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Barretta P, Scoditti S, Belletto D, Ponte F, Vigna V, Mazzone G, Sicilia E. Ruthenium complexes bearing nile red chromophore and one of its derivative: Theoretical evaluation of PDT-related properties. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:2034-2041. [PMID: 38733370 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The outcomes of DFT-based calculations are here reported to assess the applicability of two synthesized polypyridyl Ru(II) complexes, bearing ethynyl nile red (NR) on a bpy ligand, and two analogues, bearing modified-NR, in photodynamic therapy. The absorption spectra, together with the non-radiative rate constants for the S1 - Tn intersystem crossing transitions, have been computed for this purpose. Calculations evidence that the structural modification on the chromophore destabilizes the HOMO of the complexes thus reducing the H-L gap and, consequently, red shifting the maximum absorption wavelength within the therapeutic window, up to 620 nm. Moreover, the favored ISC process from the bright state involves the triplet state closest in energy, which is also characterized by the highest SOC value and by the involvement of the whole bpy ligand bearing the chromophore in delocalising the unpaired electrons. These outcomes show that the photophysical behavior of the complexes is dominated by the chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierraffaele Barretta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Stefano Scoditti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Daniele Belletto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Fortuna Ponte
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Vigna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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2
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Plotnikova E, Nemtsova E, Abakumov M, Suvorov N, Pankratov A, Shegai P, Kaprin A. Advantages of Long-Wavelength Photosensitizer meso-Tetra(3-pyridyl) Bacteriochlorin in the Therapy of Bulky Tumors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1708. [PMID: 38139834 PMCID: PMC10747584 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This research presents a novel synthetic photosensitizer for the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of malignant tumors: meso-tetra(3-pyridyl) bacteriochlorin, which absorbs at 747 nm (in the long-wavelength region of the spectrum) and is stable when stored in the dark. H2Py4BC demonstrates pronounced photoinduced activity in vitro against tumor cells of various geneses (IC50 varies from 21 to 68 nM for HEp2, EJ, S37, CT26, and LLC cultured cells) and in vivo provides pronounced antitumor efficacy in the treatment of mice bearing small or large S37, Colo26, or LLC metastatic tumors, as well as in the treatment of rats bearing RS-1 liver cholangioma. As a result, total regression of primary tumor nodules and cure of 40 to 100% of the animals was proven by the experiment criteria, MRI, and histological analysis. Meso-tetra(3-pyridyl) bacteriochlorin quickly penetrates and accumulates in the tumor tissue and internal organs of mice, and after 24 h, 80% of the dye is excreted from the skin in addition to 87-92% from the liver, kidneys, and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Plotnikova
- Moscow Hertsen Research Institute of Oncology—Branch of the FSBI “National Medical Research Radiology Centre” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 125284 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.); (A.P.); (P.S.); (A.K.)
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elena Nemtsova
- Moscow Hertsen Research Institute of Oncology—Branch of the FSBI “National Medical Research Radiology Centre” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 125284 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.); (A.P.); (P.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Maxim Abakumov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nikita Suvorov
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andrey Pankratov
- Moscow Hertsen Research Institute of Oncology—Branch of the FSBI “National Medical Research Radiology Centre” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 125284 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.); (A.P.); (P.S.); (A.K.)
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Peter Shegai
- Moscow Hertsen Research Institute of Oncology—Branch of the FSBI “National Medical Research Radiology Centre” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 125284 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.); (A.P.); (P.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Andrey Kaprin
- Moscow Hertsen Research Institute of Oncology—Branch of the FSBI “National Medical Research Radiology Centre” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 125284 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.); (A.P.); (P.S.); (A.K.)
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Ponte F, Scoditti S, Barretta P, Mazzone G. Computational Assessment of a Dual-Action Ru(II)-Based Complex: Photosensitizer in Photodynamic Therapy and Intercalating Agent for Inducing DNA Damage. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37248070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A combined quantum-mechanical and classical molecular dynamics study of a recent Ru(II) complex with potential dual anticancer action is reported here. The main basis for the multiple action relies on the merocyanine ligand, whose electronic structure allows the drug to be able to absorb within the therapeutic window and in turn efficiently generate 1O2 for photodynamic therapy application and to intercalate within two nucleobases couples establishing reversible electrostatic interactions with DNA. TDDFT outcomes, which include the absorption spectrum, triplet states energy, and spin-orbit matrix elements, evidence that the photosensitizing activity is ensured by an MLCT state at around 660 nm, involving the merocyanine-based ligand, and by an efficient ISC from such state to triplet states with different characters. On the other hand, the MD exploration of all the possible intercalation sites within the dodecamer B-DNA evidences the ability of the complex to establish several electrostatic interactions with the nucleobases, thus potentially inducing DNA damage, though the simulation of the absorption spectra for models extracted by each MD trajectory shows that the photosensitizing properties of the complex remain unaltered. The computational results support that the anti-tumor effect may be related to multiple mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortuna Ponte
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Stefano Scoditti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Pierraffaele Barretta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
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Heavy Atom-Free Triplet Photosensitizers: Molecular Structure Design, Photophysical Properties and Application in Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052170. [PMID: 36903415 PMCID: PMC10004235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising method for the treatment of cancer, because of its advantages including a low toxicity, non-drug-resistant character, and targeting capability. From a photochemical aspect, a critical property of triplet photosensitizers (PSs) used for PDT reagents is the intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiency. Conventional PDT reagents are limited to porphyrin compounds. However, these compounds are difficult to prepare, purify, and derivatize. Thus, new molecular structure paradigms are desired to develop novel, efficient, and versatile PDT reagents, especially those contain no heavy atoms, such as Pt or I, etc. Unfortunately, the ISC ability of heavy atom-free organic compounds is usually elusive, and it is difficult to predict the ISC capability of these compounds and design novel heavy atom-free PDT reagents. Herein, from a photophysical perspective, we summarize the recent developments of heavy atom-free triplet PSs, including methods based on radical-enhanced ISC (REISC, facilitated by electron spin-spin interaction), twisted π-conjugation system-induced ISC, the use of fullerene C60 as an electron spin converter in antenna-C60 dyads, energetically matched S1/Tn states-enhanced ISC, etc. The application of these compounds in PDT is also briefly introduced. Most of the presented examples are the works of our research group.
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Abou Taka A, Corzo HH, Pribram Jones A, Hratchian HP. Good Vibrations: Calculating Excited-State Frequencies Using Ground-State Self-Consistent Field Models. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:7286-7297. [PMID: 36445860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The use of Δ-self-consistent field (SCF) approaches for studying excited electronic states has received a renewed interest in recent years. In this work, the use of this scheme for calculating excited-state vibrational frequencies is examined. Results from Δ-SCF calculations for a set of representative molecules are compared with those obtained using configuration interaction with single substitutions (CIS) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) methods. The use of an approximate spin purification model is also considered for cases where the excited-state SCF solution is spin-contaminated. The results of this work demonstrate that an SCF-based description of an excited-state potential energy surface can be an accurate and cost-effective alternative to CIS and TD-DFT methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abou Taka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Chemical Computation and Theory, University of California, Merced, California95343, United States.,Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Hector H Corzo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Chemical Computation and Theory, University of California, Merced, California95343, United States.,National Center for Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility, Oak Ridge National laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831-6012, United States
| | - Aurora Pribram Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Chemical Computation and Theory, University of California, Merced, California95343, United States
| | - Hrant P Hratchian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Chemical Computation and Theory, University of California, Merced, California95343, United States
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6
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How Computations Can Assist the Rational Design of Drugs for Photodynamic Therapy: Photosensitizing Activity Assessment of a Ru(II)-BODIPY Assembly. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175635. [PMID: 36080406 PMCID: PMC9457801 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium-based complexes represent a new frontier in light-mediated therapeutic strategies against cancer. Here, a density functional-theory-based computational investigation, of the photophysical properties of a conjugate BODIPY-Ru(II) complex, is presented. Such a complex was reported to be a good photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT), successfully integrating the qualities of a NIR-absorbing distyryl-BODIPY dye and a PDT-active [Ru(bpy)3]2+ moiety. Therefore, the behaviour of the conjugate BODIPY-Ru(II) complex was compared with those of the metal-free BODIPY chromophore and the Ru(II) complex. Absorptions spectra, excitation energies of both singlet and triplet states as well as spin–orbit-matrix elements (SOCs) were used to rationalise the experimentally observed different activities of the three potential chromophores. The outcomes evidence a limited participation of the Ru moiety in the ISC processes that justifies the small SOCs obtained for the conjugate. A plausible explanation was provided combining the computational results with the experimental evidences.
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Tin Carboxylate Complexes of Natural Bacteriochlorin for Combined Photodynamic and Chemotherapy of Cancer è. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413563. [PMID: 34948372 PMCID: PMC8708526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is currently one of the most promising methods of cancer treatment. However, this method has some limitations, including a small depth of penetration into biological tissues, the low selectivity of accumulation, and hypoxia of the tumor tissues. These disadvantages can be overcome by combining PDT with other methods of treatment, such as radiation therapy, neutron capture therapy, chemotherapy, etc. In this work, potential drugs were obtained for the first time, the molecules of which contain both photodynamic and chemotherapeutic pharmacophores. A derivative of natural bacteriochlorophyll a with a tin IV complex, which has chemotherapeutic activity, acts as an agent for PDT. This work presents an original method for obtaining agents of combined action, the structure of which is confirmed by various physicochemical methods of analysis. The method of molecular modeling was used to investigate the binding of the proposed drugs to DNA. In vitro biological tests were carried out on several lines of tumor cells: Hela, A549, S37, MCF7, and PC-3. It was shown that the proposed conjugates of binary action for some cell lines had a dark cytotoxicity that was significantly higher (8–10 times) than the corresponding metal complexes of amino acids, which was explained by the targeted chemotherapeutic action of the tin (IV) complex due to chlorin. The greatest increase in efficiency relative to the initial dipropoxy-BPI was found for the conjugate with lysine as a chelator of the tin cation relative to cell lines, with the following results: S-37 increased 3-fold, MCF-7 3-fold, and Hela 2.4-fold. The intracellular distribution of the obtained agents was also studied by confocal microscopy and showed a diffuse granular distribution with predominant accumulation in the near nuclear region.
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Drzewiecka-Matuszek A, Rutkowska-Zbik D. Application of TD-DFT Theory to Studying Porphyrinoid-Based Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:7176. [PMID: 34885763 PMCID: PMC8658767 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An important focus for innovation in photodynamic therapy (PDT) is theoretical investigations. They employ mostly methods based on Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) to study the photochemical properties of photosensitizers. In the current article we review the existing state-of-the-art TD-DFT methods (and beyond) which are employed to study the properties of porphyrinoid-based systems. The review is organized in such a way that each paragraph is devoted to a separate aspect of the PDT mechanism, e.g., correct prediction of the absorption spectra, determination of the singlet-triplet intersystem crossing, and interaction with molecular oxygen. Aspects of the calculation schemes are discussed, such as the choice of the most suitable functional and inclusion of a solvent. Finally, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) methods used to explore the photochemistry of porphyrinoid-based systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorota Rutkowska-Zbik
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland;
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Martins Antunes de Melo WDC, Celiešiūtė-Germanienė R, Šimonis P, Stirkė A. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for biofilm treatments. Possible synergy between aPDT and pulsed electric fields. Virulence 2021; 12:2247-2272. [PMID: 34496717 PMCID: PMC8437467 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1960105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, microbial biofilms have been the cause of a wide variety of infections in the human body, reaching 80% of all bacterial and fungal infections. The biofilms present specific properties that increase the resistance to antimicrobial treatments. Thus, the development of new approaches is urgent, and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been shown as a promising candidate. aPDT involves a synergic association of a photosensitizer (PS), molecular oxygen and visible light, producing highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause the oxidation of several cellular components. This therapy attacks many components of the biofilm, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids present within the biofilm matrix; causing inhibition even in the cells that are inside the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Recent advances in designing new PSs to increase the production of ROS and the combination of aPDT with other therapies, especially pulsed electric fields (PEF), have contributed to enhanced biofilm inhibition. The PEF has proven to have antimicrobial effect once it is known that extensive chemical reactions occur when electric fields are applied. This type of treatment kills microorganisms not only due to membrane rupture but also due to the formation of reactive compounds including free oxygen, hydrogen, hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals. So, this review aims to show the progress of aPDT and PEF against the biofilms, suggesting that the association of both methods can potentiate their effects and overcome biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa de Cassia Martins Antunes de Melo
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Laboratory of Bioelectric, State Research Institute, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Raimonda Celiešiūtė-Germanienė
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Laboratory of Bioelectric, State Research Institute, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Povilas Šimonis
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Laboratory of Bioelectric, State Research Institute, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arūnas Stirkė
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Laboratory of Bioelectric, State Research Institute, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Corrente GA, Malacaria L, Beneduci A, Furia E, Marino T, Mazzone G. Experimental and theoretical study on the coordination properties of quercetin towards aluminum(III), iron(III) and copper(II) in aqueous solution. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Muniyandi K, George B, Parimelazhagan T, Abrahamse H. Role of Photoactive Phytocompounds in Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer. Molecules 2020; 25:E4102. [PMID: 32911753 PMCID: PMC7570746 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the greatest life-threatening diseases conventionally treated using chemo- and radio-therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising approach to eradicate different types of cancers. PDT requires the administration of photosensitisers (PSs) and photoactivation using a specific wavelength of light in the presence of molecular oxygen. This photoactivation exerts an anticancer effect via apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy of cancer cells. Recently, various natural compounds that exhibit photosensitising potentials have been identified. Photoactive substances derived from medicinal plants have been found to be safe in comparison with synthetic compounds. Many articles have focused on PDT mechanisms and types of PSs, but limited attention has been paid to the phototoxic activities of phytocompounds. The reduced toxicity and side effects of natural compounds inspire the researchers to identify and use plant extracts or phytocompounds as a potent natural PS candidate for PDT. This review focusses on the importance of common photoactive groups (furanocoumarins, polyacetylenes, thiophenes, curcumins, alkaloids, and anthraquinones), their phototoxic effects, anticancer activity and use as a potent PS for an effective PDT outcome in the treatment of various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasipandi Muniyandi
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; (K.M.); (B.G.)
- Bioprospecting Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India;
| | - Blassan George
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; (K.M.); (B.G.)
| | - Thangaraj Parimelazhagan
- Bioprospecting Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India;
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; (K.M.); (B.G.)
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Pucelik B, Sułek A, Dąbrowski JM. Bacteriochlorins and their metal complexes as NIR-absorbing photosensitizers: properties, mechanisms, and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Kuncewicz J, Dąbrowski JM, Kyzioł A, Brindell M, Łabuz P, Mazuryk O, Macyk W, Stochel G. Perspectives of molecular and nanostructured systems with d- and f-block metals in photogeneration of reactive oxygen species for medical strategies. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Ponte F, Alberto ME, De Simone BC, Russo N, Sicilia E. Photophysical Exploration of Dual-Approach PtII–BODIPY Conjugates: Theoretical Insights. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:9882-9889. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fortuna Ponte
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Marta E. Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Bruna C. De Simone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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Urzúa-Leiva R, Pino-Rios R, Cárdenas-Jirón G. The influence of antenna and anchoring moieties on the improvement of photoelectronic properties in Zn(ii)-porphyrin-TiO 2 as potential dye-sensitized solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:4339-4348. [PMID: 30724278 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06988c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A systematic study for the rational design of porphyrins (P4 spider-shaped derivatives) with potential application in dye-sensitized solar cells is presented. Using density functional theory (DFT) (B3LYP/6-31G*) and time-dependent DFT (M06/6-31G*) we show that the UV-vis absorption properties of a spider-shaped Zn(ii) porphyrin, previously synthesized by Stangel et al., may be greatly improved by applying some push-pull strategies in meso positions. We found that the selected triphenylamine push group induces a remarkable improvement in the absorption bands of P4 spider-shaped derivatives. The pull effect reached through the π-electron-rich phenyl group and the benzodithiazole (BTD) group allowed the Q bands to be red-shifted up to 689 nm, much longer than the 593 nm reported experimentally for the original spider-shaped porphyrin. The adsorption results of the P4 spider-shaped derivatives onto a TiO2-anatase surface model [Ti16O34H4] through the carboxylic acid group showed that the adsorptions energies were favourable and very similar in all cases. Natural bond orbitals (NBO) indicated a two-center bond (BD) O(carboxyl)-Ti(TiO2) for the porphyrin with the highest adsorption energy (8.27 kcal mol-1), and donor acceptor interactions from LP O(carboxyl) to Ti(TiO2) for the other porphyrins. The natural transition orbitals (NTO) for P4-derivatives-TiO2 confirm the nature of the excited states associated with Q and Soret bands. Finally, the frontier molecular orbitals revealed charge-separated states between those occupied and unoccupied, indicating a favourable charge-transfer process between the dyes and the surface conduction bands. In conclusion, this work showed a systematic study based on the push-pull strategy that improves the performance of porphyrins with the purpose to be used in dye-sensitized solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Urzúa-Leiva
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), 9170022, Santiago, Chile.
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16
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De Simone BC, Mazzone G, Sang-aroon W, Marino T, Russo N, Sicilia E. Theoretical insight into joint photodynamic action of a gold(i) complex and a BODIPY chromophore for singlet oxygen generation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:3446-3452. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04848g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inclusion of a heavy gold atom in a peripheral position of BODIPY is enough to promote ISC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna C. De Simone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
- Rende
- Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
- Rende
- Italy
| | - Wichien Sang-aroon
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Rajamangala University of Technology Isan
- Khon Kaen
- Thailand
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
- Rende
- Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
- Rende
- Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
- Rende
- Italy
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Dong Y, Zheng W, Fan X, Zheng X, Liang J. Theoretical simulation of the Qx-band absorption and fluorescence spectra of cis-isobacteriochlorin: Including the Duschinsky and Herzberg–Teller effects. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Assessing Configurational Sampling in the Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Calculation of Temoporfin Absorption Spectrum and Triplet Density of States. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112932. [PMID: 30424014 PMCID: PMC6278509 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The absorption properties of Temoporfin, a second-generation photosensitizer employed in photodynamic therapy, are calculated with an electrostatic-embedding quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) scheme in methanol. The suitability of several ensembles of geometries generated by different sampling techniques, namely classical-molecular-dynamics (MD) and QM/MM-MD thermal sampling, Wigner quantum sampling and a hybrid protocol, which combines the thermal and quantum approaches, is assessed. It is found that a QM description of the chromophore during the sampling is needed in order to achieve a good agreement with respect to the experimental spectrum. Such a good agreement is obtained with both QM/MM-MD and Wigner samplings, demonstrating that a proper description of the anharmonic motions of the chromophore is not relevant in the computation of the absorption properties. In addition, it is also found that solvent organization is a rather fast process and a long sampling is not required. Finally, it is also demonstrated that the same exchange-correlation functional should be employed in the sampling and in the computation of the excited states properties to avoid unphysical triplet states with relative energies close or below 0 eV.
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19
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Alberto ME, De Simone BC, Mazzone G, Russo N, Toscano M. Photophysical Properties of Nitrated and Halogenated Phosphorus Tritolylcorrole Complexes: Insights from Theory. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112779. [PMID: 30373179 PMCID: PMC6278441 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The photophysical properties of a series of nitrated and halogenated phosphorus tritolylcorrole complexes were studied in dichloromethane solvent by using the density functional theory. Particular emphasis was given to the absorption spectra, the energy gap between the excited singlet and triplet states, and the magnitude of the spin-orbit couplings for a series of possible intersystem crossing channels between those excited states. The proposed study provides a better description of the photophysical properties of these systems while giving insights into their possible use as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Erminia Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Cubo 14C, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Bruna Clara De Simone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Cubo 14C, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Cubo 14C, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Cubo 14C, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Marirosa Toscano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Cubo 14C, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
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20
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Structure and Photoelectrical Properties of Natural Photoactive Dyes for Solar Cells. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8091697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of natural photoactive dyes, named as D1–D6 were successfully extracted from six kinds of plant leaves for solar cells. The photoelectrical properties of dyes were measured via UV-Vis absorption spectra, cyclic voltammetry as well as photovoltaic measurement. To theoretically reveal the experimental phenomena, the chlorophyll was selected as the reference dye, where the ground and excited state properties of chlorophyll were calculated via density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The experimental results show that the absorption peaks of those dyes are mainly distributed in the visible light regions of 400–420 nm and 650–700 nm, which are consistent with the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll. The photoelectrical conversion efficiencies of the solar cells sensitized by the six kinds of natural dyes are in the order of D1 > D4 > D2 > D5 > D6 > D3. The dye D1 performance exhibits the highest photoelectrical conversion efficiency of 1.08% among the investigated six natural dyes, with an open circuit voltage of 0.58 V, a short-circuit current density of 2.64 mA cm−2 and a fill factor of 0.70.
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21
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De Simone BC, Mazzone G, Russo N, Sicilia E, Toscano M. Computational Investigation of the Influence of Halogen Atoms on the Photophysical Properties of Tetraphenylporphyrin and Its Zinc(II) Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:2809-2815. [PMID: 29457905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
How the tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) and its zinc(II) complexes (ZnTPP) photophysical properties (absorption energies, singlet-triplet energy gap and spin-orbit coupling contributions) can change due to the presence of an increasing number of heavy atoms in their molecular structures has been investigated by means of density functional theory and its time-dependent formulation. Results show that the increase of the atomic mass of the substituted halogen strongly enhances the spin-orbit coupling values, allowing a more efficient singlet-triplet intersystem crossing. Different deactivation channels have been considered and rationalized on the basis of El-Sayed and Kasha rules. Most of the studied compounds possess the appropriate properties to generate cytotoxic singlet molecular oxygen (1Δg) and, consequently, they can be proposed as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna C De Simone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche , Università della Calabria , 87036 Rende , Cosenza , Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche , Università della Calabria , 87036 Rende , Cosenza , Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche , Università della Calabria , 87036 Rende , Cosenza , Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche , Università della Calabria , 87036 Rende , Cosenza , Italy
| | - Marirosa Toscano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche , Università della Calabria , 87036 Rende , Cosenza , Italy
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22
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Pirillo J, Mazzone G, Russo N. Theoretical Insights into the Switching Off/On of 1 O 2 Photosensitization in Chemicontrolled Photodynamic Therapy. Chemistry 2018; 24:3512-3519. [PMID: 29314348 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Density Functional Theory and time-dependent (TD) DFT calculations were carried out for recently reported 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY)-based photosensitizers (PSs) that could be activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) to generate 1 O2 specifically in target tissues. To assess the applicability of the compounds as activatable PSs (a-PSs) in photodynamic therapy, absorption wavelengths; singlet-triplet energy gaps; and spin-orbit matrix elements for the radiationless transition, Sn →Tm , were investigated. A TD-DFT qualitative analysis indicated that only a Br-substituted BODIPY derivative with the chromanol ring of α-tocopherol linked by methylene functioned as an a-PS. The chromanol ring promotes photoinduced electron transfer to the BODIPY unit that reduces the probability of intersystem crossing and triplet-state population, and can turn off 1 O2 photosensitization. Therefore, 1 O2 photosensitization can be switched on only in target cells in which the chromanol ring is oxidized by ROS. The oxidation reaction pathways of the most promising derivative, by either 1 O2 or cumyloxyl radical as typical ROS, have been examined to reveal that oxidation by the cumyloxyl radical is more effective than that by 1 O2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Pirillo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, 464-8602, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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23
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De Simone BC, Mazzone G, Russo N, Sicilia E, Toscano M. Excitation energies, singlet–triplet energy gaps, spin–orbit matrix elements and heavy atom effects in BOIMPYs as possible photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy: a computational investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:2656-2661. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06763a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of halogen atoms in different amounts and positions into the BOIMPY skeleton significantly affects its photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Clara De Simone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria
- 87036 Rende (CS)
- Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria
- 87036 Rende (CS)
- Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria
- 87036 Rende (CS)
- Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria
- 87036 Rende (CS)
- Italy
| | - Marirosa Toscano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria
- 87036 Rende (CS)
- Italy
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24
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Alberto ME, Adamo C. Synergistic Effects in Pt II -Porphyrinoid Dyes as Candidates for a Dual-Action Anticancer Therapy: A Theoretical Exploration. Chemistry 2017; 23:15124-15132. [PMID: 28846823 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The combination of a photosensitizer (PS) with a cisplatin-like unit represents a challenging strategy to increase the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy and to afford a dual-action anticancer treatment. Recently, new tetra-PtII -porphyrin conjugates have been proposed as promising multitarget agents. To reveal the effect of the PtII center on the chemical and physical properties of the PS and to explore the effect of the PS on the activation mechanism of PtII ligand before reaching its biological target, we carried out a first-principle investigation on these tetra-PtII -porphyrin conjugates. To propose a further advance in this novel field and to gain useful insights for the design of new, more efficient PtII -PS conjugates, we introduced structural modifications into the porphyrin dye, which involved the synthesis of the tetra-PtII -chlorin and tetra-PtII -bacteriochlorin derivatives. Results showed that the designed dyes better met the criteria to be successful in a dual-action therapy, as they displayed improved optical properties and reduced the hydrolysis rate of the PtII moiety, the latter being a desirable feature to avoid many side reactions of the conjugate during their transport to the biological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Erminia Alberto
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Carlo Adamo
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP), 75005, Paris, France
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25
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Metal Atom Effect on the Photophysical Properties of Mg(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pd(II) Tetraphenylporphyrin Complexes Proposed as Possible Drugs in Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071093. [PMID: 28665328 PMCID: PMC6152236 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of Mg, Zn, Cd, and Pd dications on the photophysical properties of the tetraphenylporphyrin ligand have been explored, considering the corresponding complexes and by using the density functional theory and its time-dependent extension. Results show that absorption wavelengths do not change significantly when the metal ion changes contrary to what happens to the singlet–triplet energy gaps (ΔES−T) and the spin-orbit matrix elements 〈ΨSn|H^so|ΨTm〉. The most probable intersystem spin crossing (ISC) pathways for the population of the lowest triplet states have been explored. Our findings can contribute to rationalize the available experimental data and promote the potential therapeutic use of these compounds as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT).
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26
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Wang X, Bai FQ, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang HX, Lin Z. A Computational Way To Achieve More Effective Candidates for Photodynamic Therapy. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:1089-1100. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- International
Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Fu-Quan Bai
- International
Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
- Department
of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yingtao Liu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yu Wang
- International
Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Hong-Xing Zhang
- International
Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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27
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Pirillo J, Mazzone G, Russo N, Bertini L. Photophysical Properties of S, Se and Te-Substituted Deoxyguanosines: Insight into Their Ability To Act as Chemotherapeutic Agents. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:234-242. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Pirillo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Luca Bertini
- Department
of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza
della Scienza 2, I-20126 Milano, Italy
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28
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De Simone BC, Mazzone G, Pirillo J, Russo N, Sicilia E. Halogen atom effect on the photophysical properties of substituted aza-BODIPY derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:2530-2536. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07874e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The influence of halogen atom substitution (Br and I), in different amounts and positions in an aza-BODIPY skeleton, on the photophysical properties of some aza-BODIPY derivatives has been investigated by using density functional theory and its time-dependent extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. C. De Simone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
- I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende
- Italy
| | - G. Mazzone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
- I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende
- Italy
| | - J. Pirillo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
- I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende
- Italy
| | - N. Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
- I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende
- Italy
| | - E. Sicilia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
- I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende
- Italy
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29
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Photodynamic Efficiency of Xanthene Dyes and Their Phototoxicity against a Carcinoma Cell Line: A Computational and Experimental Study. J CHEM-NY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/7365263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the insights of molecular properties of the xanthene dyes [fluorescein (FL), Rose Bengal (RB), erythrosin B (EB), and eosin Y (EY)] to correlate systematically their photodynamic efficiency as well as their phototoxicity against a carcinoma cell line. The phototoxicity was evaluated by comparing the values of the medium inhibitory concentration (IC50) upon HEp-2 cells with the xanthene corresponding photodynamic activity using the uric acid as a chemical dosimeter and their octanol-water partition coefficient (logP). RB was the more cytotoxic dye against HEp-2 cell line and the most efficient photosensitizer in causing photoxidation of uric acid; nevertheless it was the only one characterized as being hydrophobic among the xanthenes studied here. On the other hand, it was observed that the halogen substituents increased the hydrophilicity and photodynamic activity, consistent with the cytotoxic experiments. Furthermore, the reactivity index parameters, electric dipole moment, molecular volume, and the frontier orbitals were also obtained by the Density Functional Theory (DFT). The lowest dipole moment and highest molecular volume of RB corroborate with its highest hydrophobicity due to heavy atom substituents like halogens, while the halogen substituents did not affect expressively the electronic features at all.
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30
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Guberman-Pfeffer MJ, Greco JA, Samankumara LP, Zeller M, Birge RR, Gascón JA, Brückner C. Bacteriochlorins with a Twist: Discovery of a Unique Mechanism to Red-Shift the Optical Spectra of Bacteriochlorins. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 139:548-560. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan A. Greco
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Lalith P. Samankumara
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department
of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663, United States
| | - Robert R. Birge
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3125, United States
| | - José A. Gascón
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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