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Zhai SY, Gu HW, Wang C, Li YS, Tang HB. Gynura procumbens and selected metabolites: Amelioration of depressive-like behaviors in mice and risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116361. [PMID: 38428310 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr., utilized in traditional Chinese medicine, is known for its liver-protective, liver-soothing, and depression-alleviating properties. This research examines the antidepressant and anti-hyperprolactinemia potentials of an ethanol extract from G. procumbens stems (EEGS) and specific metabolites. To model depression and hyperprolactinemia, chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) was induced in mice and risperidone was administered to rats, respectively. Treatments involved administering low (5 mg/kg), medium (25 mg/kg), and high (125 mg/kg) doses of EEGS and certain metabolites to both models. Behavioral assessments were conducted in the CUMS-induced mice, while the CA3 neuronal damage in mice and histopathological alterations in rat mammary glands were evaluated using Nissl and Hematoxylin & Eosin staining techniques, respectively. EEGS decreased immobility times in the forced swimming and tail suspension tests in mice, enhancing their exploration of the central zone. It elevated the serum levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine, norepinephrine, estradiol, luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone in mice. Moreover, EEGS restored the neuronal cell arrangement in the CA3 area, reduced interleukin-1beta mRNA production, and increased the expression of interleukin-10 and beta-catenin mRNA. In the context of risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia, EEGS lowered blood prolactin levels, reduced the dimensions of rat nipples, and enhanced LH, progesterone, and dopamine levels, alongside mitigating mammary hyperplasia. Among the EEGS selected metabolites, the combined effect of chlorogenic acid and trans-p-coumaric acid was found to be more effective than the action of each compound in isolation. Collectively, the findings indicate that EEGS and its selected metabolites offer promising antidepressant benefits while counteracting hyperprolactinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Zhai
- Lab of Hepatopharmacology and Ethnopharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-central Minzu University, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hong-Wei Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Mental Health Center, NO. 89, Gongnongbing Road, Jiang'an District, Wuhan 430012, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Lab of Hepatopharmacology and Ethnopharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-central Minzu University, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yu-Sang Li
- Lab of Hepatopharmacology and Ethnopharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-central Minzu University, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - He-Bin Tang
- Lab of Hepatopharmacology and Ethnopharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-central Minzu University, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Wuhan 430074, China.
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2
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Huang M, Li S, Li P, Kang Z, Zhang B, Li W. Drug clinical trials on high-grade gliomas: challenges and hopes. Cancer Biol Med 2024; 20:j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0364. [PMID: 38318805 PMCID: PMC10845939 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqian Huang
- Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shenglan Li
- Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Parker Li
- Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuang Kang
- Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Botao Zhang
- Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Zhao X, Qu Q, Zhang Y, Zhao P, Qiu J, Zhang X, Duan X, Song X. Research Progress of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv and Predictive Analysis of Quality Markers Based on Network Pharmacology. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:860-895. [PMID: 38902931 DOI: 10.2174/0113892010265000230928060645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Du Zhong is a valuable Chinese medicinal herb unique to China. It is a national second- class precious protected tree, known as "plant gold", which has been used to treat various diseases since ancient times. The main active ingredients are lignans, phenylprophetons, flavonoids, iridoids and steroids and terpenoids, which have pharmacological effects such as lowering blood pressure, enhancing immunity, regulating bone metabolism, protecting nerve cells, protecting liver and gallbladder and regulating blood lipids. In this paper, a comprehensive review of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. was summarized from the processing and its compositional changes, applications, chemical components, pharmacological effects, and pharmacokinetics, and the Q-marker of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. is preliminarily predicted from the aspects of traditional efficacy, medicinal properties and measurability of chemical composition, and the pharmacodynamic substance basis and potential Q-marker of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. are further analyzed through network pharmacology. It is speculated that quercetin, kaempferol, β-sitosterol, chlorogenic acid and pinoresinol diglucoside components are selected as quality markers of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., which provide a basis for the quality control evaluation and follow-up research and development of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, China
| | - Qiong Qu
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, China
| | - Peiyuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, China
| | - Jinqing Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, China
| | - Xinbo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, China
| | - Xi Duan
- Laboratory Department, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712000, China
| | - Xiao Song
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, China
- Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutics of Chinese Materia Medica and New Drug Development, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100029, China
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Ko K, Ahn Y, Cheon GY, Suh HJ, Cho YJ, Park SS, Hong KB. Effects of Dendropanax morbiferus Leaf Extract on Sleep Parameters in Invertebrate and Vertebrate Models. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1890. [PMID: 37891970 PMCID: PMC10604594 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendropanax morbiferus is highly valued in traditional medicine and has been used to alleviate the symptoms of numerous diseases owing to its excellent antioxidant activity. This study aimed to evaluate the sleep promotion and related signaling pathways of D. morbiferus extract (DE) via behavioral analysis, molecular biological techniques, and electrophysiological measurements in invertebrate and vertebrate models. In Drosophila, the group treated with 4% DE experienced decreased subjective nighttime movement and sleep bout and increased total sleeping time. Moreover, substantial changes in locomotor activity, including distance moved, velocity, and movement, were confirmed in the 4% DE-treated group. Compared to Drosophila in which insomnia and oxidative stress were induced by exposure to 0.1% caffeine, the DE-treated group improved sleep-related parameters to the level of the normal group. In the Drosophila model, exposure to 4% DE upregulated the expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-related receptors and serotonin receptor (5-HT1A), along with the expression of antioxidant-related factors, glutathione, and catalase. In the pentobarbital-induced sleep test using ICR mice, the duration of sleep was markedly increased by high concentration of DE. In addition, through the electroencephalography analysis of SD-rats, a significant increase in non-rapid-eye-movement sleep and delta waves was confirmed with high concentrations of DE administration. The increase in sleep time and improvement in sleep quality were confirmed to be related to the expression of altered GABA receptors and the enhancement of the contents of the neurotransmitters GABA and serotonin (5-HT) because of high DE administration. High-dose administration of DE also increased the expression of antioxidant-related factors in the brain and significantly decreased malondialdehyde content. Taken together, DE induced improvements in sleep quantity and quality by regulating neurotransmitter content and related receptor expression, along with high antioxidant activity, and may have a therapeutic effect on sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoung Ko
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Ahn
- Research Group of Functional Food Materials, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Yeong Cheon
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jae Cho
- R&D Center, JEJUPANATEK Inc., Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Bae Hong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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Pereira JKA, Costa AGC, Rodrigues ESB, Macêdo IYL, Pereira MOA, Menegatti R, de Oliveira SCB, Guimarães F, Lião LM, Sabino JR, de S Gil E. LQFM289: Electrochemical and Computational Studies of a New Trimetozine Analogue for Anxiety Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14575. [PMID: 37834027 PMCID: PMC10572256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study employs electrochemical and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation approaches to investigate the potential of a novel analogue of trimetozine (TMZ) antioxidant profile. The correlation between oxidative stress and psychological disorders indicates that antioxidants may be an effective alternative treatment option. Butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) is a synthetic antioxidant widely used in industry. The BHT-TMZ compound derived from molecular hybridization, known as LQFM289, has shown promising results in early trials, and this study aims to elucidate its electrochemical properties to further support its potential as a therapeutic agent. The electrochemical behavior of LQFM289 was investigated using voltammetry and a mechanism for the redox process was proposed based on the compound's behavior. LQFM289 exhibits two distinct oxidation peaks: the first peak, Ep1a ≈ 0.49, corresponds to the oxidation of the phenolic fraction (BHT), and the second peak, Ep2a ≈ 1.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl/KClsat), denotes the oxidation of the amino group from morpholine. Electroanalysis was used to identify the redox potentials of the compound, providing insight into its reactivity and stability in different environments. A redox mechanism was proposed based on the resulting peak potentials. The DFT calculation elucidates the electronic structure of LQFM289, resembling the precursors of molecular hybridization (BHT and TMZ), which may also dictate the pharmacophoric performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhon K A Pereira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia 74690-970, Brazil
| | - André G C Costa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia 74690-970, Brazil
| | | | - Isaac Y L Macêdo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia 74690-970, Brazil
| | - Marx O A Pereira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia 74690-970, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Menegatti
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia 74690-970, Brazil
| | | | - Freddy Guimarães
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia 74690-970, Brazil
| | - Luciano M Lião
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia 74690-970, Brazil
| | - José R Sabino
- Institute of Physics, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia 74690-970, Brazil
| | - Eric de S Gil
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia 74690-970, Brazil
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Behl T, Rana T, Sehgal A, Sharma N, Albarrati A, Albratty M, Makeen HA, Najmi A, Verma R, Bungau SG. Exploring the multifocal role of phytoconstituents as antidepressants. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 123:110693. [PMID: 36509251 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Depression is the most prevalent and devastating neuropsychiatric disorder. There are several conventional antidepressants used for the treatment of depression. But due to their undesired adverse effects, patient compliance is very poor. Thus, developing novel medications for the treatment of depression is a critical strategic priority for meeting therapeutic demands. Current research is looking for alternatives to traditional antidepressants to reduce undesired side effects and increase efficacy. Phytoconstituents provide a wide research range in antidepressant treatments. In the present article, we have conducted a comprehensive assessment of neurological evidence, which supports the usefulness of phytoconstituents in the treatment of the depressive disorder. Secondary plant metabolites including alkaloids, polyphenols, glycosides, saponins, and terpenoids were found to exhibit antidepressant action. Most of the phytoconstituents were found to mediate their antidepressant effect through the upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine. Some were also found to exert antidepressant effects by inhibiting the monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis overactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Tarapati Rana
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India; Government Pharmacy College, Seraj, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- GHG Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Ali Albarrati
- Rehabilitation Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz A Makeen
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raman Verma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania; Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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Potential of Polyphenols for Improving Sleep: A Preliminary Results from Review of Human Clinical Trials and Mechanistic Insights. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051257. [PMID: 36904255 PMCID: PMC10005154 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Global epidemiologic evidence supports an interrelationship between sleep disorders and fruits and vegetable ingestion. Polyphenols, a broad group of plant substances, are associated with several biologic processes, including oxidative stress and signaling pathways that regulate the expression of genes promoting an anti-inflammatory environment. Understanding whether and how polyphenol intake is related to sleep may provide avenues to improve sleep and contribute to delaying or preventing the development of chronic disease. This review aims to assess the public health implications of the association between polyphenol intake and sleep and to inform future research. The effects of polyphenol intake, including chlorogenic acid, resveratrol, rosmarinic acid, and catechins, on sleep quality and quantity are discussed to identify polyphenol molecules that may improve sleep. Although some animal studies have investigated the mechanisms underlying the effects of polyphenols on sleep, the paucity of trials, especially randomized controlled trials, does not allow for conducting a meta-analysis to reach clear conclusions about the relationships among these studies to support the sleep-improving effects of polyphenols.
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Bai C, Zhou X, Yu L, Wu A, Yang L, Chen J, Tang X, Zou W, Wu J, Zhu L. A Rapid and Sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS Method for Determination of Chlorogenic Acid and Its Application to Distribution and Neuroprotection in Rat Brain. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:178. [PMID: 37259330 PMCID: PMC9964875 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) is a phenolic natural product that has been reported to improve neurobehavioral disorders and brain injury. However, its pharmacokinetics and distribution in the rat brain remain unclear. In this study, we established a rapid and sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of 5-CQA in rat plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain tissue to investigate whether it could pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and its distribution in the rat brain, and a Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) strain paralysis assay was used to investigate the neuroprotective effect of 5-CQA in different brain tissues. Chromatographic separation of 5-CQA and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA, used as internal standard) was completed in 0.5 min, and the full run time was maintained at 4.0 min. Methodological validation results presented a high accuracy (95.69-106.81%) and precision (RSD ≤ 8%), with a lower limit of quantification of 1.0 ng/mL. Pharmacokinetic results revealed that 5-CQA can pass through the BBB into the CSF, but the permeability of BBB to 5-CQA (ratio of mean AUC0-∞ of CSF to plasma) was only approximately 0.29%. In addition, 5-CQA can penetrate into the rat brain extensively and is distributed with different intensities in different nuclei. A C. elegans strain paralysis assay indicated that the neuroprotective effect of 5-CQA is positively correlated with its content in different brain tissues. In conclusion, our study for the first time explored the BBB pass rate and brain tissue distribution of 5-CQA administered via the tail vein by the UHPLC-MS/MS method and investigated the potential main target area of 5-CQA for neuroprotection, which could provide a certain basis for the treatment of nervous system-related diseases of 5-CQA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongfei Bai
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Lu Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Anguo Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Le Yang
- Chengdu Analytical Applications Center, Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610023, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xue Tang
- Chengdu Analytical Applications Center, Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610023, China
| | - Wenjun Zou
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Linjie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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Biological Evaluation of Valeriana Extracts from Argentina with Potent Cholinesterase Inhibition for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Their Comorbidities-The Case of Valeriana carnosa Sm. (Caprifoliaceae) Studied in Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16010129. [PMID: 36678626 PMCID: PMC9861714 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder whose pathophysiology includes the abnormal accumulation of proteins (e.g., β-amyloid), oxidative stress, and alterations in neurotransmitter levels, mainly acetylcholine. Here we present a comparative study of the effect of extracts obtained from endemic Argentinian species of valerians, namely V. carnosa Sm., V. clarionifolia Phil. and V. macrorhiza Poepp. ex DC from Patagonia and V. ferax (Griseb.) Höck and V. effusa Griseb., on different AD-related biological targets. Of these anxiolytic, sedative and sleep-inducing valerians, V. carnosa proved the most promising and was assayed in vivo. All valerians inhibited acetylcholinesterase (IC50 between 1.08-12.69 mg/mL) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50 between 0.0019-1.46 mg/mL). They also inhibited the aggregation of β-amyloid peptide, were able to chelate Fe2+ ions, and exhibited a direct relationship between antioxidant capacity and phenolic content. Moreover, V. carnosa was able to inhibit human monoamine oxidase A (IC50: 0.286 mg/mL (0.213-0.384)). A daily intake of aqueous V. carnosa extract by male Swiss mice (50 and 150 mg/kg/day) resulted in anxiolytic and antidepressant-like behavior and improved spatial memory. In addition, decreased AChE activity and oxidative stress markers were observed in treated mouse brains. Our studies contribute to the development of indigenous herbal medicines as therapeutic agents for AD.
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Arshad HM, Ahmad FUD, Lodhi AH. Methanolic Extract of Aerva javanica Leaves Prevents LPS-Induced Depressive Like Behavior in Experimental Mice. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:4179-4204. [PMID: 36514526 PMCID: PMC9741839 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s383054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Depression is a chronic recurrent neuropsychiatric disorder associated with inflammation. This study explored the pharmacological activities of Aerva javanica leaves crude extract (Aj.Cr) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressive-like behavior in experimental mice. Methods Aj.Cr was evaluated for its phenolic and flavonoid contents, bioactive potential, amino acid profiling and enzyme inhibition assays using different analytical techniques followed by in-silico molecular docking was performed. In addition, three ligands identified in HPLC analysis and standard galantamine were docked to acetyl cholinesterase (AchE) enzyme to assess the ligand interaction along with their binding affinities. In in-vivo analysis, mice were given normal saline (10 mL/kg), imipramine (10 mg/kg) and Aj.Cr (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg) orally for 14-consecutive days. On the 14th day, respective treatment was given 30-minutes before intra-peritoneal administration of (0.83 mg/kg) LPS. Open field, forced swim and tail suspension tests were performed 24-hours after LPS injection, followed by a sucrose preference test 48-hours later. Serum corticosterone levels, as well as levels of nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and catecholamines were determined in brain tissues. Results In-vitro results revealed that crude extract of Aj.Cr possesses anti-depressant agents with solid antioxidant potential. In-vivo analysis showed that LPS significantly increased depressive-like behavior followed by alteration in serum and tissue biomarkers as compared to normal control (p < 0.001). While imipramine and Aj.Cr (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg) treated groups significantly (p<0.05) improved the depressive-like behavior and biomarkers when compared to the LPS group. Conclusion The mitigation of LPS-induced depressive-like behavior by Aj.Cr may be linked to the modulation of oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation and catecholamines due to the presence of potent bioactive compounds exerting anti-depressant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiza Maida Arshad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Fiaz-ud-Din Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan,Correspondence: Fiaz-ud-Din Ahmad, Department of Pharmacology, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Khawaja Fareed Campus, Railway Road, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan, Tel +92-320-8402376, Email
| | - Arslan Hussain Lodhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Zhao S, Yang T, Hou X, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Wang H, Sun N, Tan H, Zhang J, Fan H. Chlorogenic acid ameliorates chronic stress-induced prefrontal cortex injury through activating the 5-HT/BDNF signaling pathway in rats. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Phenolic Acids as Antidepressant Agents. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204309. [PMID: 36296993 PMCID: PMC9610055 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a psychiatric disorder affecting the lives of patients and their families worldwide. It is an important pathophysiology; however, the molecular pathways involved are not well understood. Pharmacological treatment may promote side effects or be ineffective. Consequently, efforts have been made to understand the molecular pathways in depressive patients and prevent their symptoms. In this context, animal models have suggested phytochemicals from medicinal plants, especially phenolic acids, as alternative treatments. These bioactive molecules are known for their antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. They occur in some fruits, vegetables, and herbal plants. This review focused on phenolic acids and extracts from medicinal plants and their effects on depressive symptoms, as well as the molecular interactions and pathways implicated in these effects. Results from preclinical trials indicate the potential of phenolic acids to reduce depressive-like behaviour by regulating factors associated with oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, autophagy, and deregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, stimulating monoaminergic neurotransmission and neurogenesis, and modulating intestinal microbiota.
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13
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Asgharian P, Quispe C, Herrera-Bravo J, Sabernavaei M, Hosseini K, Forouhandeh H, Ebrahimi T, Sharafi-Badr P, Tarhriz V, Soofiyani SR, Helon P, Rajkovic J, Durna Daştan S, Docea AO, Sharifi-Rad J, Calina D, Koch W, Cho WC. Pharmacological effects and therapeutic potential of natural compounds in neuropsychiatric disorders: An update. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:926607. [PMID: 36188551 PMCID: PMC9521271 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.926607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric diseases are a group of disorders that cause significant morbidity and disability. The symptoms of psychiatric disorders include anxiety, depression, eating disorders, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder. Various medicinal plants are frequently used as therapeutics in traditional medicine in different parts of the world. Nowadays, using medicinal plants as an alternative medication has been considered due to their biological safety. Despite the wide range of medications, many patients are unable to tolerate the side effects and eventually lose their response. By considering the therapeutic advantages of medicinal plants in the case of side effects, patients may prefer to use them instead of chemical drugs. Today, the use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine is diverse and increasing, and these plants are a precious heritage for humanity. Investigation about traditional medicine continues, and several studies have indicated the basic pharmacology and clinical efficacy of herbal medicine. In this article, we discuss five of the most important and common psychiatric illnesses investigated in various studies along with conventional therapies and their pharmacological therapies. For this comprehensive review, data were obtained from electronic databases such as MedLine/PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, EMBASE, DynaMed Plus, ScienceDirect, and TRIP database. Preclinical pharmacology studies have confirmed that some bioactive compounds may have beneficial therapeutic effects in some common psychiatric disorders. The mechanisms of action of the analyzed biocompounds are presented in detail. The bioactive compounds analyzed in this review are promising phytochemicals for adjuvant and complementary drug candidates in the pharmacotherapy of neuropsychiatric diseases. Although comparative studies have been carefully reviewed in the preclinical pharmacology field, no clinical studies have been found to confirm the efficacy of herbal medicines compared to FDA-approved medicines for the treatment of mental disorders. Therefore, future clinical studies are needed to accelerate the potential use of natural compounds in the management of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parina Asgharian
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Jesús Herrera-Bravo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santo Tomas, Chile
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Mahsa Sabernavaei
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Haleh Forouhandeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Ebrahimi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Paria Sharafi-Badr
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Tarhriz
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- *Correspondence: Vahideh Tarhriz, ; Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, ; Jovana Rajkovic, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Daniela Calina, ; Wojciech Koch, ; William C. Cho,
| | - Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Sina Educational, Research and Treatment Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- *Correspondence: Vahideh Tarhriz, ; Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, ; Jovana Rajkovic, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Daniela Calina, ; Wojciech Koch, ; William C. Cho,
| | - Paweł Helon
- Branch in Sandomierz, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Sandomierz, Poland
| | - Jovana Rajkovic
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Vahideh Tarhriz, ; Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, ; Jovana Rajkovic, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Daniela Calina, ; Wojciech Koch, ; William C. Cho,
| | - Sevgi Durna Daştan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
- Beekeeping Development Application and Research Center, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
- *Correspondence: Vahideh Tarhriz, ; Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, ; Jovana Rajkovic, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Daniela Calina, ; Wojciech Koch, ; William C. Cho,
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
- *Correspondence: Vahideh Tarhriz, ; Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, ; Jovana Rajkovic, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Daniela Calina, ; Wojciech Koch, ; William C. Cho,
| | - Wojciech Koch
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- *Correspondence: Vahideh Tarhriz, ; Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, ; Jovana Rajkovic, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Daniela Calina, ; Wojciech Koch, ; William C. Cho,
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Vahideh Tarhriz, ; Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, ; Jovana Rajkovic, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Daniela Calina, ; Wojciech Koch, ; William C. Cho,
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14
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Gence L, Fernezelian D, Bringart M, Veeren B, Christophe A, Brion F, Meilhac O, Bascands JL, Diotel N. Hypericum lanceolatum Lam. Medicinal Plant: Potential Toxicity and Therapeutic Effects Based on a Zebrafish Model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:832928. [PMID: 35359845 PMCID: PMC8963451 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.832928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypericum lanceolatum Lam. (H. lanceolatum) is a traditional medicinal plant from Reunion Island used for its pleiotropic effects mainly related to its antioxidant activity. The present work aimed to 1) determine the potential toxicity of the plant aqueous extract in vivo and 2) investigate its putative biological properties using several zebrafish models of oxidative stress, regeneration, estrogenicity, neurogenesis and metabolic disorders. First, we characterized the polyphenolic composition by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and identified chlorogenic acid isomers, quercetin and kaempferol derivatives as the major compounds. We then evaluated for the first time the toxicity of an aqueous extract of H. lanceolatum and determined a maximum non-toxic concentration (MNTC) in zebrafish eleutheroembryos from 0 to 96 hpf following OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) guidelines. This MNTC test was also determined on hatched eleutheroembryos after 2 days of treatment (from 3 to 5 dpf). In our study, the anti-estrogenic effects of H. lanceolatum are supported by the data from the EASZY assay. In a tail amputation model, we showed that H. lanceolatum at its MNTC displays antioxidant properties, favors immune cell recruitment and tissue regeneration. Our results also highlighted its beneficial effects in metabolic disorders. Indeed, H. lanceolatum efficiently reduces lipid accumulation and body mass index in overfed larva- and adult-models, respectively. In addition, we show that H. lanceolatum did not improve fasting blood glucose levels in a hyperglycemic zebrafish model but surprisingly inhibited neurogenesis impairment observed in diabetic conditions. In conclusion, our study highlights the antioxidant, pro-regenerative, anti-lipid accumulation and pro-neurogenic effects of H. lanceolatum in vivo and supports the use of this traditional medicinal plant as a potential alternative in the prevention and/or treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gence
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, Diabéte athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Danielle Fernezelian
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, Diabéte athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Matthieu Bringart
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, Diabéte athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Bryan Veeren
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, Diabéte athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Armelle Christophe
- Unité D’Écotoxicologie des Substances et des Milieux (ESMI), Institut National de L’Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - François Brion
- Unité D’Écotoxicologie des Substances et des Milieux (ESMI), Institut National de L’Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, Diabéte athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
- CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Jean-Loup Bascands
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, Diabéte athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
- *Correspondence: Jean-Loup Bascands, ; Nicolas Diotel,
| | - Nicolas Diotel
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, Diabéte athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
- *Correspondence: Jean-Loup Bascands, ; Nicolas Diotel,
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15
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Murlanova K, Cohen N, Pinkus A, Vinnikova L, Pletnikov M, Kirby M, Gorelick J, Drori E, Pinhasov A. Antidepressant-like effects of a chlorogenic acid- and cynarine-enriched fraction from Dittrichia viscosa root extract. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3647. [PMID: 35256610 PMCID: PMC8901669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dittrichia viscosa is a perennial Mediterranean plant used in traditional medicine for “calming purposes”, pointing at a possible antidepressant activity of the plant. We conducted chromatographic and bioassay-guided fractionation of D. viscosa root extract to isolate a specific fraction (fraction “K”) with antidepressant-like characteristics in vivo and strong antioxidant properties in vitro. A single dose of “K” reduced immobility time in the forced swim test with a mouse model possessing a depressive-like phenotype. Neurochemical profiling for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and its primary metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of “K”-treated mice showed reduction in 5-HIAA, indicative of either serotonin uptake transporter or monoamine oxidase-A inhibition, as well as slight increases in 5-HT content. These neurochemical alterations, as well as the behavioral changes observed, were comparable to the effects of paroxetine. “K” also protected PC12 cells in a H2O2 cytotoxicity assay, thus demonstrating antioxidant properties, yet paroxetine augmented oxidative damage and cell death. Identification of the main compounds in “K” by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) indicated that chlorogenic acid and cynarine comprised 87% of the total components. D. viscosa root extract appears to produce antidepressant and cytoprotective effects and may serve as an attractive alternative to standard therapies for depression.
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16
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Phenolic Acids and Prevention of Cognitive Decline: Polyphenols with a Neuroprotective Role in Cognitive Disorders and Alzheimer's Disease. Nutrients 2022. [PMID: 35215469 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040819.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment, also known as cognitive decline, can occur gradually or suddenly and can be temporary or more permanent. It represents an increasingly important public health problem and can depend on normal aging or be linked to different neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is now well-established that lifestyle factors including dietary patterns play an important role in healthy aging as well as in the prevention of cognitive decline in later life. Among the natural compounds, dietary polyphenols including phenolic acids have been recently the focus of major attention, with their supplementation being associated with better cognitive status and prevention of cognitive decline. Despite their therapeutic potential, human studies investigating the relation between phenolic acids intake and cognitive outcomes are rather scarce. In this review, we provide preclinical evidence that different dietary polyphenols such as rosmarinic acid, ellagic acid, and cinnamic aldehyde can exert neuroprotective and pro-cognitive activities through different molecular mechanisms including the modulation of pro-oxidant and antioxidant machinery as well as inflammatory status. Future and more numerous in vivo studies are needed to strengthen the promising results obtained at the preclinical level. Despite the excellent pharmacokinetic properties of phenolic acids, which are able to be accumulated in the brain at pharmacologically relevant levels, future studies should also identify which among the different metabolites produced as a consequence of phenolic acids' consumption may be responsible for the potential neuroprotective effects of this subgroup of polyphenols.
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17
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Caruso G, Godos J, Privitera A, Lanza G, Castellano S, Chillemi A, Bruni O, Ferri R, Caraci F, Grosso G. Phenolic Acids and Prevention of Cognitive Decline: Polyphenols with a Neuroprotective Role in Cognitive Disorders and Alzheimer's Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040819. [PMID: 35215469 PMCID: PMC8875888 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment, also known as cognitive decline, can occur gradually or suddenly and can be temporary or more permanent. It represents an increasingly important public health problem and can depend on normal aging or be linked to different neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is now well-established that lifestyle factors including dietary patterns play an important role in healthy aging as well as in the prevention of cognitive decline in later life. Among the natural compounds, dietary polyphenols including phenolic acids have been recently the focus of major attention, with their supplementation being associated with better cognitive status and prevention of cognitive decline. Despite their therapeutic potential, human studies investigating the relation between phenolic acids intake and cognitive outcomes are rather scarce. In this review, we provide preclinical evidence that different dietary polyphenols such as rosmarinic acid, ellagic acid, and cinnamic aldehyde can exert neuroprotective and pro-cognitive activities through different molecular mechanisms including the modulation of pro-oxidant and antioxidant machinery as well as inflammatory status. Future and more numerous in vivo studies are needed to strengthen the promising results obtained at the preclinical level. Despite the excellent pharmacokinetic properties of phenolic acids, which are able to be accumulated in the brain at pharmacologically relevant levels, future studies should also identify which among the different metabolites produced as a consequence of phenolic acids' consumption may be responsible for the potential neuroprotective effects of this subgroup of polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (A.P.)
- Research Operative Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Justyna Godos
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (J.G.); (A.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Anna Privitera
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Lanza
- Clinical Neurophysiology Research Unit, Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy;
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Alessio Chillemi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (J.G.); (A.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Oliviero Bruni
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- Sleep Research Centre, Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy;
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (A.P.)
- Research Operative Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppe Grosso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (J.G.); (A.C.); (G.G.)
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18
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Jiang H, Li J, Zhang N, He HY, An JM, Dou YN. Optimization of the Extraction Technology and Assessment of Antioxidant Activity of Chlorogenic Acid-Rich Extracts From Eucommia ulmoides Leaves. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211046105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid has been proved to have cardiovascular protection, antibacterial, antiviral, hemostatic, and hypolipidemia effects. Modern scientific research on the bioactivity of chlorogenic acid has been extended to the fields of food, medicine, health care and daily-use chemical industry. The aim of this research was to optimize the extraction conditions for chlorogenic acid from Eucommia ulmoides (Eucommiaceae) leaves. The significant variables were screened and optimized by a combination of Plackett-Burman test and Box-Behnken design. Optimum extraction parameters with ethanol concentration of 50%, solvent pH value of 3, and particle size of 60 mesh were determined according to variance analysis and contour plots. Under these conditions, the yield of chlorogenic acid was up to 4.36 mg/g, which was basically consistent with the theoretical prediction value of 4.50 mg/g. This study also proved the potential antioxidant activity of E. ulmoides leaves. The optimal extract of E. ulmoides leaves rich in chlorogenic acid showed the highest antioxidant activity in the FRAP method, which was 219.8 μM Trolox equivalents (TE) per g extract weight (EW) (μM TE/g EW). The DPPH method gave a similar value (168 μM TE/g EW) to the ABTS method (152 μM TE/g EW). The established extraction process was efficient in the recovery of chlorogenic acid from E. ulmoides leaves, encouraging its valorization as a cheap and sustainable alternative for the isolation of chlorogenic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jiang
- Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jun Li
- Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Hai-Yang He
- Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jia-Min An
- Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ya-Ning Dou
- Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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19
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Brimson JM, Prasanth MI, Malar DS, Thitilertdecha P, Kabra A, Tencomnao T, Prasansuklab A. Plant Polyphenols for Aging Health: Implication from Their Autophagy Modulating Properties in Age-Associated Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14100982. [PMID: 34681206 PMCID: PMC8538309 DOI: 10.3390/ph14100982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are a family of naturally occurring organic compounds, majorly present in fruits, vegetables, and cereals, characterised by multiple phenol units, including flavonoids, tannic acid, and ellagitannin. Some well-known polyphenols include resveratrol, quercetin, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, catechin, hesperetin, cyanidin, procyanidin, caffeic acid, and genistein. They can modulate different pathways inside the host, thereby inducing various health benefits. Autophagy is a conserved process that maintains cellular homeostasis by clearing the damaged cellular components and balancing cellular survival and overall health. Polyphenols could maintain autophagic equilibrium, thereby providing various health benefits in mediating neuroprotection and exhibiting anticancer and antidiabetic properties. They could limit brain damage by dismantling misfolded proteins and dysfunctional mitochondria, thereby activating autophagy and eliciting neuroprotection. An anticarcinogenic mechanism is stimulated by modulating canonical and non-canonical signalling pathways. Polyphenols could also decrease insulin resistance and inhibit loss of pancreatic islet β-cell mass and function from inducing antidiabetic activity. Polyphenols are usually included in the diet and may not cause significant side effects that could be effectively used to prevent and treat major diseases and ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Michael Brimson
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (J.M.B.); (M.I.P.); (D.S.M.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Mani Iyer Prasanth
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (J.M.B.); (M.I.P.); (D.S.M.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Dicson Sheeja Malar
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (J.M.B.); (M.I.P.); (D.S.M.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Premrutai Thitilertdecha
- Siriraj Research Group in Immunobiology and Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Atul Kabra
- Department of Pharmacology, University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Sahibzad Ajit Singh Nagar 140413, Punjab, India;
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (J.M.B.); (M.I.P.); (D.S.M.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: (T.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Anchalee Prasansuklab
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (J.M.B.); (M.I.P.); (D.S.M.)
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: (T.T.); (A.P.)
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20
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Cui Y, Lu H, Tian Z, Deng D, Ma X. Current trends of Chinese herbal medicines on meat quality of pigs. A review. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/138775/2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Huang L, Lyu Q, Zheng W, Yang Q, Cao G. Traditional application and modern pharmacological research of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Chin Med 2021; 16:73. [PMID: 34362420 PMCID: PMC8349065 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As a Traditional Chinese Medicine, Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. has been used for the treatment of various diseases since ancient times, involving lumbar pain, knee pain, osteoporosis, hepatoprotection, paralysis, intestinal haemorrhoids, vaginal bleeding, abortion, spermatorrhoea, foot fungus, anti-aging etc. With the developing discovery of E. ulmoides extracts and its active components in various pharmacological activities, E. ulmoides has gained more and more attention. Up to now, E. ulmoides has been revealed to show remarkable therapeutic effects on hypertension, hyperglycemia, diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, sexual dysfunction. E. ulmoides has also been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, anti-cancer and immunoregulation activities etc. Along these lines, this review summarizes the traditional application and modern pharmacological research of E. ulmoides, providing novel insights of E. ulmoides in the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichuang Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Qiang Lyu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Wanying Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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22
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Wang X, Lu G, Liu X, Li J, Zhao F, Li K. Assessment of Phytochemicals and Herbal Formula for the Treatment of Depression through Metabolomics. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:840-854. [PMID: 33001005 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201001125124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a widespread and persistent psychiatric disease. Due to various side effects and no curative treatments of conventional antidepressant drugs, botanical medicines have attracted considerable attention as a complementary and alternative approach. The pathogenesis of depression is quite complicated and unclear. Metabolomics is a promising new technique for the discovery of novel biomarkers for exploring the potential mechanisms of diverse diseases and assessing the therapeutic effects of drugs. In this article, we systematically reviewed the study of botanical medicine for the treatment of depression using metabolomics over a period from 2010 to 2019. Additionally, we summarized the potential biomarkers and metabolic pathways associated with herbal medicine treatment for depression. Through a comprehensive evaluation of herbal medicine as novel antidepressants and understanding of their pharmacomechanisms, a new perspective on expanding the application of botanical medicines for the treatment of depression is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Guanyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Kefeng Li
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92103, United States
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Chlorogenic acid inhibits proliferation in human hepatoma cells by suppressing noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway and triggering mitochondrial apoptosis. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2351-2364. [PMID: 33738723 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid (CGA), a phenylpropanoid derived from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, has been shown to exhibit potent cytotoxic and anti-proliferative activities against several human cancers. However, the effects of CGA on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the underlying mechanisms have not been intensively studied. In this study, the CGA treatment effects on the viability of human hepatoma cells were investigated by MTT assay. Our data showed that CGA could dose-dependently inhibit the activity of human hepatoma cells Hep-G2 and Huh-7, but did not affect the activity and growth of normal human hepatocyte QSG-7701. The genes and pathways influenced by CGA treatment were explored by RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, which identified 323 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in multiple pharmacological signaling pathways such as MAPK, NF-κB, apoptosis and TGF-β signaling pathways. Further analyses by real-time quantitative PCR, Western blot and flow cytometry revealed that CGA effectually suppressed the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway, meanwhile it activated the mitochondrial apoptosis of HCC by upregulation of the BH3-only protein Bcl-2 binding component 3 (BBC3). Our findings demonstrated the potential of CGA in suppressing human hepatoma cells and provided a new insight into the anti-cancer mechanism of CGA.
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24
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Wang SN, Yao ZW, Zhao CB, Ding YS, Bian LH, Li QY, Wang XM, Shi JL, Guo JY, Wang CG. Discovery and proteomics analysis of effective compounds in Valeriana jatamansi jones for the treatment of anxiety. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 265:113452. [PMID: 33069789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Zhizhu Xiang (ZZX for short) is the root and rhizome of Valeriana jatamansi Jones, which is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) used to treat various mood disorders for more than 2000 years, especially anxiety. However, there have been few investigations to clarify the compounds in ZZX for the treatment of anxiety. AIM OF THE STUDY Our previous study has identified five anti-anxiety components, including hesperidin, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid B and isochlorogenic acid C and chlorogenic acid, from extract of ZZX. In order to find the optimal combination and the underlying mechanism of these five components in the treatment of anxiety disorder, researches were designed based on uniform design method and proteomic technology. MATERIALS AND METHODS The samples with different proportion and content of the five active components were arranged by uniform design method. Then a mathematical model was formulated using partial least square method and stepwise regression analysis. Moreover, the empty bottle stress-induced anxiety rat model was established, and the anti-anxiety effect was recorded by the unconditioned reflex elevated maze test and the open field test. In addition, the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technique, along with the multidimensional liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry were applied in proteomic study. At last, the result of proteomic analysis was further confirmed by Western blot. RESULTS The optimal combination of the components from the extract of ZZX was 1.153 mg/kg hesperidin, 2.197 mg/kg Isochlorogenic acid A, 0.699 mg/kg Isochlorogenic acid B and 1.249 mg/kg Chlorogenic acid. Total 6818 proteins were identified using proteomic analysis and 80 differentially expressed proteins were used for further bioinformatic analysis. These proteins were involved in the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, protein digestion and absorption, cholesterol metabolism, Chagas disease, and AGE/RAGE signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS The composition and proportion of anti-anxiety components in extract of ZZX was disclosed, and there was an anti-anxiety effect for the combined components of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Through proteomic analysis and Western blot, it was found that the effective components of extract of ZZX can exert synergistic anti-anxiety effects via the regulation of multi-signaling pathways. These findings could provide a preliminary research basis for the development of new low-toxic, efficient, stable and controllable anti-anxiety drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Nan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China; School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, 3 Xingyuan Road, Luquan District, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei, 050200, China.
| | - Zi-Wei Yao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Cheng-Bowen Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yong-Sheng Ding
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Li-Hua Bian
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Qiu-Yu Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xiao-Mei Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jin-Li Shi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jian-You Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4A DatunRoad, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Chun-Guo Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Lu X, Ce Q, Jin L, Zheng J, Sun M, Tang X, Li D, Sun J. Deoiled sunflower seeds ameliorate depression by promoting the production of monoamine neurotransmitters and inhibiting oxidative stress. Food Funct 2020; 12:573-586. [PMID: 33367360 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01978j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the antidepressant activity of deoiled sunflower seeds (SFS), which are rich in tryptophan, in our mouse model and explored a possible mechanism of action. Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and were administered a diet containing SFS as the main protein source. SFS alleviated CUMS-induced depression-like behaviors, compared to the effects of a whey protein-based diet. This effect was related to increases in the levels of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in SFS-fed mice. These changes accompanied the amelioration of inflammatory abnormalities and oxidative stress. SFS increased the aromatic amino acid levels, and the ratio of tryptophan to neutral amino acids. Furthermore, the antidepressant-like effects of SFS were involved in lipid, nucleotide, and amino acid metabolism. In summary, SFS was found to attenuate depression-like symptoms in mice. These antidepressant effects may be related to the increase in the levels of aromatic amino acids and neurotransmitters, amelioration of oxidative stress and inflammation, and the regulation of the levels of abnormal metabolites to the normal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Lu
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China.
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26
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Iwata K, Wu Q, Ferdousi F, Sasaki K, Tominaga K, Uchida H, Arai Y, Szele FG, Isoda H. Sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L.) Top Extract Ameliorates Cognitive Decline in Senescence Model SAMP8 Mice: Modulation of Neural Development and Energy Metabolism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:573487. [PMID: 33123536 PMCID: PMC7573230 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.573487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related biological alterations in brain function increase the risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia, a global problem exacerbated by aging populations in developed nations. Limited pharmacological therapies have resulted in attention turning to the promising role of medicinal plants and dietary supplements in the treatment and prevention of dementia. Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) top, largely considered as a by-product because of its low sugar content, in fact contains the most abundant amounts of antioxidant polyphenols relative to the rest of the plant. Given the numerous epidemiological studies on the effects of polyphenols on cognitive function, in this study, we analyzed polyphenolic constituents of sugarcane top and examined the effect of sugarcane top ethanolic extract (STEE) on a range of central nervous system functions in vitro and in vivo. Orally administrated STEE rescued spatial learning and memory deficit in the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice, a non-transgenic strain that spontaneously develops a multisystemic aging phenotype including pathological features of Alzheimer's disease. This could be correlated with an increased number of hippocampal newborn neurons and restoration of cortical monoamine levels in STEE-fed SAMP8 mice. Global genomic analysis by microarray in cerebral cortices showed multiple potential mechanisms for the cognitive improvement. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed biological processes such as neurogenesis, neuron differentiation, and neuron development were significantly enriched in STEE-fed mice brain compared to non-treated SAMP8 mice. Furthermore, STEE treatment significantly regulated genes involved in neurotrophin signaling, glucose metabolism, and neural development in mice brain. Our in vitro results suggest that STEE treatment enhances the metabolic activity of neuronal cells promoting glucose metabolism with significant upregulation of genes, namely PGK1, PGAM1, PKM, and PC. STEE also stimulated proliferation of human neural stem cells (hNSCs), regulated bHLH factor expression and induced neuronal differentiation and astrocytic process lengthening. Altogether, our findings suggest the potential of STEE as a dietary intervention, with promising implications as a novel nutraceutical for cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Iwata
- School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Nippo Co., Ltd., Daito, Japan
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Farhana Ferdousi
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,AIST-University of Tsukuba Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering (FoodMed-OIL), AIST, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sasaki
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,AIST-University of Tsukuba Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering (FoodMed-OIL), AIST, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tominaga
- AIST-University of Tsukuba Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering (FoodMed-OIL), AIST, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | | | - Francis G Szele
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,AIST-University of Tsukuba Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering (FoodMed-OIL), AIST, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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27
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Fan S, Yin Q, Li D, Ma J, Li L, Chai S, Guo H, Yang Z. Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. In a Parkinson's mouse model through the regulation of p38/JNK-Fosl2 gene expression. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 260:113016. [PMID: 32464317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., a Chinese medicinal herb called "Duzhong" from the bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., has been shown to possess significant protective effects in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we explored the anti-neuroinflammatory mechanisms of Duzhong on the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mouse model to elucidate the traditional medical theories with modern pharmacological methods and to provide a reference for further clarifying its mechanisms of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS The representative components in Duzhong extract were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Male C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with MPTP to establish an in vivo PD model. The pole, rotarod, and grip strength tests were performed to evaluate the motor coordination ability of the PD mice. HPLC-ECD was used to detect the striatal levels of dopamine (DA), 3,4- dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA). The expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was studied by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot assays. ELISA and Q-PCR were used examined the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the serum and midbrain, respectively. Whole-transcriptome analysis of the midbrain was performed to explore the therapeutic effect of Duzhong on PD mice, and Q-PCR was then used to validate the differential gene expression changes in the PD mice treated with Duzhong. RESULTS Ten compounds were identified from Duzhong extract. Duzhong significantly alleviated the behavioral impairments and dopaminergic neuron degeneration of PD mice, and inhibited the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Whole-transcriptome analysis revealed nine oppositely regulated genes, and the Fosl2 gene was consistent with the trend of observed by RNA-seq. Furthermore, Duzhong downregulated mRNA expression of p38 and JNK, which are key upstream genes of Fosl2. CONCLUSIONS Duzhong has promising therapeutic potential in PD mice, and its molecular mechanism is mediated by downregulating p38/JNK-Fosl2 gene expression to alleviate neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Fan
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, #10 Boyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Qingsheng Yin
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, #10 Boyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Dongna Li
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, #10 Boyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, #10 Boyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Lili Li
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, #10 Boyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Shiwei Chai
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Hong Guo
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, #10 Boyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Zhen Yang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, #10 Boyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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28
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Zhou N, Gu X, Zhuang T, Xu Y, Yang L, Zhou M. Gut Microbiota: A Pivotal Hub for Polyphenols as Antidepressants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6007-6020. [PMID: 32394713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols, present in a broad range of plants, have been thought to be responsible for many beneficial health effects, such as an antidepressant. Despite that polyphenols can be absorbed in the small intestine directly, most of them have low bioavailability and reach the large intestine without any modifications due to their complex structures. The interaction between microbial communities and polyphenols in the intestine is important for the latter to exert antidepressant effects. Gut microbiota can improve the bioavailability of polyphenols; in turn, polyphenols can maintain the intestinal barrier as well as the community of the gut microbiota in normal status. Furthermore, gut microbita catabolize polyphenols to more active, better-absorbed metabolites, further ameliorating depression through the microbial-gut-brain (MGB) axis. Based on this evidence, the review illustrates the potential role of gut microbiota in the processes of polyphenols or their metabolites acting as antidepressants and further envisions the gut microbiota as therapeutic targets for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Zhou
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinyi Gu
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tongxi Zhuang
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingmei Zhou
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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29
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Wang S, Wang X, Liu M, Zhang L, Ge Z, Zhao G, Zong W. Preparation and characterization of Eucommia ulmoides seed oil O/W nanoemulsion by dynamic high-pressure microfluidization. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Humer E, Probst T, Pieh C. Metabolomics in Psychiatric Disorders: What We Learn from Animal Models. Metabolites 2020; 10:E72. [PMID: 32079262 PMCID: PMC7074444 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are a recent research target within biological factors of psychiatric disorders. There is growing evidence for deriving biomarkers within psychiatric disorders in serum or urine samples in humans, however, few studies have investigated this differentiation in brain or cerebral fluid samples in psychiatric disorders. As brain samples from humans are only available at autopsy, animal models are commonly applied to determine the pathogenesis of psychiatric diseases and to test treatment strategies. The aim of this review is to summarize studies on biomarkers in animal models for psychiatric disorders. For depression, anxiety and addiction disorders studies, biomarkers in animal brains are available. Furthermore, several studies have investigated psychiatric medication, e.g., antipsychotics, antidepressants, or mood stabilizers, in animals. The most notable changes in biomarkers in depressed animal models were related to the glutamate-γ-aminobutyric acid-glutamine-cycle. In anxiety models, alterations in amino acid and energy metabolism (i.e., mitochondrial regulation) were observed. Addicted animals showed several biomarkers according to the induced drugs. In summary, animal models provide some direct insights into the cellular metabolites that are produced during psychiatric processes. In addition, the influence on biomarkers due to short- or long-term medication is a noticeable finding. Further studies should combine representative animal models and human studies on cerebral fluid to improve insight into mental disorders and advance the development of novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Humer
- Department for Psychotherapy and Biopsychosocial Health, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (T.P.); (C.P.)
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31
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Jahani R, Khaledyan D, Jahani A, Jamshidi E, Kamalinejad M, Khoramjouy M, Faizi M. Evaluation and comparison of the antidepressant-like activity of Artemisia dracunculus and Stachys lavandulifolia ethanolic extracts: an in vivo study. Res Pharm Sci 2019; 14:544-553. [PMID: 32038734 PMCID: PMC6937744 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.272563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have supported the preventive and therapeutic values of phenolic compounds including chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, luteolin, rutin, catechin, kaempferol, and quercetin in mental disorders. Since these secondary metabolites are reported as the phenolic compounds of Artemisia dracunculus (A. dracunculus) and Stachys lavandulifolia (S. lavandulifolia), the main aim of this study was the evaluation and comparison of the phenolic contents, flavonoids, and antidepressant-like activity of Artemisia dracunculus with Stachys lavandulifolia. Antidepressant-like activity of the extracts was evaluated in the forced swimming test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST). Moreover, the open field test was conducted to evaluate the general locomotor activity of mice following treatment with the extracts. Since phenolic compounds and flavonoids play main roles in pharmacological effects, the phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts were measured. Though significant difference between the phenolic contents of the extracts was not observed, but S. lavandulifolia exhibited higher flavonoid contents. Animal treatment with extracts decreased the immobility times in both FST and TST compared to the vehicle group without any significant effect on the locomotor activity of animals. Also, S. lavandulifolia at 400 mg/kg showed higher potency in both tests compared to A. dracunculus. Our results provided promising evidence on the antidepressant-like activity of both extracts which could be related to flavonoids as the main components of the extracts, but more studies need to be conducted to specify the main compounds and the mechanisms involved in the observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Jahani
- Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Dariush Khaledyan
- Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Ali Jahani
- Faculty of Natural Environment and Biodiversity, College of Environment, Karaj, I.R. Iran
| | - Elham Jamshidi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohammad Kamalinejad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Mona Khoramjouy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Mehrdad Faizi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
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Song J, Zhou N, Ma W, Gu X, Chen B, Zeng Y, Yang L, Zhou M. Modulation of gut microbiota by chlorogenic acid pretreatment on rats with adrenocorticotropic hormone induced depression-like behavior. Food Funct 2019; 10:2947-2957. [PMID: 31073553 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been implicated as a vital element in the development or exacerbation of mental disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD). Based on the current interest in the gut-brain axis, we investigate the effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on gut microbiota in a rat model of MDD. Depression was induced by the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, 100 μg per rat) in male Wistar rats, which were intervened with using saline or CGA (500 mg kg-1). Behavioral changes and serum parameters were assessed and fecal samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Our studies demonstrated that CGA pretreatment ameliorated depression-like behavior (SPT, FST, TST, and OFT) and serum biochemical levels (5-HT, DA, IL-6, and TNF-α) in ACTH-induced depression rats. In addition, CGA ameliorated the decrease in fecal microbiota diversity in ACTH-treated rats. In particular, at the genus level, the changes in the relative abundance of some key bacteria such as Desulfovibrionales, Desulfovibrio, Klebsiella, Burkholderiales, and Bifidobacterium were modulated by CGA pretreatment. These results indicated that CGA could modify the gut microbial community structure, which may contribute to its antidepressant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Song
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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33
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Cao Q, Du H, Huang Y, Hu Y, You J, Liu R, Xiong S, Manyande A. The inhibitory effect of chlorogenic acid on lipid oxidation of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) during chilled storage. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-019-02365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Shi X, Zhou N, Cheng J, Shi X, Huang H, Zhou M, Zhu H. Chlorogenic acid protects PC12 cells against corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity related to inhibition of autophagy and apoptosis. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 20:56. [PMID: 31500666 PMCID: PMC6734305 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-019-0336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are evidences that chlorogenic acid (CGA) has antidepressant effects, however the underlying molecular mechanism has not been well understood. The aim of the study was to explore the neuroprotective effect of CGA on corticosterone (CORT)-induced PC 12 cells and its mechanism, especially the autophagy pathway. METHODS PC12 cells were incubated with CORT (0, 100, 200, 400 or 800 μM) for 24 h, cell viability was measured by MTT assay. PC12 cells were cultured with 400 μM of CORT in the absence or presence of CGA (25 μg/ml) for 24 h, morphologies and specific marker of autophagosome were observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, respectively. In addition, PC12 cells were treated with different doses of CGA (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25 or 50 μg/ml) with or without CORT (400 μM) for 24 h, cell viability and changes in the morphology were observed, and further analysis of apoptotic and autophagic proteins, and expression of AKT/mTOR signaling pathway were carried out by Western blot. Specific inhibitors of autophagy 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine (CQ) were added to the PC12 cells cultures to explore the potential role of autophagy in CORT-induced neuronal cell apoptosis. RESULTS Besides decreasing PC12 cell activity, CORT could also induce autophagy and apoptosis of PC12 cells, while CGA could reverse these effects. In addition, CGA treatment regulated AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in PC12 cells. CGA, similar to 3-MA and QC, significantly inhibited CORT-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a new molecular mechanism for the treatment of CORT-induced neurotoxicity by CGA, and suggest CGA may be a potential substance which is can alleviate depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Shi
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nian Zhou
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jieyi Cheng
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xunlong Shi
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Mingmei Zhou
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Wu X, Tang B, Liao X, Su Z, Lee SMY, Cai Y, Li C. Suppressive effects of the supercritical-carbon dioxide fluid extract of Chrysanthemum indicum on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive-like behavior in mice. Food Funct 2019; 10:1212-1224. [PMID: 30741293 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02474j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore whether the supercritical-carbon dioxide fluid extract from flowers and buds of Chrysanthemum indicum (SEC) exhibits antidepressant-like effects in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced mice model. Firstly, SEC was found to reverse a CUMS-induced decrease in the body weight gain in mice. Next, SEC was found to alleviate CUMS-induced depressive-like behavior, evidenced by the reversal of the decrease in the sucrose consumption in the sucrose preference test (SPT), the increase in the locomotor activity in the open field test (OPF), and the alleviation of immobility duration in both the forced swimming test (FST), and tail-suspension test (TST). SEC also attenuated CUMS-induced hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by decreasing the levels of serum corticosterone and (CORT) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and hypothalamus corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH). In addition, SEC was found to suppress the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in the hippocampal of CUMS mice. Interestingly, further investigations demonstrated that SEC inhibited CUMS-induced activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes pathways but upregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and promoted phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) in hippocampal. In summary, SEC was able to alleviate depressive-like behavior in a CUMS-induced mice model, accompanied by inhibitory roles in the hyperactivity of the HPA axis and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Modulating the NF-κB/NLRP3 and BDNF/CREB/ERK pathways contributed to SEC-mediated antidepressant-like effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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Chemical constituents, biological functions and pharmacological effects for comprehensive utilization of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mo Z, Li D, Zhang R, Chang M, Yang B, Tang S. Comparisons of the Effectiveness and Safety of Tuina, Acupuncture, Traction, and Chinese Herbs for Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:6821310. [PMID: 31015852 PMCID: PMC6446119 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6821310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuina, acupuncture, traction, and Chinese herbs play an important role in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. However, the comparative effectiveness and safety of the four commonly utilized treatment modalities are still unclear. OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness and safety of the four interventions for lumbar disc herniation. METHODS Randomized controlled trials comparing any two of the four interventions in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation were identified using the following databases: PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, and Wanfang data, and network meta-analysis was performed using STATA 14.0. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-one studies involving a total of 13075 patients were included. In all the outcome measurements, traction demonstrated a worst effectiveness, and Tuina and acupuncture demonstrated a best effectiveness, but no significant differences were found between Tuina and acupuncture. Compared with Tuina or acupuncture, Chinese herbs showed a similar effectiveness in Visual Analogue Score and Japanese Orthopedic Association Scores, but an inferior effectiveness in invalid rate and cure rate. CONCLUSIONS In the treatment of lumbar disc herniation, Tuina and acupuncture were superior to traction or Chinese herbs, and the effectiveness of traction was the worst. However, considering the limitations of this review, more high-quality trials, especially those comparing Chinese herbs with the other three interventions, should be carried out in the future to further confirm the current findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuomao Mo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510632, China
| | - Dong Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510632, China
| | - Renwen Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510632, China
| | - Minmin Chang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510632, China
| | - Binbin Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510632, China
| | - Shujie Tang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510632, China
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Wang B, Wu Q, Lei L, Sun H, Michael N, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Ge B, Wu X, Wang Y, Xin Y, Zhao J, Li S. Long-term social isolation inhibits autophagy activation, induces postsynaptic dysfunctions and impairs spatial memory. Exp Neurol 2018; 311:213-224. [PMID: 30219732 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
. Moreover, we found that L-PWSI increased the protein expression of p-AKT/AKT, p-mTOR/mTOR and p62, whereas the protein levels of LC3B and Beclin1 were decreased indicating an inhibition in autophagy activity. Intraperitoneal injection of rapamycin significantly potentiated fEPSP slope and cognition-related proteins expression in the L-PWSI mice. These results therefore suggest that L-PWSI induces postsynaptic dysfunction by disrupting the interaction between AMPAR, NMDAR and PSD-95, and inhibit the autophagy activity which led to impaired spatial memory and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Qiong Wu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Technology Centre of Target-based Nature Products for Prevention and Treatment of Ageing-related Neurodegeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Hailun Sun
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ntim Michael
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Technology Centre of Target-based Nature Products for Prevention and Treatment of Ageing-related Neurodegeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases of Dalian Medical University, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Biying Ge
- Technology Centre of Target-based Nature Products for Prevention and Treatment of Ageing-related Neurodegeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuefei Wu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yi Xin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Jie Zhao
- Technology Centre of Target-based Nature Products for Prevention and Treatment of Ageing-related Neurodegeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Shao Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
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Chlorogenic Acid Prevents AMPA-Mediated Excitotoxicity in Optic Nerve Oligodendrocytes Through a PKC and Caspase-Dependent Pathways. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:559-573. [PMID: 30006682 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the CNS, including the optic nerve, oligodendrocytes play a critical role in the myelination of axons. Oligodendrocytes are exceptionally sensitive to insults to the CNS, such as injury, ischemia, or inflammation, which result in the loss of oligodendrocytes and myelin and eventually secondary axon degeneration. Oligodendrocytes are sensitive to excitotoxic insults mediated by overactivation of their AMPA ionotropic glutamate receptors. Phenolic compounds, which are widely distributed in fruits and vegetables, received the great attention of scientists due to their antioxidant activities and free radical scavenging abilities. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) has been demonstrated to possess potent neuroprotective activities against oxidative stress in various cellular models and pathological conditions. Hence, CGA protect against oxidative stress and excitotoxic insults mediated by AMPA receptors and that the protective mechanisms involve free radical scavenging, Ca2+ handling in the cytosol, and modulating antioxidant enzyme system. CGA was associated with the protein kinase A (PKC) signaling pathways transduction. Caspases and calpains have been studied as apoptotic mediators and cell death in this model of AMPA toxicity. Inhibitors of caspases initiators, caspases 1, 8, and 9, the upstream of caspase 3 effectors, have totally abrogated the protective activity of CGA. Inhibitors of calpains also totally abrogated the protective activity of CGA. In addition, a potential role for the CGA in inhibiting Bax in oligodendrocyte cell model undergoing AMPA is inducing excitotoxic death. Our results indicate that CGA exhibits a protective potential via antioxidant and apoptosis caspases and calpains dependent against AMPA-mediated excitotoxicity, and these finding indicate that CGA is able to be a good candidate for preventive approach for neurodegenerative disorders associated with loss and damage in oligodendrocytes and AMPA-mediated excitotoxicity.
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Chen HS, Chen X, Li WT, Shen JG. Targeting RNS/caveolin-1/MMP signaling cascades to protect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injuries: potential application for drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:669-682. [PMID: 29595191 PMCID: PMC5943912 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2018.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play important roles in mediating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. RNS activate multiple signaling pathways and participate in different cellular events in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Recent studies have indicated that caveolin-1 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) are important signaling molecules in the pathological process of ischemic brain injury. During cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, the production of nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite (ONOO−), two representative RNS, down-regulates the expression of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and, in turn, further activates nitric oxide synthase (NOS) to promote RNS generation. The increased RNS further induce MMP activation and mediate disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), aggravating the brain damage in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, the feedback interaction among RNS/Cav-1/MMPs provides an amplified mechanism for aggravating ischemic brain damage during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Targeting the RNS/Cav-1/MMP pathway could be a promising therapeutic strategy for protecting against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this mini-review article, we highlight the important role of the RNS/Cav-1/MMP signaling cascades in ischemic stroke injury and review the current progress of studies seeking therapeutic compounds targeting the RNS/Cav-1/MMP signaling cascades to attenuate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Several representative natural compounds, including calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, baicalin, Momordica charantia polysaccharide (MCP), chlorogenic acid, lutein and lycopene, have shown potential for targeting the RNS/Cav-1/MMP signaling pathway to protect the brain in ischemic stroke. Therefore, the RNS/Cav-1/MMP pathway is an important therapeutic target in ischemic stroke treatment.
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41
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Urinary Metabolomic Study of Chlorogenic Acid in a Rat Model of Chronic Sleep Deprivation Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Int J Genomics 2018; 2018:1361402. [PMID: 29607310 PMCID: PMC5828092 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1361402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The urinary metabolomic study based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) had been developed to investigate the possible antidepressant mechanism of chlorogenic acid (CGA) in a rat model of sleep deprivation (SD). According to pattern recognition analysis, there was a clear separation among big platform group (BP), sleep deprivation group (SD), and the CGA (model + CGA), and CGA group was much closer to the BP group by showing a tendency of recovering towards BP group. Thirty-six significantly changed metabolites related to antidepressant by CGA were identified and used to explore the potential mechanism. Combined with the result of the classic behavioral tests and biochemical indices, CGA has significant antidepressant effects in a rat model of SD, suggesting that the mechanism of action of CGA might be involved in regulating the abnormal pathway of nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism; glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism; glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; and arginine and proline metabolism. Our results also show that metabolomics analysis based on GC-MS is a useful tool for exploring biomarkers involved in depression and elucidating the potential therapeutic mechanisms of Chinese medicine.
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Zhao L, Zhang Z, Zhou M, Gou X, Zeng Y, Song J, Ma W, Xu Y. A urinary metabolomics (GC-MS) strategy to evaluate the antidepressant-like effect of chlorogenic acid in adrenocorticotropic hormone-treated rats. RSC Adv 2018; 8:9141-9151. [PMID: 35541857 PMCID: PMC9078588 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00074c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic recurring illness that seriously affects human health. Chlorogenic acid (CGA), an important polyphenol extracted from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver bark, has been reported to have anti-depression, neuroprotection, memory improvement and other pharmacological effects. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of CGA on the treatment of depression. Here, we investigated the antidepressant-like effects of CGA on an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-treated rat model. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal diet group (N), ACTH-treated model group (M), memantine positive control group (M + Mem) and CGA intervened group (M + CGA). Sucrose preference tests (SPTs) and open-field tests (OFTs) were performed to evaluate depressive-like behaviors. Memantine (30 mg kg−1) and CGA (500 mg kg−1) administration dramatically increased hedonic behaviors of the rats in SPT. The scores of crossing and rearing were significantly increased in the M + Mem group and M + CGA group. These results of the behaviour tests might be suggestive of antidepressant-like effects. Moreover, memantine and CGA reversed the levels of serum 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), ACTH, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and dopamine (DA) that were altered in ACTH-treated rats. Based on a GC-MS metabolomic approach, significant differences in the metabolic profile were observed in ACTH-treated rats compared with the control group, as well as the M + CGA group and M + Mem group compared with the ACTH-treated group. A total of 19 metabolites were identified for the discrimination of normal rats and ACTH-treated rats, and 12 out of 19 differential metabolites were reversed with CGA intervention. Combined with pattern recognition and bioinformatics, nine perturbed metabolic pathways, including energy metabolism, neurotransmitter metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, were identified based on these metabolites. These integrative studies might give a holistic insight into the pathophysiological mechanism of the ACTH-treated depressive rat model, and also showed that CGA has antidepressant-like activities in ACTH-treated rats, providing an important drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of tricyclic anti-depressant treatment-resistant depression. Chlorogenic acid showed antidepressant-like activity in chronic ACTH-treated rats, providing a potential drug candidate for prevention and treatment of tricyclic antidepressant treatment-resistant depression. Related metabolic pathways were shown.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhao
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Zixu Zhang
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai 201203
- China
- College of Chinese Pharmacy
| | - Mingmei Zhou
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai 201203
- China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Animal and Plant Resources in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
| | - Xiaojun Gou
- Central Laboratory
- Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Shanghai
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai 201999
- China
| | - Yang Zeng
- College of Life Science
- Qinghai Normal University
- Xining
- China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Animal and Plant Resources in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
| | - Jing Song
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Weini Ma
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Physiology
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai 201203
- China
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Szwajgier D, Borowiec K, Pustelniak K. The Neuroprotective Effects of Phenolic Acids: Molecular Mechanism of Action. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9050477. [PMID: 28489058 PMCID: PMC5452207 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroprotective role of phenolic acids from food has previously been reported by many authors. In this review, the role of phenolic acids in ameliorating depression, ischemia/reperfusion injury, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, glutamate-induced toxicity, epilepsy, imbalance after traumatic brain injury, hyperinsulinemia-induced memory impairment, hearing and vision disturbances, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, anti-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Chagas disease and other less distributed diseases is discussed. This review covers the in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies concerning the prevention and treatment of neurological disorders (on the biochemical and gene expression levels) by phenolic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Szwajgier
- Department of Biotechnology, Human Nutrition and the Science of Food Commodities, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin 20704, Poland.
| | - Kamila Borowiec
- Department of Biotechnology, Human Nutrition and the Science of Food Commodities, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin 20704, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Pustelniak
- Department of Biotechnology, Human Nutrition and the Science of Food Commodities, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin 20704, Poland.
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Luo K, Shi Q, Feng F. Characterization of global metabolic profile of Zhi-Zi-Hou-Po decoction in rat bile, urine and feces after oral administration based on a strategy combining LC–MS and chemometrics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1040:260-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Trabace L, Morgese MG. Special Issue "Potential Neuromodulatory Profile of Phytocompounds in Brain Disorders". Molecules 2016; 22:molecules22010040. [PMID: 28036039 PMCID: PMC6155824 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71121, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Morgese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71121, Italy.
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Sun GG, Shih JH, Chiou SH, Hong CJ, Lu SW, Pao LH. Chinese herbal medicines promote hippocampal neuroproliferation, reduce stress hormone levels, inhibit apoptosis, and improve behavior in chronically stressed mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 193:159-168. [PMID: 27416803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE An efficacious antidepressant without unwanted side effects is need urgently at present. This study aimed to investigate whether treatment with four Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs), namely Radix Astragali, Saposhnikovia divaricate (SD), Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. bark (EU), and Corydalis yanhusuo W. T. Wang (C. yanhusuo), could reverse the effects of chronic mild stress (CMS) in a depression-like mouse model and the potential mechanism(s) of their action. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro study, the proliferation of NSCs was assessed using the MTS assay. In vivo study, chronic mild stress (CMS) was used in mice for 14 days to establish a depression-like mouse model. Plasma corticosterone levels were assessed by UPLC coupled to a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. The forced swim test (FST) was used to assess the effects of the four CHMs on depression. BrdU incorporation and TUNEL staining were used to assay hippocampal precursor cell proliferation rate and apoptosis. RESULTS The CHMs included Radix Astragali, EU, C. yanhusuo, and SD were shown to promote neuroproliferation in vitro. In vivo study, oral administration of these four CHMs for 14 days reversed the elevated plasma corticosterone levels, body weight loss, decrease in proliferation of hippocampal precursor cells; they also inhibited hippocampal cell apoptosis, and exhibited an antidepressant-like effect in a depression-like mouse model induced by CMS. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that each of these CHMs has the potential to ameliorate depression. The possible mechanisms of action include modulation of the HPA axis, reduction in stress hormone levels, inhibition of apoptosis, and promotion of hippocampal neuronal plasticity and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Ge Sun
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jui-Hu Shih
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University & Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chen-Jee Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital & School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shao-Wei Lu
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-Heng Pao
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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