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Tan J, Yang J, Aobulikasimu N, Zhang C, Cao B, Lv H, Jiang M, Han L, Huang X. Senkyunolide B exhibits broad-spectrum antifungal activity against plant and human pathogenic fungi via inhibiting spore germination and destroying the mature biofilm. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4952-4963. [PMID: 37531560 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspergillus infection seriously jeopardizes the health and safety of life of immunocompromised patients. The emergences of antifungal resistance highlight a demand to find new effective antifungal drugs. Angelica sinensis is a medicine-food herb and phthalides are its characteristic components. A few of the phthalides have been reported to display satisfactory antifungal activities against plant pathogenic fungi. However, the structure-activity relationships and antifungal action mechanism of phthalides remain to be further explored and elucidated. RESULTS The antifungal activities of five natural phthalides and four artificial analogs were investigated, and their structure-activity relationships were preliminarily elucidated in the current study. The benzene ring moiety played an essential role in their antifungal activities; the oxygen-containing substituents on the benzene ring obviously impacted their activities, the free hydroxyl was favorable to the activity. Typical phthalide senkyunolide B (SENB) exhibited broad antifungal activities against human and plant pathogenic fungi, especially, Aspergillus fumigatus. SENB affected the spore germination and hyphae growth of Aspergillus fumigatus via down-regulating phosphatidylinositol-PKC-calcineurin axis and the expression of ENG genes. Moreover, SENB disturbed the oxidation-reduction process in Aspergillus fumigatus to destroy the mature biofilms. In vivo experiments indicated SENB significantly prolonged survival and decreased fungal burden in mouse model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. CONCLUSIONS Phthalides could be considered as the valuable leads for the development of antifungal drug to cure plant and human disease. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Junwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Nuerbiye Aobulikasimu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Bixuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Hang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Mingguo Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Li Han
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Xueshi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China
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Jiang Q, Zhang N, Li X, Hou W, Zhao XQ, Liu L. Dl-3-N-Butylphthalide Presents Anti-Cancer Activity in Lung Cancer by Targeting PD-1/PD-L1 Signaling. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:8513-8524. [PMID: 34795530 PMCID: PMC8594621 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s333416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lung cancer serves as one of the most malignant cancer types. Immunotherapy targeting PD-1/PD-L1 axis is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Dl-3-N-butylphthalide (NBP), a small molecule compound extracted from the seeds of Apium graveolens, possesses a large range of biological effects and demonstrates anti-cancer activities. However, the role of NBP in the modulation of lung cancer remains obscure. Methods In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of NBP on PD-L1 signaling and the progression of lung cancer. Results Significantly, the treatment of NBP repressed the proliferation of lung cancer cells in vitro. Tumorigenicity analysis in nude mice showed that the tumor volume and tumor weight were attenuated by the treatment of NBP in the mice. Meanwhile, the levels of Ki-67 and PD-L1 were reduced by the treatment of NBP in the tumor tissues of the mice. NBP suppressed IFN-γ-induced PD-L1 enhancement in lung cancer cells. The treatment of NBP inhibited PD-L1 expression in lung cancer cells co-cultured with unstimulated PBMCs or activated T cell. NBP inhibited PD-1 expression in activated T cells co-cultured with lung cancer cells. Conditioned medium from activated T cells increased PD-L1 expression, and NBP reversed this effect. Co-culture with A549 and H1975 cells reduced T cell proliferation and activity, while the treatment of NBP reversed the reduction. Consistently, the treatment of NBP caused notably decreased apoptosis of co-cultured T cells. Mechanically, KAT7 was able to bind to PD-L1 promoter and epigenetically induce PD-L1 expression by promoting the enrichment of histone H3 lysine 14 acetylation (H3K14ac) and RNA polymerase II on PD-L1 promoter. Discussion Thus, we concluded that NBP repressed PD-L1 expression by targeting KAT7 and attenuated PD-1/PD-L1 axis to relieve lung cancer progression. NBP may be applied as the potential therapeutic strategy in immunotherapy of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nan Chong, 637000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Hou
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nan Chong, 637000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qing Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nan Chong, 637000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Saleh-E-In MM, Choi YE. Anethum sowa Roxb. ex fleming: A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological and toxicological activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 280:113967. [PMID: 33640440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Anethum sowa Roxb. ex Fleming (Syn. Peucedanum sowa Roxb. ex Fleming, Family: Apiaceae) is a pharmacologically important as aromatic and medicinal plant. Various parts of this plant are used in traditional medicine systems for carminative, uterine and colic pain, digestion disorder, flatulence in babies, appetite-stimulating agent and used to treat mild flue and cough. The essential oil is used for aromatherapy. It is also used as a spice for food flavouring and culinary preparations in many Asian and European countries. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review aims to provide a comprehensive and critical assessment from the reported traditional and pharmaceutical uses and pharmacological activities of the extracts, essential oil and phytoconstituents with emphasis on its therapeutic potential as well as toxicological evaluation of A. sowa. MATERIALS AND METHODS Online search engines such as SciFinder®, GoogleScholar®, ResearchGate®, Web of Science®, Scopus®, PubMed and additional data from books, proceedings and local prints were searched using relevant keywords and terminologies related to A. sowa for critical analyses. RESULTS The literature studies demonstrated that A. sowa possesses several ethnopharmacological activities, including pharmaceutical prescriptions, traditional applications, and spice in food preparations. The phytochemical investigation conducted on crude extracts has been characterized and identified various classes of compounds, including coumarins, anthraquinone, terpenoids, alkaloid, benzodioxoles, phenolics, polyphenols, phenolic and polyphenols, fatty acids, phthalides and carotenoids. The extracts and compounds from the different parts of A. sowa showed diverse in vitro and in vivo biological activities including antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory, Alzheimer associating neuromodulatory, cytotoxic, anticancer, antidiabetes, insecticidal and larvicidal. CONCLUSION A. sowa is a valuable medicinal plant which is especially used in food flavouring and culinary preparations. This review summarized the pertinent information on A. sowa and its traditional and culinary uses, as well as potential pharmacological properties of essential oils, extracts and isolated compounds. The traditional uses of A. sowa are supported by in vitro/vivo pharmacological studies; however, further investigation on A. sowa should be focused on isolation and identification of more active compounds and establish the links between the traditional uses and reported pharmacological activities with active compounds, as well as structure-activity relationship and in vivo mechanistic studies before integrated into the medicine. The toxicological report confirmed its safety. Nonetheless, pharmacokinetic evaluation tests to validate its bioavailability should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Moshfekus Saleh-E-In
- Division of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Eui Choi
- Division of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
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Fu K, Wang C, Ma C, Zhou H, Li Y. The Potential Application of Chinese Medicine in Liver Diseases: A New Opportunity. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:771459. [PMID: 34803712 PMCID: PMC8600187 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.771459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases have been a common challenge for people all over the world, which threatens the quality of life and safety of hundreds of millions of patients. China is a major country with liver diseases. Metabolic associated fatty liver disease, hepatitis B virus and alcoholic liver disease are the three most common liver diseases in our country, and the number of patients with liver cancer is increasing. Therefore, finding effective drugs to treat liver disease has become an urgent task. Chinese medicine (CM) has the advantages of low cost, high safety, and various biological activities, which is an important factor for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases. This review systematically summarizes the potential of CM in the treatment of liver diseases, showing that CM can alleviate liver diseases by regulating lipid metabolism, bile acid metabolism, immune function, and gut microbiota, as well as exerting anti-liver injury, anti-oxidation, and anti-hepatitis virus effects. Among them, Keap1/Nrf2, TGF-β/SMADS, p38 MAPK, NF-κB/IκBα, NF-κB-NLRP3, PI3K/Akt, TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB and IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathways are mainly involved. In conclusion, CM is very likely to be a potential candidate for liver disease treatment based on modern phytochemistry, pharmacology, and genomeproteomics, which needs more clinical trials to further clarify its importance in the treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Yang Q, Shen F, Zhang F, Bai X, Zhang Y, Zhang H. The combination of two natural medicines, Chuanxiong and Asarum: A review of the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198211039130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine has been clinically used in China for many years, with experimental studies and clinical trials having demonstrated that it is safe and valid. Among many traditional natural medicines, Chuanxiong and Asarum have been proven to be effective in the treatment of relieving pain. Actually, as well as analgesic, they have common attributes, such as anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular benefits, and anticancer activities, with volatile oils being their major components. Furthermore, Chuanxiong and Asarum have been combined as drug pairs in the same prescription for thousands of years, with examples being Chuanxiong Chatiao San and Chuanxiongxixintang. More interestingly, their combination has better therapeutic effects on diseases than a single drug. After the combination of Chuanxiong and Asarum forms a blend, a series of changes take place in their chemical components, such as the contents of the main active ingredients, ferulic acid and ligustilide, increased significantly after this progress. At the same time, the pharmacological effects of the combination appearing to be more powerful, such as synergistic analgesic. This review focuses on the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Chuanxiong, Asarum, and Chuanxiong Asarum compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcheng Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Fangli Shen
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Fengqin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
| | - Xue Bai
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
| | - Haizhu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- Western Yunnan Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Drug Engineering Center, Dali, P.R. China
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Zhang S, An L, Li Z, Wang X, Wang H, Shi L, Bao J, Lan X, Zhang E, Lall N, Reid AM, Li Y, Jin DQ, Xu J, Guo Y. Structural elucidation of an immunological arabinan from the rhizomes of Ligusticum chuanxiong, a traditional Chinese medicine. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 170:42-52. [PMID: 33316344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, an immunological arabinan, LCP70-2A, was isolated from Ligusticum chuanxiong for the first time. The absolute molecular weight of LCP70-2A was determined to be 6.46 × 104 g/mol using the HPSEC-MALLS-RID method. The absolute configuration of arabinose in LCP70-2A was determined to be L-configuration. Physicochemical characterization revealed that LCP70-2A was a homogeneous polysaccharide and had a backbone of (1 → 5)-linked α-L-Araf with terminal α-L-arabinose residues at position O-2 and O-3. Molecular conformation analysis showed that LCP70-2A was a branching polysaccharide with a compact coil chain conformation in 0.1 M NaCl solution. In addition, in vitro cell assays showed that LCP70-2A can activate macrophages by enhancing the phagocytosis and potentiating the secretion of immunoregulatory factors including NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. Furthermore, LCP70-2A was proved to promote the production of ROS and NO using the zebrafish model, suggesting that LCP70-2A can be further developed as a candidate supplement for immunological enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun An
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahe Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhong Lan
- Food Science College, Tibet Agricultural & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, People's Republic of China
| | - Erhao Zhang
- Food Science College, Tibet Agricultural & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, People's Republic of China
| | - Namrita Lall
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Anna-Mari Reid
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Yuhao Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Qing Jin
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanqiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.
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A systematic review on the rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Chuanxiong). Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 119:309-325. [PMID: 29486278 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chuanxiong Rhizome (called Chuanxiong, CX in Chinese), the dried rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, is an extremely common traditional edible-medicinal herb. As a widely used ethnomedicine in Asia including China, Japan and Korea, CX possesses ideal therapeutic effect on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and is also used as a major ingredient in soups for regular consumption to benefit health. Based on the traditional perception, amounts of investigations on different aspects have been done for CX in the past decades. However, no literature systematic review about these achievements have been compiled. Herein, the aim of this review is to present the up-to-date information on the ethnobotany, ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemicals, pharmacological activities, toxicology of this plant to identify their therapeutic potential and directs future research opportunities. So far, about 174 compounds has been isolated and identified from CX, in which phthalides and alkaloids would be the main bioactive ingredients for its pharmacological properties, such as anti-cerebral ischemia, anti-myocardial ischemia, blood vessel protection, anti-thrombotic, anti-hypertensive, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and anti-asthma effects. Even so, due to the incomplete standardized planting, unstable herbal quality, and outdated preparation techniques, the industrial progress of CX is still less developed.
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Microbial synthesis of a useful optically active (+)-isomer of lactone with bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane structure. Sci Rep 2018; 8:468. [PMID: 29323184 PMCID: PMC5765023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18876-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactone 2a of a bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane structure is a good starting material for synthesis of many attractive compounds. Enantiomerically enriched (−)-(3aR,7aS)-lactone 2a is produced by whole cells of bacteria. In order to examine the impact of the absolute configuration on biological activity we evaluated the process affording the opposite isomer. To this purpose Candida pelliculosa ZP22 characterized by high dehydrogenase activity was used. The goal of presented work was to perform bioreactor scale microbial one-pot oxidation of diol with selected yeast strain C. pelliculosa ZP22 to obtain chiral (+)-(3aS,7aR)-lactone 2a. The idea was to influence on alcohol dehydrogenase activity by increasing the activity of pro-(+)-ADH and simultanously diminishing the activity of pro-(−)-ADH. The optimization of biotransformation conditions involved the manipulation of the nutritional and physical parameters. Selection of the optimal medium in order to improve yield and process enantioselectivity was based on a two-level factorial design methodology. We have also studied the relationship between microbial growth and biosynthesis of lactone 2a. Preparative oxidation of diol 3a (400 mg/L, 2.9 mM) catalyzed by C. pelliculosa ZP22 in an optimized conditions afforded enantiomerically enriched (+)-(3aS,7aR)-isomer of lactone 2a with the isolated yield (30%).
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Aishah Hasbullah S, Sheryn W, Akma Awang Ngah F, Latip J, Izzaty Hassan N. Solvent-Free Microwave Accelerated Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Phthalide-Fused Indolines. HETEROCYCLES 2018. [DOI: 10.3987/com-17-13796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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