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Chen Q, Hao H, Guo Z, Zuo Y, Cheng CK, Zhang CL, Wang L, Lu A, Huang Y, He L. Pien Tze Huang (PZH) protects endothelial function in diabetic mice. Life Sci 2024; 349:122723. [PMID: 38754816 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is the most common pathological feature of cardiovascular diseases, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension and atherosclerosis. It affects both macro- and micro-vasculatures, causing functional impairment of multiple organs. Pien Tze Huang (PZH) is a well-studied traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with multiple pharmacological properties that produces therapeutic benefits against colorectal cancer, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and neurodegenerative diseases. However, it is unknown how PZH affects vascular function under pathological conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of PZH on endothelial function and the underlying mechanisms in db/db diabetic mice. The results showed that chronic treatment of PZH (250 mg/kg/day, 5 weeks) improved endothelial function by restoring endothelium-dependent relaxation through the activation of the Akt-eNOS pathway and inhibition of endothelial oxidative stress, which increased nitric oxide bioavailability. Furthermore, PZH treatment increased insulin sensitivity and suppressed inflammation in diabetic mice. These new findings suggest that PZH may have vaso-protective properties and the potential to protect against diabetic vasculopathy by preserving endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huiqin Hao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zinan Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zuo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chak Kwong Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shenzhen University Medical School, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Lei He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Cao LJ, Liu LY, Chen YQ, Han YY, Wei LH, Yao MY, Fang Y, Wu MZ, Cheng Y, Sferra TJ, Liu HX, Li L, Peng J, Shen AL. Pien Tze Huang Inhibits Proliferation of Colorectal Cancer Cells through Suppressing PNO1 Expression and Activating p53/p21 Signaling Pathway. Chin J Integr Med 2024; 30:515-524. [PMID: 38216838 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-024-3709-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the regulatory effect of Pien Tze Huang (PZH) on targeting partner of NOB1 (PNO1) and it's down-stream mediators in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. METHODS Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine mRNA levels of PNO1, TP53, and CDKN1A. Western blotting was performed to determine protein levels of PNO1, p53, and p21. HCT-8 cells were transduced with a lentivirus over-expressing PNO1. Colony formation assay was used to detect cell survival in PNO1 overexpression of HCT-8 cells after PZH treatment. Cell-cycle distribution, cell viability and cell apoptosis were performed to identify the effect of PNO1 overexpression on cell proliferation and apoptosis of HCT-8 cells after PZH treatment. Xenograft BALB/c nude mice bearing HCT116 cells transduced with sh-PNO1 or sh-Ctrl lentivirus were evaluated. Western blot assay was performed to detect PNO1, p53, p21 and PCNA expression in tumor sections. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labling (TUNEL) assay was used to determine the apoptotic cells in tissues. RESULTS PZH treatment decreased cell viability, down-regulated PNO1 expression, and up-regulated p53 and p21 expressions in HCT-8 cells (P<0.05). PNO1 overexpression attenuated the effects of PZH treatment, including the expression of p53 and p21, cell growth, cell viability, cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis in vitro (P<0.05). PNO1 knockdown eliminated the effects of PZH treatment on tumor growth, inhibiting cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction in vivo (P<0.05). Similarly, PNO1 knockdown attenuated the effects of PZH treatment on the down-regulation of PNO1 and up-regulation of p53 and p21 in vivo (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The mechanism by which PZH induces its CRC anti-proliferative effect is at least in part by regulating the expression of PNO1 and its downstream targets p53 and p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Jing Cao
- Clinical Research Institute, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine in Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Li-Ya Liu
- Clinical Research Institute, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine in Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - You-Qin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, UH Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yu-Ying Han
- Clinical Research Institute, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine in Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Li-Hui Wei
- Clinical Research Institute, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine in Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Meng-Ying Yao
- Clinical Research Institute, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine in Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Clinical Research Institute, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine in Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Mei-Zhu Wu
- Clinical Research Institute, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine in Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Clinical Research Institute, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine in Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Thomas J Sferra
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, UH Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Hui-Xin Liu
- Clinical Research Institute, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine in Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Health Management, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 000000, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Clinical Research Institute, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine in Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - A-Ling Shen
- Clinical Research Institute, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine in Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
- Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
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Luo ZY, Tian Q, Cheng NM, Liu WH, Yang Y, Chen W, Zhang XZ, Zheng XY, Chen MS, Zhuang QY, Zhao BX, Liu CS, Liu XL, Li Q, Wang YC. Pien Tze Huang Inhibits Migration and Invasion of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Repressing PDGFRB/YAP/CCN2 Axis Activity. Chin J Integr Med 2024; 30:115-124. [PMID: 35947230 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3533-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of Pien Tze Huang (PZH) on the migration and invasion of HCC cells and underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was applied to evaluate the cell viabilities of SMMC-7721, SK-Hep-1, C3A and HL-7702 (6 × 103 cells/well) co-incubated with different concentrations of PZH (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mg/mL) for 24 h. Transwell, wound healing assay, CCK-8 and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining were conducted to investigate the effects of PZH on the migration, invasion, proliferation and apoptosis of SK-Hep-1 and SMMC-7721 cells (650 µ g/mL for SK-Hep-1 cells and 330 µ g/mL for SMMC-7721 cells), respectively. In vivo, lung metastasis mouse model constructed by tail vein injection of HCC cells was used for evaluating the anti-metastasis function of PZH. SK-Hep-1 cells (106 cells/200 µ L per mice) were injected into B-NDG mice via tail vein. Totally 8 mice were randomly divided into PZH and control groups, 4 mice in each group. After 2-d inoculation, mice in the PZH group were administered with PZH (250 mg/kg, daily) and mice in the control group received only vehicle (PBS) from the 2nd day after xenograft to day 17. Transcriptome analysis based on RNA-seq was subsequently used for deciphering anti-tumor mechanism of PZH. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were applied to verify RNA-seq results. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to examine the transcriptional activity of yes-associated protein (YAP). RESULTS PZH treatment significantly inhibited the migration, invasion, proliferation and promoted the apoptosis of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo (P<0.01). Transcriptome analysis indicated that Hippo signaling pathway was associated with anti-metastasis function of PZH. Mechanical study showed PZH significantly inhibited the expressions of platelet derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB), YAP, connective tissue growth factor (CCN2), N-cadherin, vimentin and matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2, P<0.01). Meanwhile, the phosphorylation of YAP was also enhanced by PZH treatment in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, PZH played roles in inhibiting the transcriptional activity of YAP. CONCLUSION PZH restrained migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of HCC cells through repressing PDGFRB/YAP/CCN2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yi Luo
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, China
- Fujian Pien Tze Huang Enterprise Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Research and Development, Zhangzhou Pien Tze Huang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, 363099, China
| | - Qi Tian
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering and Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Niang-Mei Cheng
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering and Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Wen-Han Liu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, China
| | - Ye Yang
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering and Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, China
| | - Xiang-Zhi Zhang
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering and Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Zheng
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering and Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Ming-Sheng Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, China
| | - Qiu-Yu Zhuang
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering and Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Bi-Xing Zhao
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering and Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Cong-Sheng Liu
- Fujian Pien Tze Huang Enterprise Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Research and Development, Zhangzhou Pien Tze Huang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, 363099, China
| | - Xiao-Long Liu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering and Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Qin Li
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, China.
- College of Biological Science and Engineering and Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, China.
| | - Ying-Chao Wang
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering and Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
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Dong Z, Wang H, Wang G. Research progress on the pharmacological effects and chemical constituents of Pien Tze Huang and its potential Q-markers. Chin J Nat Med 2023; 21:658-669. [PMID: 37777316 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(23)60400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Pien Tze Huang (PTH) was documented as an imperial prescription composed of Notoginseng Radix, Calculus Bovis, Snake Gallbladder, and Musk. It is famous in China and Asian countries due to its excellent effects in heat clearing, detoxifying, swelling reduction, and pain relieving. Modern pharmacological studies demonstrate that PTH shows excellent effects against various inflammatory diseases, liver diseases, and cancers. This review summaries the pharmacological effects, clinical applications, and mainchemical components of PTH. More importantly, its potential quality markers (Q-markers) were then analyzed based on the "five principles" of Q-markers under the guidance of Traditional Chinese Medicine theory, including transfer and traceability, specificity, efficacy, compatibility, and measurability. As a result, ginsenosides Rb1, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, notoginsenoside R1, dencichine, bilirubin, biliverdin, taurocholic acid, and muscone are considered as the Q-markers of PTH. These findings will provide guidance and assistance for the construction of a quality control system for PTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaomin Dong
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research Unit of PK-PD Based Bioactive Components and Pharmacodynamic Target Discovery of Natural Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research Unit of PK-PD Based Bioactive Components and Pharmacodynamic Target Discovery of Natural Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research Unit of PK-PD Based Bioactive Components and Pharmacodynamic Target Discovery of Natural Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Zhang Y, Hua L, Lin C, Yuan M, Xu W, Raj D. A, Venkidasamy B, Cespedes-Acuna CL, Nile SH, Yan G, Zheng H. Pien-Tze-Huang alleviates CCl4-induced liver fibrosis through the inhibition of HSC autophagy and the TGF-β1/Smad2 pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:937484. [PMID: 36188553 PMCID: PMC9523731 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.937484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Pien-Tze-Huang (PZH)—a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound—has been employed to treat various liver inflammation and tumors for over 10 decades. Interestingly, most of the pharmacological effects had been validated and explored toward liver ailment along with pro-inflammatory conditions and cancer at the cellular and molecular level to date. Aim of the study: The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of PZH on autophagy and TGF-β1 signaling pathways in rats with liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell line (HSC). Materials and methods: Male SD rats with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis were used as the animal model. Next, PZH treatment was given for 8 weeks. Afterward, the therapeutic effects of PZH were analyzed through a hepatic tissue structure by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), Van Gieson (VG) staining, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), activity of ALT and AST by enzyme-associated immunosorbent assay as well. Subsequently, mRNA and protein expression were examined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Then, the cell vitality of PZH-treated HSC and the expression of key molecules prevailing to autophagy were studied in vitro. Meanwhile, SM16 (a novel small molecular inhibitor which inhibits TGFβ-induced Smad2 phosphorylation) was employed to confirm PZH’s effects on the proliferation and autophagy of HSC. Results: PZH pharmacologically exerted anti-hepatic fibrosis effects as demonstrated by protecting hepatocytes and improving hepatic function. The results revealed the reduced production of extracellular collagen by adjusting the balance of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2, MMP9, and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) in PZH-treated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. Interestingly, PZH inhibited the activation of HSC by down-regulating TGF-β1 and phosphorylating Smad2. Furthermore, PZH down-regulated yeast Atg6 (Beclin-1) and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) toward suppressing HSC autophagy, and PZH exhibited similar effects to that of SM16. Conclusion: To conclude, PZH alleviated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis to reduce the production of extracellular collagen and inhibiting the activation of HSC. In addition, their pharmacological mechanisms related to autophagy and TGF-β1/Smad2 signaling pathways were revealed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Zhang
- Pharmacy College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Liping Hua
- Pharmacy College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chunfeng Lin
- College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Mingzhou Yuan
- College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Pharmacy College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Anand Raj D.
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Baskar Venkidasamy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Carlos L. Cespedes-Acuna
- Plant Biochemistry and Phytochemical Ecology Lab, Basic Sciences Department University of Bio Bio, Chillan, Chile
| | - Shivraj Hariram Nile
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Shivraj Hariram Nile, ; Guohong Yan, ; Haiyin Zheng,
| | - Guohong Yan
- Affiliated People’s Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- *Correspondence: Shivraj Hariram Nile, ; Guohong Yan, ; Haiyin Zheng,
| | - Haiyin Zheng
- College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- *Correspondence: Shivraj Hariram Nile, ; Guohong Yan, ; Haiyin Zheng,
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Keremu A, Aila P, Tusun A, Abulikemu M, Zou X. Extracellular vesicles from bone mesenchymal stem cells transport microRNA-206 into osteosarcoma cells and target NRSN2 to block the ERK1/2-Bcl-xL signaling pathway. Eur J Histochem 2022; 66. [PMID: 35730574 PMCID: PMC9251612 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2022.3394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a kind of malignant tumor originating from mesenchymal tissues. Bone mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles (BMSCs-EVs) can play important roles in OS. This study investigated the mechanism of BMSCs-EVs on OS. BMSC surface antigens and adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation were detected by flow cytometry, and oil red O and alizarin red staining. EVs were isolated from BMSCs by differential centrifugation and identified by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Western blot (WB). miR-206 and neurensin-2 (NRSN2) levels in human osteoblast hFOB 1.19 or OS cells (143B, MG-63, Saos2, HOS) were detected by RT-qPCR. Human OS cells with lower miR-206 levels were selected and treated with BMSCs-EVs or pSUPER-NRSN2. The uptake of EVs by 143B cells, cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and migration were detected by immunofluorescence, 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU) and colony formation assays, flow cytometry, scratch test, and transwell assays. The binding sites between miR-206 and NRSN2 were predicted by Starbase database and verified by dual-luciferase assay. The OS xenograft model was established and treated with BMSCs-EVs. Tumor growth rate and volume, cell proliferation, and p-ERK1/2, ERK1/2, and Bcl-xL levels were detected by vernier caliper, immunohistochemistry, and WB. BMSCs-EVs were successfully extracted. miR-206 was diminished and NRSN2 was promoted in OS cells. BMSCs-EVs inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion, and promoted apoptosis of OS cells. BMSCs-EVs carried miR-206 into OS cells. Inhibition of miR-206 in EVs partially reversed the inhibitory effect of EVs on malignant behaviors of OS cells. miR-206 targeted NRSN2. Overexpression of NRSN2 reversed the inhibitory effect of EVs on OS cells. NRSN2 activated the ERK1/2-Bcl-xL pathway. BMSC-EVs inhibited OS growth in vivo. In summary, BMSC-EVs targeted NRSN2 and inhibited the ERK1/2-Bcl-xL pathway by carrying miR-206 into OS cells, thus inhibiting OS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alimu Keremu
- Orthopedic Center, First People's Hospital of Kashgar, Xinjiang.
| | - Pazila Aila
- Orthopedic Center, First People's Hospital of Kashgar, Xinjiang.
| | - Aikebaier Tusun
- Orthopedic Center, First People's Hospital of Kashgar, Xinjiang.
| | | | - Xiaoguang Zou
- Orthopedic Center, First People's Hospital of Kashgar, Xinjiang.
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Chen Z. Pien Tze Huang (PZH) as a Multifunction Medicinal Agent in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): a review on cellular, molecular and physiological mechanisms. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:146. [PMID: 33658028 PMCID: PMC7931540 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01785-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RELEVANCE Pien Tze Huang (PZH) is a well-known Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), characterized by a multitude of pharmacological effects, such as hepatoprotection and inhibition of inflammation and cell proliferative conditions. Many of these effects have been validated at the cellular, molecular and physiological levels but, to date, most of these findings have not been comprehensively disclosed. OBJECTIVES This review aims to provide a critical summary of recent studies focusing on PZH and its multiple pharmacological effects. As a result, we further discuss some novel perspectives related to PZH's mechanisms of action and a holistic view of its therapeutic activities. METHODS A systematic review was performed focusing on PZH studies originated from original scientific resources. The scientific literature retrieved for this work was obtained from International repositories including NCBI/PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases. RESULTS The major active componentes and their potential functions, including hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects, as well as anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities, were summarized and categorized accordingly. As indicated, most of the pharmacological effects were validated in vitro and in vivo. The identification of complex bioactive components in PZH may provide the basis for further therapeutic initiatives. CONCLUSION Here we have collectively discussed the recent evidences covering most, if not all, pharmacological effects driven by PZH. This review provides novel perspectives on understanding the modes of action and the holistic view of TCM. The rational development of future clinical trials will certainly provide evidence-based medical evidences that will also confirm the therapeutic advantages of PZH, based on the current information available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of PTH Natural Medicine Research and Development, Zhangzhou PTH Pharmaceutical CO., LTD, Zhangzhou, 363000, China.
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Uncovering the Mechanism of the Effects of Pien-Tze-Huang on Liver Cancer Using Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:4863015. [PMID: 32963562 PMCID: PMC7492898 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4863015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pien-Tze-Huang (PTH) has a long history in the treatment of liver cancer. However, its molecular mechanism of action remains unclear. TCMSP and TCM were used to collect the active ingredients. Bioactive compounds targets were predicted by reverse pharmacophore models. The antiliver cancer targets of PTH were selected by gene comparison of liver cancer in the GEO database. Molecular docking was used to verify the binding activity of the targets and the active ingredients. The DAVID was used to analyze the gene function and signal pathway. A model was built with Cytoscape. The core genes were obtained by PPI network. We screened the 4 main medicinal ingredients of PTH to obtain 16 active ingredient, 190 potential targets, and 6 core genes. We found that active small molecules exert anticancer effects by multiple pathways. The core genes were involved in multiple biological processes. We also found that eight chemical components play a greater role in inhibiting liver cancer. PTH achieves the effect of inhibiting liver cancer through the synergistic effect of multiple components, multiple targets, and multiple pathways. This study provides a potential scientific basis for further elucidating the molecular mechanism of action of PTH against liver cancer.
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Therapeutic Potential of Pien-Tze-Huang: A Review on Its Chemical Composition, Pharmacology, and Clinical Application. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183274. [PMID: 31505740 PMCID: PMC6767116 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pien-Tze-Huang (PTH) is a famous and commonly used traditional Chinese medicine formula in China. It was first formulated by a royal physician of the Ming Dynasty (around 1555 AD). Recently, PTH has attracted attention worldwide due to its beneficial effects against various diseases, especially cancer. This paper systematically reviewed the up-to-date information on its chemical composition, pharmacology, and clinical application. A range of chemical compounds, mainly ginsenosides and bile acids, have been identified and quantified from PTH. Pharmacological studies indicated that PTH has beneficial effects against various cancers, hepatopathy, and ischemic stroke. Furthermore, PTH has been used clinically to treat various diseases in China, such as colorectal cancer, liver cancer, and hepatitis. In summary, PTH is a potential agent with extensive therapeutic effects for the treatment of various diseases. However, the lack of information on the side effects and toxicity of PTH is a non-negligible issue, which needs to be seriously studied in the future.
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Pei Y, Zhang Y, Zheng K, Shang G, Wang Y, Wang W, Qiu E, Li S, Liu F, Zhang X. Ilex hainanensis Merr targets ITGAV to suppress the proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:4499-4507. [PMID: 31239718 PMCID: PMC6560189 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s205688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify effective and safe therapeutic agents against OS. It has been reported that Ilex hainanensis Merr (IME) possesses antitumor properties. Integrin subunit alpha V (ITGAV) is important for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of tumors. Purpose: The objective of this study was to whether IME can play a role in the treatment of osteosarcoma by regulating ITGAV. Methods: Western blot and real-time PCR were used to detect the expression of ITGAV in non-tumorous tissues, osteosarcoma tissues, and metastatic tumors. The expression of ITGAV in MG63, U2OS, and hFOB1. A total of 19 cells was determined through Western blotting and real-time PCR. The expression of ITGAV in OS cells treated with different concentrations of DDP was determined through Western blotting. Agter transfecting with control or si-ITGAV, and subsequently treated with control or 5 μmol/L DDP, MTT assay and transwell assay were used to detect the proliferaion and migration of cells. Western blot was used to detect the expression of ITGAV in cells treated with different concentrations of IME and MTT assay and transwell assay were used to detect the proliferaion and migration of cells. MG63 and U2OS cells were treated with control, 5 μmol/L DDP, 25 μmol/L IME, or 5 μmol/L DDP combined with 25 μmol/L IME, the expression of ITGAV was determined through Western blotting and real-time PCR. MTT assay and transwell assay were used to detect the proliferation and migration of cells. Inhibitory effect of IME on lung metastasis of osteosarcoma in vivo. Results: ITGAV was highly expressed in tumors, with the highest expression found in metastatic tumors and higher in OS cells. A low concentration of DDP (5 μmol/L) inhibited the expression of ITGAV. However, ITGAV may be related to the development of resistance to DDP. Silencing of ITGAV downregulates the proliferation and migration of OS cells as the effect of low-concentration DDP (5 μmol/L). IME inhibited the proliferation and migration of MG63 and U2OS cells in a concentration-dependent manner and decreased the expression of ITGAV. MTT and Transwell assays showed that 25 μmol/L IME and 5 μmol/L DDP exhibited similar inhibitory effects on the proliferation and migration of OS cells. The combination of IME with DDP resulted in the amplification of these inhibitory effects. Both DDP and IME downregulated the expression of ITGAV, and the inhibition of ITGAV was amplified by the combination of IME with DDP. In-vivo studies have shown that IME and DDP, independently or in combination, may significantly inhibit the metastasis of OS to the lungs. Conclusion: IME may reduce the resistance of OS cells to DDP to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pei
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, People's Republic of China
| | - YueYan Zhang
- Clinical Pathology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, People's Republic of China
| | - GuanNing Shang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, People's Republic of China
| | - YuMing Wang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, People's Republic of China
| | - EnDuo Qiu
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, People's Republic of China
| | - ShengLong Li
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoJing Zhang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, People's Republic of China
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Pien Tze Huang (片仔癀) Overcomes Doxorubicin Resistance and Inhibits Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in MCF-7/ADR Cells. Chin J Integr Med 2018; 25:598-603. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-018-2992-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Curcumin Analog DK1 Induces Apoptosis in Human Osteosarcoma Cells In Vitro through Mitochondria-Dependent Signaling Pathway. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010075. [PMID: 29303982 PMCID: PMC6017915 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is one of the primary malignant bone tumors that confer low survival rates for patients even with intensive regime treatments. Therefore, discovery of novel anti-osteosarcoma drugs derived from natural products that are not harmful to the normal cells remains crucial. Curcumin is one of the natural substances that have been extensively studied due to its anti-cancer properties and is pharmacologically safe considering its ubiquitous consumption for centuries. However, curcumin suffers from a poor circulating bioavailability, which has led to the development of a chemically synthesized curcuminoid analog, namely (Z)-3-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-one (DK1). In this study, the cytotoxic effects of the curcumin analog DK1 was investigated in both U-2OS and MG-63 osteosarcoma cell lines using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and cell death was microscopically examined via acridine orange/propidium iodide (AO/PI) double staining. Flow cytometer analysis including Annexin V/Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), cell cycle analysis and JC-1 were adapted to determine the mode of cell death. Subsequently in order to determine the mechanism of cell death, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and proteome profiling was carried out to measure the expression of several apoptotic-related genes and proteins. Results indicated that DK1 induced U-2 OS and MG-63 morphological changes and substantially reduced cell numbers through induction of apoptosis. Several apoptotic genes and proteins were steadily expressed after treatment with DK1; including caspase 3, caspase 9, and BAX, which indicated that apoptosis occurred through a mitochondria-dependent signaling pathway. In conclusion, DK1 could be considered as a potential candidate for an anti-osteosarcoma drug in the near future, contingent upon its ability to induce apoptosis in osteosarcoma cell lines.
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Chen Z, Shen A, Liu L, Chen Y, Chu J, Cai Q, Qi F, Sferra TJ, Peng J. Pien Tze Huang induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of 5-fluorouracil-resistant colorectal carcinoma cells via increasing miR-22 expression. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:3533-3540. [PMID: 29042944 PMCID: PMC5639424 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-known traditional Chinese medicine formula Pien Tze Huang (PZH) has long been used to treat various malignancies, including colorectal cancer (CRC). It was recently reported that PZH possesses the ability to overcome multidrug resistance in CRC cells. In the present study, a 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) resistant human CRC cell line (HCT-8/5-FU) was used to further evaluate the effect of PZH on chemotherapy (chemo)-resistance and investigate the mechanisms through which this occurs. The results identified that PZH significantly reduced the viability and cell density of HCT-8/5-FU cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner (P<0.05). PZH inhibited cell survival, reduced the proportion of cells in S-phase, and suppressed the expression of pro-proliferative proteins cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4. In addition, PZH treatment induced nuclear condensation and fragmentation, activated caspase-9 and -3 and increased the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2-associated X protein/B-cell lymphoma 2 protein ratio. Furthermore, PZH treatment upregulated the expression of microRNA-22 (miR-22) and downregulated the expression of c-Myc (a target gene of miR-22). In conclusion, the findings from the present study suggest that PZH can overcome chemo-resistance in cancer cells, likely through increasing miR-22 expression, and by reversing the imbalance between levels of proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaorong Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Aling Shen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Liya Liu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Youqin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jianfeng Chu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Qiaoyan Cai
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Fei Qi
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Thomas Joseph Sferra
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jun Peng
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
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Ye W, Chen Y, Li H, Zhang W, Liu H, Sun Z, Liu T, Li S. Two Trichothecene Mycotoxins from Myrothecium roridum Induce Apoptosis of HepG-2 Cells via Caspase Activation and Disruption of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21060781. [PMID: 27322225 PMCID: PMC6274335 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecene mycotoxins are a type of sesquiterpenoid produced by various kinds of plantpathogenic fungi. In this study, two trichothecene toxins, namely, a novel cytotoxic epiroridin acid and a known trichothecene, mytoxin B, were isolated from the endophytic fungus Myrothecium roridum derived from the medicinal plant Pogostemon cablin. The two trichothecene mytoxins were confirmed to induce the apoptosis of HepG-2 cells by cytomorphology inspection, DNA fragmentation detection, and flow cytometry assay. The cytotoxic mechanisms of the two mycotoxins were investigated by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and detection of mitochondrial membrane potential. The results showed that the two trichothecene mycotoxins induced the apoptosis of cancer cell HepG-2 via activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, up-regulation of bax gene expression, down-regulation of bcl-2 gene expression, and disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential of the HepG-2 cell. This study is the first to report on the cytotoxic mechanism of trichothecene mycotoxins from M. roridum. This study provides new clues for the development of attenuated trichothecene toxins in future treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Yuchan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Haohua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Weimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Hongxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Zhanghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Taomei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Saini Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China.
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