Spínola E, Mateos-Gómez PA, Rodríguez-Henche N, Díaz-Laviada I. The red pepper's spicy ingredient capsaicin activates AMPK in HepG2 cells through CaMKKβ. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211420. [PMID: 30695053 PMCID: PMC6350977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin is a natural compound present in chili and red peppers and the responsible of their spicy flavor. It has recently provoked interest because of its antitumoral effects in many cell types although its action mechanism is not clearly understood. As metabolic dysregulation is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells and the key metabolic sensor in the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), in this study we explored the ability of capsaicin to modulate AMPK activity. We found that capsaicin activated AMPK in HepG2 cells by increasing AMPK phosphorylation and its downstream target ACC. Mechanistically, we determined that capsaicin activated AMPK through the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β, CaMKKβ as either the CaMKK inhibitor STO-609 or CaMKK knock down with siRNA abrogated the activation of AMPK. Moreover, capsaicin decreased cell viability, inhibited Akt/mTOR pathway and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HepG2 cells. AMPK activation was involved in the underpinning mechanism of capsaicin-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Bort
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén G. Sánchez
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Spínola
- University Institute of Biomedical and Health Research (IUIBS), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Physiology, Genetics and Immunology, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Pedro A. Mateos-Gómez
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nieves Rodríguez-Henche
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Díaz-Laviada
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Chemical Research Institute “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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8
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Asquith CRM, Godoi PH, Couñago RM, Laitinen T, Scott JW, Langendorf CG, Oakhill JS, Drewry DH, Zuercher WJ, Koutentis PA, Willson TM, Kalogirou AS. 1,2,6-Thiadiazinones as Novel Narrow Spectrum Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase 2 (CaMKK2) Inhibitors. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051221. [PMID: 29783765 PMCID: PMC6019134 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate for the first time that 4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-one (TDZ) can function as a chemotype for the design of ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors. Using insights from a co-crystal structure of a 3,5-bis(arylamino)-4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-one bound to calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2), several analogues were identified with micromolar activity through targeted displacement of bound water molecules in the active site. Since the TDZ analogues showed reduced promiscuity compared to their 2,4-dianilinopyrimidine counter parts, they represent starting points for development of highly selective kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R M Asquith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Paulo H Godoi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-886, Brazil.
| | - Rafael M Couñago
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-886, Brazil.
- Center for Molecular and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Avenida Cândido Rondon 400, P. O. Box 6010, 13083-875 Campinas, São Paulo 13083-886, Brazil.
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - John W Scott
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy 3065, Australia.
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia.
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville 3052, Australia.
| | - Christopher G Langendorf
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy 3065, Australia.
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy 3065, Australia.
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia.
| | - David H Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - William J Zuercher
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | | | - Timothy M Willson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Andreas S Kalogirou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P. O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenis Str., Engomi, P. O. Box 22006, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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9
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Liu L, Wang C, Sun D, Jiang S, Li H, Zhang W, Zhao Y, Xi Y, Shi S, Lu F, Tian Y, Xu C, Wang L. Calhex₂₃₁ Ameliorates Cardiac Hypertrophy by Inhibiting Cellular Autophagy in Vivo and in Vitro. Cell Physiol Biochem 2016; 36:1597-612. [PMID: 26159880 DOI: 10.1159/000430322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) homeostasis, an initial factor of cardiac hypertrophy, is regulated by the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and is associated with the formation of autolysosomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Calhex231, a CaSR inhibitor, on the hypertrophic response via autophagy modulation. METHODS Cardiac hypertrophy was induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in 40 male Wistar rats, while 10 rats underwent a sham operation and served as controls. Cardiac function was monitored by transthoracic echocardiography, and the hypertrophy index was calculated. Cardiac tissue was stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or Masson’s trichrome reagent and examined by transmission electron microscopy. An angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy model was established and used to test the involvement of active molecules. Intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was determined by the introduction of Fluo-4/AM dye followed by confocal microscopy. The expression of various active proteins was analyzed by western blot. RESULTS The rats with TAC-induced hypertrophy had an increased heart size, ratio of heart weight to body weight, myocardial fibrosis, and CaSR and autophagy levels, which were suppressed by Calhex231. Experimental results using Ang II-induced hypertrophic cardiomyocytes confirmed that Calhex231 suppressed CaSR expression and downregulated autophagy by inhibiting the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent-protein kinase-kinase-β (CaMKKβ)– AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway to ameliorate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS Calhex231 ameliorates myocardial hypertrophy induced by pressure-overload or Ang II via inhibiting CaSR expression and autophagy. Our results may support the notion that Calhex231 can become a new therapeutic agent for the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy.
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10
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Kim N, Lee JO, Lee HJ, Lee YW, Kim HI, Kim SJ, Park SH, Lee CS, Ryoo SW, Hwang GS, Kim HS. AMPK, a metabolic sensor, is involved in isoeugenol-induced glucose uptake in muscle cells. J Endocrinol 2016; 228:105-14. [PMID: 26585419 PMCID: PMC4705517 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoeugenol exerts various beneficial effects on human health. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly understood. In this study, we observed that isoeugenol activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and increased glucose uptake in rat L6 myotubes. Isoeugenol-induced increase in intracellular calcium concentration and glucose uptake was inhibited by STO-609, an inhibitor of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK). Isoeugenol also increased the phosphorylation of protein kinase C-α (PKCα). Chelation of calcium with BAPTA-AM blocked isoeugenol-induced AMPK phosphorylation and glucose uptake. Isoeugenol stimulated p38MAPK phosphorylation that was inhibited after pretreatment with compound C, an AMPK inhibitor. Isoeugenol also increased glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) expression and its translocation to the plasma membrane. GLUT4 translocation was not observed after the inhibition of AMPK and CaMKK. In addition, isoeugenol activated the Akt substrate 160 (AS160) pathway, which is downstream of the p38MAPK pathway. Knockdown of the gene encoding AS160 inhibited isoeugenol-induced glucose uptake. Together, these results indicate that isoeugenol exerts beneficial health effects by activating the AMPK/p38MAPK/AS160 pathways in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Kim
- Department of AnatomyKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South KoreaDepartment of MedicineKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaIntegrated Metabolomics Research GroupKorea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Western Seoul Center, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Life ScienceEwha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea Department of AnatomyKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South KoreaDepartment of MedicineKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaIntegrated Metabolomics Research GroupKorea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Western Seoul Center, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Life ScienceEwha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Ok Lee
- Department of AnatomyKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South KoreaDepartment of MedicineKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaIntegrated Metabolomics Research GroupKorea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Western Seoul Center, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Life ScienceEwha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Lee
- Department of AnatomyKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South KoreaDepartment of MedicineKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaIntegrated Metabolomics Research GroupKorea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Western Seoul Center, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Life ScienceEwha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Woo Lee
- Department of AnatomyKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South KoreaDepartment of MedicineKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaIntegrated Metabolomics Research GroupKorea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Western Seoul Center, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Life ScienceEwha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung Ip Kim
- Department of AnatomyKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South KoreaDepartment of MedicineKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaIntegrated Metabolomics Research GroupKorea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Western Seoul Center, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Life ScienceEwha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Department of AnatomyKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South KoreaDepartment of MedicineKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaIntegrated Metabolomics Research GroupKorea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Western Seoul Center, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Life ScienceEwha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Hwa Park
- Department of AnatomyKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South KoreaDepartment of MedicineKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaIntegrated Metabolomics Research GroupKorea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Western Seoul Center, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Life ScienceEwha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul Su Lee
- Department of AnatomyKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South KoreaDepartment of MedicineKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaIntegrated Metabolomics Research GroupKorea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Western Seoul Center, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Life ScienceEwha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Woo Ryoo
- Department of AnatomyKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South KoreaDepartment of MedicineKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaIntegrated Metabolomics Research GroupKorea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Western Seoul Center, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Life ScienceEwha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Geum-Sook Hwang
- Department of AnatomyKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South KoreaDepartment of MedicineKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaIntegrated Metabolomics Research GroupKorea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Western Seoul Center, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Life ScienceEwha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea Department of AnatomyKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South KoreaDepartment of MedicineKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaIntegrated Metabolomics Research GroupKorea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Western Seoul Center, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Life ScienceEwha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Soo Kim
- Department of AnatomyKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South KoreaDepartment of MedicineKorea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaIntegrated Metabolomics Research GroupKorea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Western Seoul Center, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Life ScienceEwha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
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11
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Nguyen TMD, Combarnous Y, Praud C, Duittoz A, Blesbois E. Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinases (CaMKKs) Effects on AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Regulation of Chicken Sperm Functions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147559. [PMID: 26808520 PMCID: PMC4726612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm require high levels of energy to ensure motility and acrosome reaction (AR) accomplishment. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been demonstrated to be strongly involved in the control of these properties. We address here the question of the potential role of calcium mobilization on AMPK activation and function in chicken sperm through the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinases (CaMKKs) mediated pathway. The presence of CaMKKs and their substrates CaMKI and CaMKIV was evaluated by western-blotting and indirect immunofluorescence. Sperm were incubated in presence or absence of extracellular Ca2+, or of CaMKKs inhibitor (STO-609). Phosphorylations of AMPK, CaMKI, and CaMKIV, as well as sperm functions were evaluated. We demonstrate the presence of both CaMKKs (α and β), CaMKI and CaMKIV in chicken sperm. CaMKKα and CaMKI were localized in the acrosome, the midpiece, and at much lower fluorescence in the flagellum, whereas CaMKKβ was mostly localized in the flagellum and much less in the midpiece and the acrosome. CaMKIV was only present in the flagellum. The presence of extracellular calcium induced an increase in kinases phosphorylation and sperm activity. STO-609 reduced AMPK phosphorylation in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ but not in its absence. STO-609 did not affect CaMKIV phosphorylation but decreased CaMKI phosphorylation and this inhibition was quicker in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ than in its absence. STO-609 efficiently inhibited sperm motility and AR, both in the presence and absence of extracellular Ca2+. Our results show for the first time the presence of CaMKKs (α and β) and one of its substrate, CaMKI in different subcellular compartments in germ cells, as well as the changes in the AMPK regulation pathway, sperm motility and AR related to Ca2+ entry in sperm through the Ca2+/CaM/CaMKKs/CaMKI pathway. The Ca2+/CaMKKs/AMPK pathway is activated only under conditions of extracellular Ca2+ entry in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mong Diep Nguyen
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37000 Tours, France
- IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Yves Combarnous
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37000 Tours, France
- IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Anne Duittoz
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37000 Tours, France
- IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Elisabeth Blesbois
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37000 Tours, France
- IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- * E-mail:
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12
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Pritchard ZJ, Cary RL, Yang C, Novack DV, Voor MJ, Sankar U. Inhibition of CaMKK2 reverses age-associated decline in bone mass. Bone 2015; 75:120-7. [PMID: 25724145 PMCID: PMC4737584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Decline in bone formation is a major contributing factor to the loss of bone mass associated with aging. We previously showed that the genetic ablation of the tissue-restricted and multifunctional Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) stimulates trabecular bone mass accrual, mainly by promoting anabolic pathways and inhibiting catabolic pathways of bone remodeling. In this study, we investigated whether inhibition of this kinase using its selective cell-permeable inhibitor STO-609 will stimulate bone formation in 32 week old male WT mice and reverse age-associated of decline in bone volume and strength. Tri-weekly intraperitoneal injections of saline or STO-609 (10 μM) were performed for six weeks followed by metabolic labeling with calcein and alizarin red. New bone formation was assessed by dynamic histomorphometry whereas micro-computed tomography was employed to measure trabecular bone volume, microarchitecture and femoral mid-shaft geometry. Cortical and trabecular bone biomechanical properties were assessed using three-point bending and punch compression methods respectively. Our results reveal that as they progress from 12 to 32 weeks of age, WT mice sustain a significant decline in trabecular bone volume, microarchitecture and strength as well as cortical bone strength. However, treatment of the 32 week old WT mice with STO-609 stimulated apposition of new bone and completely reversed the age-associated decrease in bone volume, quality, as well as trabecular and cortical bone strength. We also observed that regardless of age, male Camkk2(-/-) mice possessed significantly elevated trabecular bone volume, microarchitecture and compressive strength as well as cortical bone strength compared to age-matched WT mice, implying that the chronic loss of this kinase attenuates age-associated decline in bone mass. Further, whereas STO-609 treatment and/or the absence of CaMKK2 significantly enhanced the femoral mid-shaft geometry, the mid-shaft cortical wall thickness and material bending stress remained similar among the cohorts, implying that regardless of treatment, the material properties of the bone remain similar. Thus, our cumulative results provide evidence for the pharmacological inhibition of CaMKK2 as a bone anabolic strategy in combating age-associated osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Pritchard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Rachel L Cary
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Chang Yang
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Deborah V Novack
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Voor
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville Speed School of Engineering, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Uma Sankar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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13
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Abstract
There is considerable evidence supporting the role of calcium signaling in adrenal regulation of both aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) and aldosterone production. However, there have been no studies that investigated the role played by the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) in adrenal cells. In this study we investigated the role of CaMKK in adrenal cell aldosterone production. To determine the role of CaMKK, we used a selective CaMKK inhibitor (STO-609) in the HAC15 human adrenal cell line. Cells were treated with angiotensin II (Ang II) or K+ and evaluated for the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and CYP11B2 (mRNA/protein) as well as aldosterone production. We also transduced HAC15 cells with lentiviral short hairpin RNAs of CaMKK1 and CaMKK2 to determine which CaMKK plays a more important role in adrenal cell regulation of the calcium signaling cascade. The CaMKK inhibitor, STO-609, decreased aldosterone production in cells treated with Ang II or K+ in a dose-dependent manner. STO-609 (20 μM) also inhibited steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and CYP11B2 mRNA/protein induction. CaMKK2 knockdown cells showed significant reduction of CYP11B2 mRNA induction and aldosterone production in cells treated with Ang II, although there was no obvious effect in CaMKK1 knockdown cells. In immunohistochemical analysis, CaMKK2 protein was highly expressed in human adrenal zona glomerulosa with lower expression in the zona fasciculata. In conclusion, the present study suggests that CaMKK2 plays a pivotal role in the calcium signaling cascade regulating adrenal aldosterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Nanba
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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14
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Onselaer MB, Oury C, Hunter RW, Eeckhoudt S, Barile N, Lecut C, Morel N, Viollet B, Jacquet LM, Bertrand L, Sakamoto K, Vanoverschelde JL, Beauloye C, Horman S. The Ca(2+) /calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase β-AMP-activated protein kinase-α1 pathway regulates phosphorylation of cytoskeletal targets in thrombin-stimulated human platelets. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:973-86. [PMID: 24655923 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet activation requires sweeping morphologic changes, supported by contraction and remodeling of the platelet actin cytoskeleton. In various other cell types, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) controls the phosphorylation state of cytoskeletal targets. OBJECTIVE To determine whether AMPK is activated during platelet aggregation and contributes to the control of cytoskeletal targets. RESULTS We found that AMPK-α1 was mainly activated by thrombin, and not by other platelet agonists, in purified human platelets. Thrombin activated AMPK-α1 ex vivo via a Ca(2+) /calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ)-dependent pathway. Pharmacologic inhibition of CaMKKβ blocked thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and counteracted thrombin-induced phosphorylation of several cytoskeletal proteins, namely, regulatory myosin light chains (MLCs), cofilin, and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), three key elements involved in actin cytoskeletal contraction and polymerization. Platelets isolated from mice lacking AMPK-α1 showed reduced aggregation in response to thrombin, and this was associated with defects in MLC, cofilin and VASP phosphorylation and actin polymerization. More importantly, we show, for the first time, that the AMPK pathway is activated in platelets of patients undergoing major cardiac surgery, in a heparin-sensitive manner. CONCLUSION AMPK-α1 is activated by thrombin in human platelets. It controls the phosphorylation of key cytoskeletal targets and actin cytoskeletal remodeling during platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-B Onselaer
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Kim SJ, Quan HY, Jeong KJ, Kim DY, Kim GW, Jo HK, Chung SH. Beneficial effect of betulinic acid on hyperglycemia via suppression of hepatic glucose production. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:434-442. [PMID: 24354358 DOI: 10.1021/jf4030739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of betulinic acid (BA) on hepatic glucose production was examined in HepG2 cells and high fat diet (HFD)-fed ICR mice. BA significantly inhibited the hepatic glucose production (HGP) and gene expression levels of PGC-1α, PEPCK, and G6Pase. BA activated AMPK and suppressed the expression level of phosphorylated CREB. These effects were all abolished in the presence of compound C (an AMPK inhibitor). Moreover, inhibition of AMPK by overexpression of dominant negative AMPK prevented BA from suppression of HGP, indicating that the inhibitory effect of BA on HGP is AMPK-dependent. In addition, BA markedly phosphorylated CAMKK, and phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC, and suppression of HGP were all reversed in the presence of STO-609 (a CAMKK inhibitor), suggesting that CAMKK is an upstream kinase for AMPK. In an animal study, HFD-fed ICR mice were orally administered with 5 or 10 mg of BA per kg (B5 and B10) for three weeks. Plasma glucose, triglyceride, and the insulin resistance index of the B10 group were decreased by 34%, 59%, and 38%, respectively. In a pyruvate tolerance test, pyruvate-induced glucose excursion was decreased by 27% when mice were pretreated with 10 mg/kg of BA. In summary, BA effectively ameliorates hyperglycemia through inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis via modulating the CAMKK-AMPK-CREB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University , 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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16
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Kobayashi R, Tokumitsu H, Fujimoto T. [Small-molecule modulator of calcium signaling]. Nihon Rinsho 2012; 70 Suppl 8:277-280. [PMID: 23513851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Kobayashi
- Department of Signal Transduction Sciences, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine
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17
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Kukimoto-Niino M, Yoshikawa S, Takagi T, Ohsawa N, Tomabechi Y, Terada T, Shirouzu M, Suzuki A, Lee S, Yamauchi T, Okada-Iwabu M, Iwabu M, Kadowaki T, Minokoshi Y, Yokoyama S. Crystal structure of the Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase in complex with the inhibitor STO-609. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:22570-9. [PMID: 21504895 PMCID: PMC3121401 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.251710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) kinase (CaMKK) is a member of the CaMK cascade that mediates the response to intracellular Ca(2+) elevation. CaMKK phosphorylates and activates CaMKI and CaMKIV, which directly activate transcription factors. In this study, we determined the 2.4 Å crystal structure of the catalytic kinase domain of the human CaMKKβ isoform complexed with its selective inhibitor, STO-609. The structure revealed that CaMKKβ lacks the αD helix and that the equivalent region displays a hydrophobic molecular surface, which may reflect its unique substrate recognition and autoinhibition. Although CaMKKβ lacks the activation loop phosphorylation site, the activation loop is folded in an active-state conformation, which is stabilized by a number of interactions between amino acid residues conserved among the CaMKK isoforms. An in vitro analysis of the kinase activity confirmed the intrinsic activity of the CaMKKβ kinase domain. Structure and sequence analyses of the STO-609-binding site revealed amino acid replacements that may affect the inhibitor binding. Indeed, mutagenesis demonstrated that the CaMKKβ residue Pro(274), which replaces the conserved acidic residue of other protein kinases, is an important determinant for the selective inhibition by STO-609. Therefore, the present structure provides a molecular basis for clarifying the known biochemical properties of CaMKKβ and for designing novel inhibitors targeting CaMKKβ and the related protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seiko Yoshikawa
- From the RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Yokohama 230-0045
| | - Tetsuo Takagi
- From the RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Yokohama 230-0045
| | - Noboru Ohsawa
- From the RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Yokohama 230-0045
| | - Yuri Tomabechi
- From the RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Yokohama 230-0045
| | - Takaho Terada
- From the RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Yokohama 230-0045
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- From the RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Yokohama 230-0045
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- the National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi 444-8585, and
| | - Suni Lee
- the National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi 444-8585, and
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shigeyuki Yokoyama
- From the RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Yokohama 230-0045
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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18
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Chen K, Yu X, Murao K, Imachi H, Li J, Muraoka T, Masugata H, Zhang GX, Kobayashi R, Ishida T, Tokumitsu H. Exendin-4 regulates GLUT2 expression via the CaMKK/CaMKIV pathway in a pancreatic β-cell line. Metabolism 2011; 60:579-85. [PMID: 20598720 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The GLUT2 glucose transporter plays an important role in glucose-induced insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells by catalyzing the uptake of glucose into the cell. In this study, we investigated whether exendin-4, a long-acting agonist of glucagon-like peptide-1, mediates stimulatory effects on GLUT2 gene expression through the Ca²+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) cascade. GLUT2 expression was examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and a reporter gene assay in rat insulin-secreting INS-1 cells incubated with exendin-4. An increased expression level of GLUT2 protein was noted in response to increasing concentrations of exendin-4, with maximal induction at 10 nmol/L. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis similarly revealed a significant increase in the amount of GLUT2 messenger RNA by 10 nmol/L exendin-4. Exendin-4 also stimulated GLUT2 promoter activity in response to increasing exendin-4 concentrations, but failed to do so in the presence of STO-609, a CaMKK inhibitor. We also investigated the effect of the constitutively active form of CaMKK (CaMKKc) on GLUT2 promoter activity. The result is consistent with the observations that CaMKKc/CaMKIV enhanced or up-regulated GLUT2 promoter activity in INS-1 cells. Furthermore, exendin-4 induction of GLUT2 protein expression was significantly suppressed in the cells knocking down the CaMKIV. In summary, activation of the CaMKK/CaMKIV cascade might be required for exendin-4-induced GLUT2 gene transcription, indicating that exendin-4 plays an important role in insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe Miki-CHO, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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19
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Zhou ZY, Li GQ. [Effects of W-7 on the expression of GRP78 and neuronal apoptosis in immature rat hippocampus after status convulsion]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2011; 13:44-49. [PMID: 21251387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of the calmodulin inhibitor W-7 on the expression of the key marker of ERS GRP78 and neuronal apoptosis in the immature rat hippocampus after status convulsion (SC). METHODS One hundred and seventeen male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 19-21 days were randomly divided into three groups: normal saline control (control), SC with and without W-7 pretreatment. Each of the 3 groups was further subdivided into subgroups sacrificed at 4, 24 and 48 hrs. SC model was prepared using lithium-pilocarpine. GRP78 mRNA expression in the hippocampus was detected by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). GRP78 protein was ascertained by immunohistochemistry. Neuronal apoptosis was observed with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). RESULTS The expression of GRP78 mRNA was significantly increased in the non-pretreated SC group compared with the control group 24 hrs after injection of saline or lithium-pilocarpine (P<0.01), and the expression of GRP78 protein also increased markedly in the seizure group compared with the control group 24 and 48 hrs after the injection (P<0.01). The expression of GRP78 mRNA and protein in the W-7 pretreatment group was significantly higher than both the control and the non-pretreated seizure groups 24 and 48 hrs after injection. The TUNEL positive cells in the hippocampus CA1 in the non-pretreated SC group 24 and 48 hrs after injection (21.0 ± 2.5 and 29.4 ± 2.8, respectively) were increased compared to the control group (7.1 ± 1.4 and 7.3 ± 1.6, respectively; P<0.01). W-7 pretreatment decreased TUNEL positive cells to 15.0 ± 2.5 and 20.0 ± 2.9 at 24 and 48 hrs after injection compared to the non-pretreated seizure group (P<0.01), but the number of TUNEL positive cells in the W-7 pretreatment group remained significantly greater than in the control group (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS W-7 may up-regulate the expression of GRP78 and reduce the number of apoptotic neurons, thus provides a neuroprotective effect against brain damage following SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Ying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Yuying Children's Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
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20
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Guest CB, Deszo EL, Hartman ME, York JM, Kelley KW, Freund GG. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase alpha is expressed by monocytic cells and regulates the activation profile. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1606. [PMID: 18270593 PMCID: PMC2229650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are capable of assuming numerous phenotypes in order to adapt to endogenous and exogenous challenges but many of the factors that regulate this process are still unknown. We report that Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase α (CaMKKα) is expressed in human monocytic cells and demonstrate that its inhibition blocks type-II monocytic cell activation and promotes classical activation. Affinity chromatography with paramagnetic beads isolated an approximately 50 kDa protein from nuclear lysates of U937 human monocytic cells activated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). This protein was identified as CaMKKα by mass spectrometry and Western analysis. The function of CaMKKα in monocyte activation was examined using the CaMKKα inhibitors (STO-609 and forskolin) and siRNA knockdown. Inhibition of CaMKKα, enhanced PMA-dependent CD86 expression and reduced CD11b expression. In addition, inhibition was associated with decreased translocation of CaMKKα to the nucleus. Finally, to further examine monocyte activation profiles, TNFα and IL-10 secretion were studied. CaMKKα inhibition attenuated PMA-dependent IL-10 production and enhanced TNFα production indicating a shift from type-II to classical monocyte activation. Taken together, these findings indicate an important new role for CaMKKα in the differentiation of monocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B. Guest
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eric L. Deszo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Matthew E. Hartman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jason M. York
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Keith W. Kelley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gregory G. Freund
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- *E-mail:
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Shen QW, Zhu MJ, Tong J, Ren J, Du M. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase is involved in AMP-activated protein kinase activation by alpha-lipoic acid in C2C12 myotubes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C1395-403. [PMID: 17687000 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00115.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
alpha-Lipoic acid (ALA) widely exists in foods and is an antidiabetic agent. ALA stimulates glucose uptake and increases insulin sensitivity by the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in skeletal muscle, but the underlying mechanism for AMPK activation is unknown. Here, we investigated the mechanism through which ALA activates AMPK in C2C12 myotubes. Incubation of C2C12 myotubes with 200 and 500 microM ALA increased the activity and phosphorylation of the AMPK alpha-subunit at Thr(172). Phosphorylation of the AMPK substrate, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), at Ser(79) was also increased. No difference in ATP, AMP, and the calculated AMP-to-ATP ratio was observed among the different treatment groups. Since the upstream AMPK kinase, LKB1, requires an alteration of the AMP-to-ATP ratio to activate AMPK, this data showed that LKB1 might not be involved in the activation of AMPK induced by ALA. Treatment of ALA increased the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration measured by fura-2 fluorescent microscopy (P < 0.05), showing that ALA may activate AMPK through enhancing Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) signaling. Indeed, chelation of intracellular free Ca(2+) by loading cells with 25 microM BAPTA-AM for 30 min abolished the ALA-induced activation of AMPK and, in turn, phosphorylation of ACC at Ser(79). Furthermore, inhibition of CaMKK using its selective inhibitor, STO-609, abolished ALA-stimulated AMPK activation, with an accompanied reduction of ACC phosphorylation at Ser(79). In addition, ALA treatment increased the association of AMPK with CaMKK. To further show the role of CaMKK in AMPK activation, short interfering RNA was used to silence CaMKK, which abolished the ALA-induced AMPK activation. These data show that CaMKK is the kinase responsible for ALA-induced AMPK activation in C2C12 myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwu W Shen
- Department of Animal Science, Interdepartmental Molecular and Cellular Life Science Program, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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