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Gerwig M, Böhme U, Friebel M. Challenges in the Synthesis and Processing of Hydrosilanes as Precursors for Silicon Deposition. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400013. [PMID: 38757614 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Hydrosilanes are highly attractive compounds, which can be processed as liquids with printing technology to amorphous silicon films on nearly any solid substrate. The silicon layers can be processed for electronic devices like transistors or thin-film solar cells. The endothermic character of hydrosilanes with their positive enthalpies of formation results in favorable properties for processing. The larger the molecules, the lower their decomposition temperature and the higher their photoactivity. Cyclic hydrosilanes such as cyclopentasilane and cyclohexasilane can be easily deposited. The branched neopentasilane is more difficult to deposit but yields better-quality films after processing. The key challenge is the complex synthesis of the precursors and the hydrosilanes. The available preparative methods are presented in this review and their advantages and disadvantages are evaluated. The following synthesis methods are presented and discussed in this article: Wurtz coupling and other reductive coupling processes, dehydrogenative coupling of silanes, plasma synthesis of chlorinated polysilanes, amine- or chloride-induced disproportionations, and transformation of monosilane to higher silanes. Plasma synthesis is already carried out today as a continuous industrial process. The most effective synthesis methods in the laboratory are currently amine- and chloride-induced disproportionations. There is a great need to further optimize the syntheses of hydrosilanes and to develop new simple synthesis variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Gerwig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Böhme
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Mike Friebel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
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Takeuchi T, Roy A, Ito H. Iterative Synthesis of Oligosilanes Using Methoxyphenyl- or Hydrogen-Substituted Silylboronates as Building Blocks: A General Synthetic Method for Complex Oligosilanes. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37436952 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Organosilanes have attracted the attention of researchers for more than 150 years due to their unique properties, and they have become indispensable industrial assets. However, many synthesized oligosilanes with multiple Si-Si bonds are relatively simple, i.e., they often only contain a single repeating unit. More laborious customized synthetic routes can lead to more complex oligosilanes, but compared to carbon-based molecules, their structural diversity remains limited. The development of effective and practical synthetic routes to complex oligosilanes that contain mixed substituents constitutes a long-standing challenge. Here, we describe an iterative synthesis of oligosilanes using methoxyphenyl- or hydrogen-substituted silylboronates, which were obtained via transition-metal-catalyzed Si-H borylation reactions. The first key reaction is a cross-Si-Si bond-forming reaction between chloro(oligo)silanes and silylboronates activated by MeLi. The second key reaction is the selective chlorination of the methoxyphenyl group or the hydrogen atom at the terminal of the oligosilanes. Iteration of these two key reactions enables the synthesis of various oligosilanes that are otherwise difficult to access. As a demonstration of the synthetic utility of this iterative synthetic approach, oligosilanes with different sequences were prepared by simply changing the order of the reaction of four different silicon units. Furthermore, a bespoke tree-shaped oligosilane is easily obtained via the present iterative synthesis. The solid-state structures of several of these oligosilanes were unequivocally determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Takeuchi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Avijit Roy
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
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Friebel M, Böhme U, Kroke E. Linear Phenylsilanes with PSi4P, PSi5P, and Si7 Backbones. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Friebel
- TU Bergakademie Freiberg: Technische Universitat Bergakademie Freiberg Institut für Anorganische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Uwe Böhme
- TU Bergakademie Freiberg Institut für Anorganische Chemie Leipziger Str. 29 09599 Freiberg GERMANY
| | - Edwin Kroke
- TU Bergakademie Freiberg: Technische Universitat Bergakademie Freiberg Institut für Anorganische Chemie GERMANY
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Matsuo T, Yamaguchi T, Hirohata T, Nakamoto M, Yamamoto Y, Maeda Y, Kawachi A. Synthesis of Alkoxy‐Substituted Oligosilanes using [
β
‐(Alkoxy)disilanyl]lithium. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Matsuo
- Major in Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Engineering Hosei University 3-7-2 Kajino-cho Koganei Tokyo 184-8584 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamaguchi
- Major in Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Engineering Hosei University 3-7-2 Kajino-cho Koganei Tokyo 184-8584 Japan
| | - Tomoki Hirohata
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry Hosei University 3-7-2 Kajino-cho Koganei Tokyo 184-8584 Japan
| | - Masaaki Nakamoto
- Basic Chemistry Program Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Yohsuke Yamamoto
- Basic Chemistry Program Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Gakugei University 4-1-1 Nukuikita-machi Koganei Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawachi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry Hosei University 3-7-2 Kajino-cho Koganei Tokyo 184-8584 Japan
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Pöcheim A, Özpınar GA, Müller T, Baumgartner J, Marschner C. The Combination of Cross-Hyperconjugation and σ-Conjugation in 2,5-Oligosilanyl Substituted Siloles. Chemistry 2020; 26:17252-17260. [PMID: 32716090 PMCID: PMC8051206 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of a 2,5-dilithiated silole with excess dichlorodimethylsilane gives the respective 2,5-bis(chlorodimethylsilyl) substituted silole. This compound can be converted to 2,5-bis(oligosilanyl) substituted siloles by addition of a suitable oligosilanide. In the UV spectra of the thus obtained compounds the lowest energy absorptions are bathochromically shifted compared to the absorptions of the two constituents, namely the 2,5-disilyl substituted silole and a trisilane. The bathochromic shift is interpreted as being caused by a mixed σ-conjugation/cross-hyperconjugation. This assumption is supported by TD-DFT calculations, which show a significant contribution from Si-Si bonds to the HOMO of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pöcheim
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieTechnische Universität Graz8010GrazAustria
| | - Gül Altınbaş Özpınar
- Institut für ChemieCarl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg26111OldenburgGermany, European Union
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für ChemieCarl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg26111OldenburgGermany, European Union
| | - Judith Baumgartner
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieTechnische Universität Graz8010GrazAustria
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Feng S, Zhou Z, Xiang X, Feng H, Qu Z, Lu H. Oligosilanyl-Bridged Biscarbazoles: Structure, Synthesis, and Spectroscopic Properties. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:19181-19186. [PMID: 32775920 PMCID: PMC7409250 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oligosilanyl-bridged systems are expected to give rise to unique optoelectronic properties because of σ-π conjugation between the Si-Si σ orbital and the aryl π orbital. Herein, we synthesized a small series of novel biscarbazoles bridged with permethylated oligosilanyl units (-[Si(CH3)2]n-, n = 1-4) and examined their spectroscopic properties in detail. In the target molecules BCzSin , n = 2-4, the efficient σ-π conjugation elevated the highest occupied molecular orbital energy level with no influence on the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. In the solid state, the emission full width at half-maximum (fwhm) of all the compounds narrowed significantly, while the emission efficiency increased and the emission color of carbazole was retained. This research provided a very simple and general way of subtly manipulating the electronic properties of organic materials to construct an emissive color-retaining system for multifunctional applications.
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Zaitsev KV, Gloriozov IP, Oprunenko YF, Churakov AV. Synthesis of chromium carbonyl complexes with molecular aryl polysilanes: Si Si bond rupture and formation. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2019.107571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jovanovic M, Michl J. Understanding the Effect of Conformation on Hole Delocalization in Poly(dimethylsilane). J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11158-11160. [PMID: 30114903 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations confirm that the simple explanation of the origin of the striking conformational dependence of σ-electron localization/delocalization in polysilanes offered by the extremely simple Ladder C model is correct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Jovanovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309-0215 , United States.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2 , 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Michl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309-0215 , United States.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2 , 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Zaitsev KV, Lam K, Poleshchuk OK, Kuz'mina LG, Churakov AV. Oligothienyl catenated germanes and silanes: synthesis, structure, and properties. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:5431-5444. [PMID: 29594275 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00256h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of two new groups of oligothienyl catenated silanes and germanes, Me5M2Thn (1a-b), Me5M2ThnM2Me5 (2a-c) (terminal), and ThnM2Me4Thn (3a-d) (internal) (M = Si, Ge; n = 2, 3; Th = 2- or 2,5-thienyl), is reported. The study of their structural parameters as well as of their spectral (NMR), electrochemical (CV) and optical (UV/vis absorbance, luminescence) properties has been performed in detail; in addition, the unexpected compound [Th2Si2Me4Th]2 (3a') is also studied. Theoretical investigations have been performed for model compounds in order to establish structure-property relationships. The molecular structures of 2a (Me5Si2Th2Si2Me5), 2b (Me5Ge2Th2Ge2Me5), 3a (Th2Si2Me4Th2) and 3b (Th2Ge2Me4Th2) have been investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis. An effective conjugation with flattening of both Th planes in terminal 2a and 2b was observed. The main trends in the dependence of the optical and electrochemical properties on the structural parameters have been established. All of the compounds studied exhibit a strong emission within the 378-563 nm range, and the maximal quantum yield (up to 77%) is observed for the Si derivative 3a'. For the majority of the compounds, the quantum yields (20-30%) are significantly larger than for 2,2'-bi- and 2,2':5',5''-terthiophenes. Due to their good emission properties, these compounds could be used to develop new materials with specific spectral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V Zaitsev
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Stella F, Marschner C, Baumgartner J. Incorporating Methyl and Phenyl Substituted Stannylene Units into Oligosilanes. The Influence on Optical Absorption Properties. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122212. [PMID: 29231894 PMCID: PMC6149905 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecules containing catenated heavy group 14 atoms are known to exhibit the interesting property of σ-bond electron delocalization. While this is well studied for oligo- and polysilanes the current paper addresses the UV-absorption properties of small tin containing oligosilanes in order to evaluate the effects of Sn–Si and Sn–Sn bonds as well as the results of substituent exchange from methyl to phenyl groups. The new stannasilanes were compared to previously investigated oligosilanes of equal chain lengths and substituent pattern. Replacing the central SiMe2 group in a pentasilane by a SnMe2 unit caused a bathochromic shift of the low-energy band (λmax = 260 nm) of 14 nm in the UV spectrum. If, instead of a SnMe2, a SnPh2 unit is incorporated, the bathochromic shift of 33 nm is substantially larger. Keeping the SnMe2 unit and replacing the two central silicon with tin atoms causes shift of the respective band (λ = 286 nm) some 26 nm to the red. A similar approach for hexasilanes where the model oligosilane [(Me3Si)3Si]2(SiMe2)2 (λmax = 253 nm) was modified in a way that the central tetramethyldisilanylene unit was exchanged for a tetraphenyldistannanylene caused a 50 nm bathochromic shift to a low-energy band with λmax = 303 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Stella
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Christoph Marschner
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Judith Baumgartner
- Institute for Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Strait Gate: Special Issue on Advances in Silicon Chemistry. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091497. [PMID: 28880239 PMCID: PMC6151404 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Aghazadeh Meshgi M, Baumgartner J, Jouikov VV, Marschner C. Electron Transfer and Modification of Oligosilanylsilatranes and Related Derivatives. Organometallics 2017; 36:342-351. [PMID: 28133409 PMCID: PMC5264216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several silatranyl -substituted oligosilanes were prepared starting from bis(trimethylsilyl)silatranylsilanide. Electrochemical and theoretical investigations of some oligosilanes revealed that electrooxidation occurs by formation of a short-lived cation radical. This species undergoes structural relaxation to form a pair of conformers, with endo and exo relationships with respect to the Si-N interaction. Reaction of a 1,4-disilatranyl-1,4-disilanide with 1,2-dichlorotetramethyldisilane gave a mixture of cis and trans diastereomers of a cyclohexasilane with the trans isomer showing a diminished Si-N distance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judith Baumgartner
- Institut
für Chemie, Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Viatcheslav V. Jouikov
- UMR
6226, Chimie et Photonique Moléculaires, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Christoph Marschner
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Technische
Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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