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Kumari P, Banerjee SK, Murty US, Ravichandiran V, Mohan U. Harnessing the combined effect of antivirulence agent trans-chalcone with bactericidal curcumin against sortase A enzyme to tackle Gram-positive bacterial infections. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:639-652. [PMID: 37930610 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Gram-positive bacteria are responsible for a wide range of infections in humans. In most Gram-positive bacteria, sortase A plays a significant role in attaching virulence factors to the bacteria's cell wall. These cell surface proteins play a significant role in virulence and pathogenesis. Even though antibiotics are available to treat these infections, there is a continuous search for an alternative strategy due to an increase in antibiotic resistance. Thus, using anti-sortase drugs to combat these bacterial infections may be a promising approach. Here, we describe a method for targeting Gram-positive bacterial infection by combining curcumin and trans-chalcone as sortase A inhibitors. We have used curcumin and trans-chalcone alone and in combination as a sortase A inhibitor. We have seen ~78%, ~43%, and ~94% inhibition when treated with curcumin, trans-chalcone, and a combination of both compounds, respectively. The compounds have also shown a significant effect on biofilm formation, IgG binding, protein A recruitment, and IgG deposition. We discovered that combining curcumin and trans-chalcone is more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than either compound alone. The present work demonstrated that a combination of these natural compounds could be used as an antivirulence therapy against Gram-positive bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, 781101, India
| | - Sanjay K Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, 781101, India
| | | | - Velayutham Ravichandiran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Utpal Mohan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kolkata, 700054, India.
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2
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Aboelnaga N, Elsayed SW, Abdelsalam NA, Salem S, Saif NA, Elsayed M, Ayman S, Nasr M, Elhadidy M. Deciphering the dynamics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation: from molecular signaling to nanotherapeutic advances. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:188. [PMID: 38519959 PMCID: PMC10958940 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) represents a global threat, necessitating the development of effective solutions to combat this emerging superbug. In response to selective pressures within healthcare, community, and livestock settings, MRSA has evolved increased biofilm formation as a multifaceted virulence and defensive mechanism, enabling the bacterium to thrive in harsh conditions. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms contributing to biofilm formation across its developmental stages, hence representing a step forward in developing promising strategies for impeding or eradicating biofilms. During staphylococcal biofilm development, cell wall-anchored proteins attach bacterial cells to biotic or abiotic surfaces; extracellular polymeric substances build scaffolds for biofilm formation; the cidABC operon controls cell lysis within the biofilm, and proteases facilitate dispersal. Beside the three main sequential stages of biofilm formation (attachment, maturation, and dispersal), this review unveils two unique developmental stages in the biofilm formation process for MRSA; multiplication and exodus. We also highlighted the quorum sensing as a cell-to-cell communication process, allowing distant bacterial cells to adapt to the conditions surrounding the bacterial biofilm. In S. aureus, the quorum sensing process is mediated by autoinducing peptides (AIPs) as signaling molecules, with the accessory gene regulator system playing a pivotal role in orchestrating the production of AIPs and various virulence factors. Several quorum inhibitors showed promising anti-virulence and antibiofilm effects that vary in type and function according to the targeted molecule. Disrupting the biofilm architecture and eradicating sessile bacterial cells are crucial steps to prevent colonization on other surfaces or organs. In this context, nanoparticles emerge as efficient carriers for delivering antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents throughout the biofilm architecture. Although metal-based nanoparticles have been previously used in combatting biofilms, its non-degradability and toxicity within the human body presents a real challenge. Therefore, organic nanoparticles in conjunction with quorum inhibitors have been proposed as a promising strategy against biofilms. As nanotherapeutics continue to gain recognition as an antibiofilm strategy, the development of more antibiofilm nanotherapeutics could offer a promising solution to combat biofilm-mediated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmeen Aboelnaga
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Salma W Elsayed
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nehal Adel Abdelsalam
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salma Salem
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nehal A Saif
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Manar Elsayed
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shehab Ayman
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elhadidy
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt.
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt.
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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Wang Y, Wu Z, Wang Z, Du H, Xiao S, Lu L, Wang Z. Analyses of the Antibiofilm Activity of o-Phenanthroline Monohydrate against Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus and the Mechanisms Underlying These Effects. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:638-649. [PMID: 38258383 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus exhibit robust biofilm formation capabilities, the formation of which is closely linked to pathogenicity and drug resistance, thereby resulting in host infection and treatment failure. o-Phenanthroline monohydrate (o-Phen) and its derivatives demonstrate a wide range of antibacterial and antifungal activities. In this study, we aimed to explore the antibiofilm activity of o-Phen to E. faecalis and S. aureus and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms for combating biofilm resistance. We demonstrated that o-Phen possesses significant antibacterial and antibiofilm properties against E. faecalis and S. aureus, inducing alterations in bacterial morphology, compromising cell membrane integrity, and exhibiting synergistic effects with β-lactam antibiotics at sub-MIC concentrations. The adhesion ability and automatic condensation capacity of, and synthesis of, extracellular polymers by E. faecalis cells were reduced by o-Phen, resulting in the inhibition of biofilm formation. Importantly, transcriptome analysis revealed 354 upregulated and 456 downregulated genes in o-Phen-treated E. faecalis. Differentially expressed genes were enriched in 11 metabolism-related pathways, including amino acid metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. Moreover, the oppA, CeuA, and ZnuB genes involved in the ABC transport system, and the PBP1A penicillin-binding protein-coding genes sarA and mrcA were significantly downregulated. The multidrug efflux pump system and membrane permeability genes mdtG and hlyD, and bacterial adhesion-related genes, including adcA and fss2 were also downregulated, while mraZ and ASP23 were upregulated. Thus, o-Phen is anticipated to be an effective alternative drug for the treatment of E. faecalis and S. aureus biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhouhui Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Heng Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shuang Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
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Hassan RM, Abd El-Maksoud MS, Ghannam IAY, El-Azzouny AAS, Aboul-Enein MN. Synthetic non-toxic anti-biofilm agents as a strategy in combating bacterial resistance. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 262:115867. [PMID: 37866335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The tremendous increase in the bacterial resistance to the available antibiotics is a serious problem for the treatment of various infections. Biofilm formation in bacteria significantly contributes to the bacterial survival in host cells, and is considered as an crucial factor, responsible for bacterial resistance. The response of the bacterial cells in the biofilm to antibiotics is completely different from that of the free floating planktonic cells of the same strain. The anti-biofilm agents that could inhibit the biofilm production without affecting the bacterial growth, apply less selective pressure over the bacterial strains than the traditional antibiotics; thus the development of bacterial resistance would be of low incidence. Many attempts have been performed to discover novel agents capable of interfering with the bacterial biofilm life cycle, and several compounds have shown promising activities in suppressing the biofilm production or in dispersing mature existing biofilms. This review describes the different chemical classes that have anti-biofilm effects against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria without affecting the bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Mohamed Hassan
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Samir Abd El-Maksoud
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Iman Ahmed Youssef Ghannam
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Aida Abdel-Sattar El-Azzouny
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nabil Aboul-Enein
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
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5
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Ji X, Han Y, Wu Y, Liang B, Zheng J, Ma S, Li C, Xu H, Guo S. Synthesis of nano-Fe 3O 4/ZnO composites with enhanced antibacterial properties and plant growth promotion via one-pot reaction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:87016-87027. [PMID: 37420151 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Bordeaux mixture is commonly used in agricultural production due to its certain antibacterial activity. However, it has been observed to promote plant growth at a slow pace. Therefore, it is crucial to explore an effective antibacterial agent that can enhance the antibacterial activity and promote plant growth in commercially available Bordeaux mixture, which can significantly contribute to the development of the agricultural economy. The investigation into inorganic agents with both bacteriostatic and plant-promoting properties has a broad application potential in agriculture. Fe3O4/ZnO (FZ) composites were synthesized from FeCl3, ZnCl2, and NaAc in a "one-pot approach" and analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). To investigate the antibacterial activity and mechanism of FZ nanocomposites, Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were used as model bacteria, and human mammary epithelial cells and model plant mung bean were used as targets to study the effects of FZ on human and plant growth. The results revealed that at 300 µg/mL for 80 min, the antibacterial efficacy of FZ composites was 99.8% against E. coli, which was 20% greater than that of Bordeaux liquid (FC), and 99.9% against S. aureus, which was 28.6% higher than that of FC. The inhibitory mechanism demonstrated that the substance could efficiently damage the bacterial cell wall of a concentration of 300 µg/mL. The IC50 of the material to human mammary epithelial cells was 49.518 µg/mL, and it also increased mung bean germination, root growth, and chlorophyll content, indicating that the application performance was 1.5 times better than that of FC. Its exceptional performance can be used to treat agricultural diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Ji
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723001, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Qinba Bio-Resource and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723001, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Qinba Bio-Resource and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723001, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Qinba Bio-Resource and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ben Liang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723001, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Qinba Bio-Resource and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinli Zheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723001, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Qinba Bio-Resource and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuting Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723001, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Qinba Bio-Resource and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723001, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Qinba Bio-Resource and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723001, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723001, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Qinba Bio-Resource and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaobo Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723001, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Qinba Bio-Resource and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723001, People's Republic of China.
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Barreca M, Buttacavoli M, Di Cara G, D'Amico C, Peri E, Spanò V, Li Petri G, Barraja P, Raimondi MV, Cancemi P, Montalbano A. Exploring the anticancer activity and the mechanism of action of pyrrolomycins F obtained by microwave-assisted total synthesis. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 253:115339. [PMID: 37054631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolomycins (PMs) are a family of naturally occurring antibiotic agents, isolated from the fermentation broth of Actinosporangium and Streptomyces species. Pursuing our studies on pyrrolomycins, we performed the total synthesis of the F-series pyrrolomycins (1-4) by microwave-assisted synthesis (MAOS), thus obtaining the title compounds in excellent yields (63-69%). Considering that there is no evidence so far of the anticancer effect of this class of compounds, we investigated PMs for their antiproliferative activity against HCT116 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. PMs showed anticancer activity at submicromolar level with a minimal effect on normal epithelial cell line (hTERT RPE-1), and they were able to induce several morphological changes including elongated cells, cytoplasm vacuolization, long and thin filopodia as well as the appearance of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs). These data suggest that PMs could act by impairing the cell membranes and the cytoskeleton organization, with subsequent increase of ROS generation and the activation of different forms of non-apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Barreca
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Miriam Buttacavoli
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Di Cara
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Cesare D'Amico
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Emanuela Peri
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Virginia Spanò
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Li Petri
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy; Drug Discovery Unit, Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Barraja
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Valeria Raimondi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Cancemi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Montalbano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
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Recent Strategies to Combat Biofilms Using Antimicrobial Agents and Therapeutic Approaches. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030292. [PMID: 35335616 PMCID: PMC8955104 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are intricate bacterial assemblages that attach to diverse surfaces using an extracellular polymeric substance that protects them from the host immune system and conventional antibiotics. Biofilms cause chronic infections that result in millions of deaths around the world every year. Since the antibiotic tolerance mechanism in biofilm is different than that of the planktonic cells due to its multicellular structure, the currently available antibiotics are inadequate to treat biofilm-associated infections which have led to an immense need to find newer treatment options. Over the years, various novel antibiofilm compounds able to fight biofilms have been discovered. In this review, we have focused on the recent and intensively researched therapeutic techniques and antibiofilm agents used for biofilm treatment and grouped them according to their type and mode of action. We also discuss some therapeutic approaches that have the potential for future advancement.
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8
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Discovery of Sortase A covalent inhibitors with benzofuranene cyanide structures as potential antibacterial agents against Staphylococcus aureus. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 229:114032. [PMID: 34954590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sortase A (SrtA) is a cysteine transpeptidase of most gram-positive bacteria that is responsible for the anchoring of many surface protein virulence factors to the cell wall. SrtA ablation has demonstrated to alleviate the infection without affecting the viability of bacteria. Herein, a series of benzofuran cyanide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated. Several compounds exhibited excellent inhibitory activity against SrtA with IC50 values from 3.3 μM to 21.8 μM compared with the known SrtA inhibitor pHMB (IC50 = 130 μM). Ⅲ-1, Ⅲ-15, Ⅲ-34 and V-1 showed potent inhibitory effects on biofilm formation with IC50 values from 2.1 μM to 54.2 μM. Invasion assays showed the four compounds caused a decrease of 4%-24.0% in the uptake of the S. aureus strain by 293T cells. Further assay showed that compound Ⅲ-15 decreased the amount of cell wall-associated protein A by 26.5%. Structure-activity relationship and docking studies demonstrated that the acrylonitrile moiety of the compounds played an important role in enhancing the activity. When the double bond of acrylonitrile changed to single bond, the activity was decreased significantly. This indicates that acrylonitrile, which is a Michael receptor, can inhibit the activity of SrtA by covalent binding effectively to the thiol group of Cys184.
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9
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Identification of Novel Antistaphylococcal Hit Compounds Targeting Sortase A. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237095. [PMID: 34885677 PMCID: PMC8658998 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a causative agent of many hospital- and community-acquired infections with the tendency to develop resistance to all known antibiotics. Therefore, the development of novel antistaphylococcal agents is of urgent need. Sortase A is considered a promising molecular target for the development of antistaphylococcal agents. The main aim of this study was to identify novel sortase A inhibitors. In order to find novel antistaphylococcal agents, we performed phenotypic screening of a library containing 15512 compounds against S. aureus ATCC43300. The molecular docking of hits was performed using the DOCK program and 10 compounds were selected for in vitro enzymatic activity inhibition assay. Two inhibitors were identified, N,N-diethyl-N′-(5-nitro-2-(quinazolin-2-yl)phenyl)propane-1,3-diamine (1) and acridin-9-yl-(1H-benzoimidazol-5-yl)-amine (2), which decrease sortase A activity with IC50 values of 160.3 µM and 207.01 µM, respectively. It was found that compounds 1 and 2 possess antibacterial activity toward 29 tested multidrug resistant S. aureus strains with MIC values ranging from 78.12 to 312.5 mg/L. These compounds can be used for further structural optimization and biological research.
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10
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Sapra R, Rajora AK, Kumar P, Maurya GP, Pant N, Haridas V. Chemical Biology of Sortase A Inhibition: A Gateway to Anti-infective Therapeutic Agents. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13097-13130. [PMID: 34516107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. The enzyme sortase A, present on the cell surface of S. aureus, plays a key role in bacterial virulence without affecting the bacterial viability. Inhibition of sortase A activity offers a powerful but clinically less explored therapeutic strategy, as it offers the possibility of not inducing any selective pressure on the bacteria to evolve drug-resistant strains. In this Perspective, we offer a chemical space narrative for the design of sortase A inhibitors, as delineated into three broad domains: peptidomimetics, natural products, and synthetic small molecules. This provides immense opportunities for medicinal chemists to alleviate the ever-growing crisis of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachit Sapra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Amit K Rajora
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Govind P Maurya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Nalin Pant
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - V Haridas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
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11
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Al-Jorani KR, Atia AJK, Al-Bayti RI. Synthesis, Structure Elucidation, and Pharmacological Study of New Hydrazinylidene Derivatives Using Benzimidazole as a Scaffold. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Nitulescu G, Margina D, Zanfirescu A, Olaru OT, Nitulescu GM. Targeting Bacterial Sortases in Search of Anti-Virulence Therapies with Low Risk of Resistance Development. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050415. [PMID: 33946434 PMCID: PMC8147154 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly ineffective antibiotics and rapid spread of multi- and pan-resistant bacteria represent a global health threat; hence, the need of developing new antimicrobial medicines. A first step in this direction is identifying new molecular targets, such as virulence factors. Sortase A represents a virulence factor essential for the pathogenesis of Gram-positive pathogens, some of which have a high risk for human health. We present here an exhaustive collection of sortases inhibitors grouped by relevant chemical features: vinyl sulfones, 3-aryl acrylic acids and derivatives, flavonoids, naphtoquinones, anthraquinones, indoles, pyrrolomycins, isoquinoline derivatives, aryl β-aminoethyl ketones, pyrazolethiones, pyridazinones, benzisothiazolinones, 2-phenyl-benzoxazole and 2-phenyl-benzofuran derivatives, thiadiazoles, triazolothiadiazoles, 2-(2-phenylhydrazinylidene)alkanoic acids, and 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione. This review focuses on highlighting their structure–activity relationships, using the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), when available, as an indicator of each compound effect on a specific sortase. The information herein is useful for acquiring knowledge on diverse natural and synthetic sortases inhibitors scaffolds and for understanding the way their structural variations impact IC50. It will hopefully be the inspiration for designing novel effective and safe sortase inhibitors in order to create new anti-infective compounds and to help overcoming the current worldwide antibiotic shortage.
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Zrelovs N, Kurbatska V, Rudevica Z, Leonchiks A, Fridmanis D. Sorting out the Superbugs: Potential of Sortase A Inhibitors among Other Antimicrobial Strategies to Tackle the Problem of Antibiotic Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:164. [PMID: 33562778 PMCID: PMC7916047 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid spread of antibiotic resistance throughout the kingdom bacteria is inevitably bringing humanity towards the "post-antibiotic" era. The emergence of so-called "superbugs"-pathogen strains that develop resistance to multiple conventional antibiotics-is urging researchers around the globe to work on the development or perfecting of alternative means of tackling the pathogenic bacteria infections. Although various conceptually different approaches are being considered, each comes with its advantages and drawbacks. While drug-resistant pathogens are undoubtedly represented by both Gram(+) and Gram(-) bacteria, possible target spectrum across the proposed alternative approaches of tackling them is variable. Numerous anti-virulence strategies aimed at reducing the pathogenicity of target bacteria rather than eliminating them are being considered among such alternative approaches. Sortase A (SrtA) is a membrane-associated cysteine protease that catalyzes a cell wall sorting reaction by which surface proteins, including virulence factors, are anchored to the bacterial cell wall of Gram(+) bacteria. Although SrtA inhibition seems perspective among the Gram-positive pathogen-targeted antivirulence strategies, it still remains less popular than other alternatives. A decrease in virulence due to inactivation of SrtA activity has been extensively studied in Staphylococcus aureus, but it has also been demonstrated in other Gram(+) species. In this manuscript, results of past studies on the discovery of novel SrtA inhibitory compounds and evaluation of their potency were summarized and commented on. Here, we discussed the rationale behind the inhibition of SrtA, raised some concerns on the comparability of the results from different studies, and touched upon the possible resistance mechanisms as a response to implementation of such therapy in practice. The goal of this article is to encourage further studies of SrtA inhibitory compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Davids Fridmanis
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1 k1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (N.Z.); (V.K.); (Z.R.); (A.L.)
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14
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Design and Synthesis of Small Molecules as Potent Staphylococcus aureus Sortase A Inhibitors. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9100706. [PMID: 33081148 PMCID: PMC7602840 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread and uncontrollable emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, has promoted a wave of efforts to discover a new generation of antibiotics that prevent or treat bacterial infections neither as bactericides nor bacteriostats. Due to its crucial role in virulence and its nonessentiality in bacterial survival, sortase A has been considered as a great target for new antibiotics. Sortase A inhibitors have emerged as promising alternative antivirulence agents against bacteria. Herein, the structural and preparative aspects of some small synthetic organic compounds that block the pathogenic action of sortase A have been described.
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15
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Li Petri G, Spanò V, Spatola R, Holl R, Raimondi MV, Barraja P, Montalbano A. Bioactive pyrrole-based compounds with target selectivity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112783. [PMID: 32916311 PMCID: PMC7455853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of novel synthetic compounds with drug-like properties is an ongoing challenge in medicinal chemistry. Natural products have inspired the synthesis of compounds for pharmaceutical application, most of which are based on N-heterocyclic motifs. Among these, the pyrrole ring is one of the most explored heterocycles in drug discovery programs for several therapeutic areas, confirmed by the high number of pyrrole-based drugs reaching the market. In the present review, we focused on pyrrole and its hetero-fused derivatives with anticancer, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities, reported in the literature between 2015 and 2019, for which a specific target was identified, being responsible for their biological activity. It emerges that the powerful pharmaceutical and pharmacological features provided by the pyrrole nucleus as pharmacophore unit of many drugs are still recognized by medicinal chemists. Pyrrole nucleus is one of the most explored heterocycle in drug discovery. Pyrrole derivatives exhibit antitumor, antimicrobial and antiviral activities. Targets involved in their biological activities were identified. SAR to underline their most important features were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Li Petri
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Virginia Spanò
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Spatola
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ralph Holl
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Valeria Raimondi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Paola Barraja
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Montalbano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
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16
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New Synthetic Nitro-Pyrrolomycins as Promising Antibacterial and Anticancer Agents. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9060292. [PMID: 32486200 PMCID: PMC7345095 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolomycins (PMs) are polyhalogenated antibiotics known as powerful biologically active compounds, yet featuring high cytotoxicity. The present study reports the antibacterial and antitumoral properties of new chemically synthesized PMs, where the three positions of the pyrrolic nucleus were replaced by nitro groups, aiming to reduce their cytotoxicity while maintaining or even enhancing the biological activity. Indeed, the presence of the nitro substituent in diverse positions of the pyrrole determined an improvement of the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) against Gram-positive (i.e., Staphylococcus aureus) or -negative (i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa) pathogen strains as compared to the natural PM-C. Moreover, some new nitro-PMs were as active as or more than PM-C in inhibiting the proliferation of colon (HCT116) and breast (MCF 7) cancer cell lines and were less toxic towards normal epithelial (hTERT RPE-1) cells. Altogether, our findings contribute to increase the knowledge of the mode of action of these promising molecules and provide a basis for their rationale chemical or biological manipulation.
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17
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Angellotti G, Murgia D, Presentato A, D’Oca MC, Scarpaci AG, Alduina R, Raimondi MV, De Caro V. Antibacterial PEGylated Solid Lipid Microparticles for Cosmeceutical Purpose: Formulation, Characterization, and Efficacy Evaluation. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092073. [PMID: 32365956 PMCID: PMC7254386 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of efficacious means of delivering antioxidant polyphenols from natural sources for the treatment of skin diseases is of great interest for many cosmetic and pharmaceutical companies. Resveratrol (RSV) and Limonene (LIM) have been shown to possess good anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus infections responsible for many skin disorders, such as acne vulgaris. In this study, solid lipid microparticles are designed as composite vehicles capable of encapsulating a high amount of trans-RSV and enhancing its absorption through the stratum corneum. A microparticulate system based on mixture of PEGylate lipids, long-chain alcohols and LIM is able to entrap RSV in an amorphous state, increasing its half-life and avoiding inactivation due to isomerization phenomena, which represents the main drawback in topical formulations. Particles have been characterized in term of shape, size distribution and drug loading. Antimicrobial tests against S. aureus have highlighted that empty microspheres possess per se antimicrobial activity, which is enhanced by the presence of LIM, demonstrating that they can represent an interesting bactericide vehicle for RSV administration on the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Angellotti
- Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Stomatologiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.A.); (D.M.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.P.); (A.G.S.); (R.A.); (M.V.R.)
| | - Denise Murgia
- Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Stomatologiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.A.); (D.M.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.P.); (A.G.S.); (R.A.); (M.V.R.)
| | - Alessandro Presentato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.P.); (A.G.S.); (R.A.); (M.V.R.)
| | - Maria Cristina D’Oca
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Amalia Giulia Scarpaci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.P.); (A.G.S.); (R.A.); (M.V.R.)
| | - Rosa Alduina
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.P.); (A.G.S.); (R.A.); (M.V.R.)
| | - Maria Valeria Raimondi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.P.); (A.G.S.); (R.A.); (M.V.R.)
| | - Viviana De Caro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.P.); (A.G.S.); (R.A.); (M.V.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-091-2389-1926
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18
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A comprehensive in silico analysis of sortase superfamily. J Microbiol 2019; 57:431-443. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-019-8545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Raimondi MV, Listro R, Cusimano MG, La Franca M, Faddetta T, Gallo G, Schillaci D, Collina S, Leonchiks A, Barone G. Pyrrolomycins as antimicrobial agents. Microwave-assisted organic synthesis and insights into their antimicrobial mechanism of action. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:721-728. [PMID: 30711310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
New compounds able to counteract staphylococcal biofilm formation are needed. In this study we investigate the mechanism of action of pyrrolomycins, whose potential as antimicrobial agents has been demonstrated. We performed a new efficient and easy method to use microwave organic synthesis suitable for obtaining pyrrolomycins in good yields and in suitable amount for their in vitro in-depth investigation. We evaluate the inhibitory activity towards Sortase A (SrtA), a transpeptidase responsible for covalent anchoring in Gram-positive peptidoglycan of many surface proteins involved in adhesion and in biofilm formation. All compounds show a good inhibitory activity toward SrtA, having IC50 values ranging from 130 to 300 µM comparable to berberine hydrochloride. Of note compound 1d shows a good affinity in docking experiment to SrtA and exhibits the highest capability to interfere with biofilm formation of S. aureus showing an IC50 of 3.4 nM. This compound is also effective in altering S. aureus murein hydrolase activity that is known to be responsible for degradation, turnover, and maturation of bacterial peptidoglycan and involved in the initial stages of S. aureus biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Valeria Raimondi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Roberta Listro
- Drug Sciences Department, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Cusimano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Mery La Franca
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Teresa Faddetta
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Gallo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Domenico Schillaci
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Simona Collina
- Drug Sciences Department, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Ainars Leonchiks
- APP Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre (BMC), Rātsupītes iela 1, LV-1067 Rīga, Latvia.
| | - Giampaolo Barone
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
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Synthetic small molecules as anti-biofilm agents in the struggle against antibiotic resistance. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 161:154-178. [PMID: 30347328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation significantly contributes to microbial survival in hostile environments and it is currently considered a key virulence factor for pathogens responsible for serious chronic infections. In the last decade many efforts have been made to identify new agents able to modulate bacterial biofilm life cycle, and many compounds have shown interesting activities in inhibiting biofilm formation or in dispersing pre-formed biofilms. However, only a few of these compounds were tested using in vivo models for their clinical significance. Contrary to conventional antibiotics, most of the anti-biofilm compounds act as anti-virulence agents as they do not affect bacterial growth. In this review we selected the most relevant literature of the last decade, focusing on the development of synthetic small molecules able to prevent bacterial biofilm formation or to eradicate pre-existing biofilms of clinically relevant Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. In addition, we provide a comprehensive list of the possible targets to counteract biofilm formation and development, as well as a detailed discussion the advantages and disadvantages of the different current biofilm-targeting strategies.
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21
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New 2-Phenylthiazoles as Potential Sortase A Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111827. [PMID: 29077016 PMCID: PMC6150342 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Sortase A inhibition is a well establish strategy for decreasing bacterial virulence by affecting numerous key processes that control biofilm formation, host cell entry, evasion and suppression of the immune response and acquisition of essential nutrients. A meta-analysis of structures known to act as Sortase A inhibitors provided the starting point for identifying a new potential scaffold. Based on this template a series of new potential Sortase A inhibitors, that contain the 2-phenylthiazole moiety, were synthesized. The physicochemical characterisation confirmed the identity of the proposed structures. Antibacterial activity evaluation showed that the new compounds have a reduced activity against bacterial cell viability. However, the compounds prevent biofilm formation at very low concentrations, especially in the case of E. faecalis. Molecular docking studies performed estimate that this is most likely due to the inhibition of Sortase A. The new compounds could be used as add-on therapies together with known antibacterial agents in order to combat multidrug-resistance enterococcal infections.
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22
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Schillaci D, Spanò V, Parrino B, Carbone A, Montalbano A, Barraja P, Diana P, Cirrincione G, Cascioferro S. Pharmaceutical Approaches to Target Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8268-8297. [PMID: 28594170 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There is urgent need for new therapeutic strategies to fight the global threat of antibiotic resistance. The focus of this Perspective is on chemical agents that target the most common mechanisms of antibiotic resistance such as enzymatic inactivation of antibiotics, changes in cell permeability, and induction/activation of efflux pumps. Here we assess the current landscape and challenges in the treatment of antibiotic resistance mechanisms at both bacterial cell and community levels. We also discuss the potential clinical application of chemical inhibitors of antibiotic resistance mechanisms as add-on treatments for serious drug-resistant infections. Enzymatic inhibitors, such as the derivatives of the β-lactamase inhibitor avibactam, are closer to the clinic than other molecules. For example, MK-7655, in combination with imipenem, is in clinical development for the treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are difficult to treat. In addition, other molecules targeting multidrug-resistance mechanisms, such as efflux pumps, are under development and hold promise for the treatment of multidrug resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Schillaci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo , Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Virginia Spanò
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo , Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Barbara Parrino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo , Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Carbone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo , Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Montalbano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo , Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Barraja
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo , Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrizia Diana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo , Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Girolamo Cirrincione
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo , Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Stella Cascioferro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo , Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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23
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Paganelli FL, van de Kamer T, Brouwer EC, Leavis HL, Woodford N, Bonten MJ, Willems RJ, Hendrickx AP. Lipoteichoic acid synthesis inhibition in combination with antibiotics abrogates growth of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 49:355-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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Castillo JC, Estupiñan D, Nogueras M, Cobo J, Portilla J. 6-(Aryldiazenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines as Strategic Intermediates for the Synthesis of Pyrazolo[5,1-b]purines. J Org Chem 2016; 81:12364-12373. [PMID: 27978735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A microwave-assisted approach for the regioselective synthesis of functionalized 6-(aryldiazenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amines from the cyclization of 3-oxo-2-(2-arylhydrazinylidene)butanenitriles with 5-amino-1H-pyrazoles under solvent-free conditions has been developed. This methodology was distinguished by its broad substrate scope, operational simplicity, high atom economy, and high-yielding without requiring chromatographic purification. In addition, an efficient and versatile palladium-catalyzed reductive azo cleavage is disclosed for the synthesis of diverse heteroaromatic 1,2-diamines, a valuable synthetic building block to develop new fused heteroaromatic systems. As synthetic example, several substituted pyrazolo[5,1-b]purines were synthesized in yields up to 96% by using microwave irradiation in the cyclocondensation of these 1,2-diamines with orthoesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Castillo
- Bioorganic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes , Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Diego Estupiñan
- Bioorganic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes , Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Manuel Nogueras
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad de Jaén , Jaén 23071, Spain
| | - Justo Cobo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad de Jaén , Jaén 23071, Spain
| | - Jaime Portilla
- Bioorganic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes , Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
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25
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Cascioferro S, Maggio B, Raffa D, Raimondi MV, Cusimano MG, Schillaci D, Manachini B, Plescia F, Daidone G. Synthesis and biofilm formation reduction of pyrazole-4-carboxamide derivatives in some Staphylococcus aureus strains. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:58-68. [PMID: 27474923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability of several N-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide derivatives and other pyrazoles opportunely modified at the positions 3, 4 and 5, to reduce the formation of the biofilm in some Staphylococcus aureus strains (ATCC 29213, ATCC 25923 and ATCC 6538) were investigated. All the tested compounds were able, although to a different extent, to reduce the biofilm formation of the three bacterial strains considered. Among these, the 1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-N-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide 14 resulted as the best inhibitor of biofilm formation showing an IC50 ranging from 2.3 to 32 μM, against all the three strains of S. aureus. Compound 14 also shows a good protective effect in vivo by improving the survival of wax moth larva (Galleria mellonella) infected with S. aureus ATCC 29213. These findings indicate that 14d is a potential lead compound for the development of new anti-virulence agents against S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Cascioferro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy; IEMEST, Istituto Euromediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia, via Emerico Amari, 123, 90139, Palermo, Italy
| | - Benedetta Maggio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Demetrio Raffa
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Maria Valeria Raimondi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cusimano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Schillaci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Barbara Manachini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabiana Plescia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Daidone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
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A new class of phenylhydrazinylidene derivatives as inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1535-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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