1
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Watson LS, Hughes J, Rafik ST, Muguruza AR, Girio PM, Akponasa SO, Rochford G, MacRobert AJ, Hodges NJ, Yaghini E, Pikramenou Z. Near infra-red luminescent osmium labelled gold nanoparticles for cellular imaging and singlet oxygen generation. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39157997 PMCID: PMC11331564 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01901f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Osmium(II) complexes have attractive properties for potential theranostic agents given their anticancer activitiy, their redox potentials favourable for biological transformations within cancer cells and their luminescence in the near infrared (NIR) region. To achieve localised detection and delivery, gold nanoparticles (AuNP) provide an attractive scaffold to attach multiple luminescent agents on a single particle and provide a multimodal platform for detection and loaclaised delivery. We have developed 13 nm and 25 nm AuNP decorated with an osmium complex based on 1,10-phenantholine and surface active bipyridine ligands, OsPhenSS for live cell imaging and singlet oxygen generation, notated as OsPhenSS·AuNP13 and OsPhenSS·AuNP25. The AuNP designs not only allow versatile modalities for localisation of the probe but also water solubility for the osmium metal complex. The osmium decorated nanoparticles OsPhenSS·AuNP13 and OsPhenSS·AuNP25 display characteristic NIR luminescence from the osmium(II) 3MLCT at 785 nm in aqueous solutions with visible excitation. Upon incubation of the nanoparticles in lung cancer and breast carcinoma the luminescence signature of osmium and the gold reflectance reveal localisation in the cytoplasmic and perinuclear compartments. Excitation of the nanoparticles at 552 nm in the presence of a ROS indicator revealed a marked increase in the green fluorescence from the indicator, consistent with photo-induced ROS generation. The detection of singlet oxygen by time-resolved luminescence studies of the osmium and the nanoparticle probes further demonstrates the dual activity of the osmium-based nanoprobes for imaging and therapy. The introduction of gold nanoparticles for carrying osmium imaging probes allows a novel versatile strategy combining detection and localised therapies at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke S Watson
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Joseph Hughes
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Salma T Rafik
- Dept. of Surgical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21516, Egypt
| | - Asier R Muguruza
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Patricia M Girio
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
- Doctoral Training Centre in Physical Sciences for Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sarah O Akponasa
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Garret Rochford
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- Dept. of Surgical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nikolas J Hodges
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Elnaz Yaghini
- Dept. of Surgical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Zoe Pikramenou
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
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2
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Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Shining New Light on Biological Systems: Luminescent Transition Metal Complexes for Bioimaging and Biosensing Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8825-9014. [PMID: 39052606 PMCID: PMC11328004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Luminescence imaging is a powerful and versatile technique for investigating cell physiology and pathology in living systems, making significant contributions to life science research and clinical diagnosis. In recent years, luminescent transition metal complexes have gained significant attention for diagnostic and therapeutic applications due to their unique photophysical and photochemical properties. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent development of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, with a focus on transition metal centers with a d6, d8, and d10 electronic configuration. We elucidate the structure-property relationships of luminescent transition metal complexes, exploring how their structural characteristics can be manipulated to control their biological behavior such as cellular uptake, localization, biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution. Furthermore, we introduce the various design strategies that leverage the interesting photophysical properties of luminescent transition metal complexes for a wide variety of biological applications, including autofluorescence-free imaging, multimodal imaging, organelle imaging, biological sensing, microenvironment monitoring, bioorthogonal labeling, bacterial imaging, and cell viability assessment. Finally, we provide insights into the challenges and perspectives of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, as well as their use in disease diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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3
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Peterková K, Stitch M, Boota RZ, Scattergood PA, Elliott PIP, Towrie M, Podbevšek P, Plavec J, Quinn SJ. G-Quadruplex Binding of an NIR Emitting Osmium Polypyridyl Probe Revealed by Solution NMR and Time-Resolved Infrared Studies. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203250. [PMID: 36398697 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
G-quadruplexes are emerging targets in cancer research and understanding how diagnostic probes bind to DNA G-quadruplexes in solution is critical to the development of new molecular tools. In this study the binding of an enantiopure NIR emitting [Os(TAP)2 (dppz)]2+ complex to different G-quadruplex structures formed by human telomer (hTel) and cMYC sequences in solution is reported. The combination of NMR and time-resolved infrared spectroscopic techniques reveals the sensitivity of the emission response to subtle changes in the binding environment of the complex. Similar behaviour is also observed for the related complex [Os(TAP)2 (dppp2)]2+ upon quadruplex binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Peterková
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czechia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mark Stitch
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Rayhaan Z Boota
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Paul A Scattergood
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Paul I P Elliott
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Michael Towrie
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, STFC, Harwell Campus, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Peter Podbevšek
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence Trg OF 13, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Susan J Quinn
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
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4
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Stitch M, Boota RZ, Chalkley AS, Keene TD, Simpson JC, Scattergood PA, Elliott PIP, Quinn SJ. Photophysical Properties and DNA Binding of Two Intercalating Osmium Polypyridyl Complexes Showing Light-Switch Effects. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14947-14961. [PMID: 36094851 PMCID: PMC9516684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The synthesis and
photophysical characterization of two osmium(II)
polypyridyl complexes, [Os(TAP)2dppz]2+ (1) and [Os(TAP)2dppp2]2+ (2) containing dppz (dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine) and dppp2 (pyrido[2′,3′:5,6]pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline) intercalating ligands and TAP (1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene)
ancillary ligands, are reported. The complexes exhibit complex electrochemistry
with five distinct reductive redox couples, the first of which is
assigned to a TAP-based process. The complexes emit in the near-IR
(1 at 761 nm and 2 at 740 nm) with lifetimes
of >35 ns with a low quantum yield of luminescence in aqueous solution
(∼0.25%). The Δ and Λ enantiomers of 1 and 2 are found to bind to natural DNA and with AT
and GC oligodeoxynucleotides with high affinities. In the presence
of natural DNA, the visible absorption spectra are found to display
significant hypochromic shifts, which is strongly evident for the
ligand-centered π–π* dppp2 transition at 355 nm,
which undergoes 46% hypochromism. The emission of both complexes increases
upon DNA binding, which is observed to be sensitive to the Δ
or Λ enantiomer and the DNA composition. A striking result is
the sensitivity of Λ-2 to the presence of AT DNA,
where a 6-fold enhancement of luminescence is observed and reflects
the nature of the binding for the enantiomer and the protection from
solution. Thermal denaturation studies show that both complexes are
found to stabilize natural DNA. Finally, cellular studies show that
the complexes are internalized by cultured mammalian cells and localize
in the nucleus. Osmium(II)
polypyridyl complexes comprising extended dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine (1) and pyrido[2′,3′:5,6]pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline (2) intercalating ligands
are shown to be effective DNA binders accompanied by enhanced near-IR
emission. The emission response to B-DNA is found to be sensitive
to the enantiomer and the composition of DNA, with greater emission
observed for AT-rich sequences. Thermal denaturation studies show
that both complexes stabilize natural DNA. Cellular studies show that
the complexes are internalized by cultured mammalian cells and localize
in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stitch
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Rayhaan Z Boota
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Alannah S Chalkley
- Cell Screening Laboratory, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Tony D Keene
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Jeremy C Simpson
- Cell Screening Laboratory, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Paul A Scattergood
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Paul I P Elliott
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Susan J Quinn
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland
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5
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Henwood AF, Hegarty IN, McCarney EP, Lovitt JI, Donohoe S, Gunnlaugsson T. Recent advances in the development of the btp motif: A versatile terdentate coordination ligand for applications in supramolecular self-assembly, cation and anion recognition chemistries. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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6
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Holden L, Burke CS, Cullinane D, Keyes TE. Strategies to promote permeation and vectorization, and reduce cytotoxicity of metal complex luminophores for bioimaging and intracellular sensing. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1021-1049. [PMID: 34458823 PMCID: PMC8341117 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal luminophores are emerging as important tools for intracellular imaging and sensing. Their putative suitability for such applications has long been recognised but poor membrane permeability and cytotoxicity were significant barriers that impeded early progress. In recent years, numerous effective routes to overcoming these issues have been reported, inspired in part, by advances and insights from the pharmaceutical and drug delivery domains. In particular, the conjugation of biomolecules but also other less natural synthetic species, from a repertoire of functional motifs have granted membrane permeability and cellular targeting. Such motifs can also reduce cytotoxicity of transition metal complexes and offer a valuable avenue to circumvent such problems leading to promising metal complex candidates for application in bioimaging, sensing and diagnostics. The advances in metal complex probes permeability/targeting are timely, as, in parallel, over the past two decades significant technological advances in luminescence imaging have occurred. In particular, super-resolution imaging is enormously powerful but makes substantial demands of its imaging contrast agents and metal complex luminophores frequently possess the photophysical characteristics to meet these demands. Here, we review some of the key vectors that have been conjugated to transition metal complex luminophores to promote their use in intra-cellular imaging applications. We evaluate some of the most effective strategies in terms of membrane permeability, intracellular targeting and what impact these approaches have on toxicity and phototoxicity which are important considerations in a luminescent contrast or sensing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcan Holden
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Christopher S Burke
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - David Cullinane
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Tia E Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
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7
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Shewring JR, Hodgson L, Bryant HL, Bullough PA, Weinstein JA, Verkade P. Refining a correlative light electron microscopy workflow using luminescent metal complexes. Methods Cell Biol 2021; 162:69-87. [PMID: 33707023 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential for increasing the application of Correlative Light Electron Microscopy (CLEM) technologies in life science research is hindered by the lack of suitable molecular probes that are emissive, photostable, and scatter electrons well. Most brightly fluorescent organic molecules are intrinsically poor electron-scatterers, while multi-metallic compounds scatter electrons well but are usually non-luminescent. Thus, the goal of CLEM to image the same object of interest on the continuous scale from hundreds of microns to nanometers remains a major challenge partially due to requirements for a single probe to be suitable for light (LM) and electron microscopy (EM). Some of the main CLEM probes, based on gold nanoparticles appended with fluorophores and quantum dots (QD) have presented significant drawbacks. Here we present an Iridium-based luminescent metal complex (Ir complex 1) as a probe and describe how we have developed a CLEM workflow based on such metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorna Hodgson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Helen L Bryant
- Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Per A Bullough
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Julia A Weinstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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8
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A N-(4-chlorophenyl)-γ-amino acid derivatives exerts in vitro anticancer activity on non-small cell lung carcinoma cells and enhances citosine arabinoside (AraC)-induced cell death via mitochondria-targeted pathway. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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9
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Schneider KRA, Chettri A, Cole HD, Reglinski K, Brückmann J, Roque JA, Stumper A, Nauroozi D, Schmid S, Lagerholm CB, Rau S, Bäuerle P, Eggeling C, Cameron CG, McFarland SA, Dietzek B. Intracellular Photophysics of an Osmium Complex bearing an Oligothiophene Extended Ligand. Chemistry 2020; 26:14844-14851. [PMID: 32761643 PMCID: PMC7704931 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This contribution describes the excited-state properties of an Osmium-complex when taken up into human cells. The complex 1 [Os(bpy)2 (IP-4T)](PF6 )2 with bpy=2,2'-bipyridine and IP-4T=2-{5'-[3',4'-diethyl-(2,2'-bithien-5-yl)]-3,4-diethyl-2,2'-bithiophene}imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) can be discussed as a candidate for photodynamic therapy in the biological red/NIR window. The complex is taken up by MCF7 cells and localizes rather homogeneously within in the cytoplasm. To detail the sub-ns photophysics of 1, comparative transient absorption measurements were carried out in different solvents to derive a model of the photoinduced processes. Key to rationalize the excited-state relaxation is a long-lived 3 ILCT state associated with the oligothiophene chain. This model was then tested with the complex internalized into MCF7 cells, since the intracellular environment has long been suspected to take big influence on the excited state properties. In our study of 1 in cells, we were able to show that, though the overall model remained the same, the excited-state dynamics are affected strongly by the intracellular environment. Our study represents the first in depth correlation towards ex-vivo and in vivo ultrafast spectroscopy for a possible photodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian R. A. Schneider
- Department Functional Interfaces (K.R.A.S., A.C., B.D.)Department Biophysical Imaging (K.R., C.E.)Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich-Schiller-University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Avinash Chettri
- Department Functional Interfaces (K.R.A.S., A.C., B.D.)Department Biophysical Imaging (K.R., C.E.)Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich-Schiller-University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Houston D. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTX76019-0065USA
| | - Katharina Reglinski
- Department Functional Interfaces (K.R.A.S., A.C., B.D.)Department Biophysical Imaging (K.R., C.E.)Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Applied Optic and BiophysicsFriedrich-Schiller University JenaMax-Wien-Platz 107743JenaGermany
- University Hospital JenaBachstraße 1807743JenaGermany
| | - Jannik Brückmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - John A. Roque
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTX76019-0065USA
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of North Carolina at GreensboroGreensboroNorth Carolina27402USA
| | - Anne Stumper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Djawed Nauroozi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Sylvia Schmid
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced MaterialsUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | | | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Peter Bäuerle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced MaterialsUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Christian Eggeling
- Department Functional Interfaces (K.R.A.S., A.C., B.D.)Department Biophysical Imaging (K.R., C.E.)Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Applied Optic and BiophysicsFriedrich-Schiller University JenaMax-Wien-Platz 107743JenaGermany
- <MRC Human Immunology Unit & Wolfson Imaging Center OxfordHeadley WayOxfordOX3 9DSUK
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTX76019-0065USA
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTX76019-0065USA
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Department Functional Interfaces (K.R.A.S., A.C., B.D.)Department Biophysical Imaging (K.R., C.E.)Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich-Schiller-University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
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10
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Li J, Chen T. Transition metal complexes as photosensitizers for integrated cancer theranostic applications. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Smitten KL, Scattergood PA, Kiker C, Thomas JA, Elliott PIP. Triazole-based osmium(ii) complexes displaying red/near-IR luminescence: antimicrobial activity and super-resolution imaging. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8928-8935. [PMID: 34123147 PMCID: PMC8163367 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03563g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular uptake, luminescence imaging and antimicrobial activity against clinically relevant methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) bacteria are reported. The osmium(ii) complexes [Os(N^N)3]2+ (N^N = 1-benzyl-4-(pyrid-2-yl)-1,2,3-triazole (1 2+); 1-benzyl-4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-1,2,3-triazole (2 2+); 1-benzyl-4-(pyrazin-2-yl)-1,2,3-triazole (3 2+)) were prepared and isolated as the chloride salts of their meridional and facial isomers. The complexes display prominent spin-forbidden ground state to triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) state absorption bands enabling excitation as low as 600 nm for fac/mer-3 2+ and observation of emission in aqueous solution in the deep-red/near-IR regions of the spectrum. Cellular uptake studies within MRSA cells show antimicrobial activity for 1 2+ and 2 2+ with greater toxicity for the meridional isomers in each case and mer-1 2+ showing the greatest potency (32 μg mL-1 in defined minimal media). Super-resolution imaging experiments demonstrate binding of mer- and fac-1 2+ to bacterial DNA with high Pearson's colocalisation coefficients (up to 0.95 using DAPI). Phototoxicity studies showed the complexes exhibited a higher antimicrobial activity upon irradiation with light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty L Smitten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Brook Hill Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Paul A Scattergood
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield Queensgate Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | - Charlotte Kiker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Brook Hill Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Jim A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Brook Hill Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Paul I P Elliott
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield Queensgate Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
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12
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Scattergood PA, Roberts J, Omar SAE, Elliott PIP. Observation of an Inversion in Photophysical Tuning in a Systematic Study of Luminescent Triazole-Based Osmium(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:8607-8621. [PMID: 31180230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In a systematic survey of luminescent bis(terdentate) osmium(II) complexes, a tipping point involving a reversal in photophysical tuning is observed whereby increasing stabilization of the ligand-based lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) results in a blue shift in the optical absorption and emission bands. The complexes [Os(N^N'^N″)2]2+ [N^N'^N″ = 2,6-bis(1-phenyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine (Os1), 2,6-bis(1-benzyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyrazine (Os2), 6-(1-benzyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-2,2'-bipyridyl (Os3), 2-(pyrid-2-yl)-6-(1-benzyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyrazine (Os4), 2-(pyrazin-2-yl)-6-(1-benzyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine (Os5), and 6-(1-benzyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-2,2'-bipyrazinyl (Os6)] have been prepared and characterized, and all complexes display phosphorescence ranging from the orange to near-IR regions of the spectrum. Replacement of the central pyridine in the ligands of Os1 by the more π-accepting pyrazine in Os2 results in a 55 nm red shift in the triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer-based emission band, while a larger red shift of 107 nm is observed for the replacement of one of the triazole donors in the ligands of Os1 by a second pyridine ring in Os3 (λemmax = 702 nm). Interestingly, replacement of the central pyridine ring in the ligands of Os3 by pyrazine (Os4, λemmax = 702 nm) fails to result in a further red shift in the emission band. Reversal of the relative positions of the pyridine and pyrazine donors in Os5 (λemmax = 733 nm) compared to Os4 does indeed result in the expected red shift in the emission with respect to that for Os3 based on the increased π-acceptor character of the ligands present. However, an inversion in emission tuning is observed for Os6, in which the incorporation of a second pyrazine donor in the ligand architecture results in a blue shift in the optical absorption and emission maxima (λemmax = 710 nm). Electrochemical studies reveal that while incorporating pyrazine in the ligands indeed results in an expected anodic shift in the first reduction potential through stabilization of the ligand-based LUMO, there is also a concomitant anodic shift in the OsII/OsIII-based oxidation potential. This stabilization of the metal-based highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) thus nullifies the effect of stabilization of the LUMO in Os4 compared to Os3, resulting in these complexes having coincident emission maxima. For Os6, stabilization of the HOMO through the incorporation of two pyrazine donors in the ligand structure now exceeds stabilization of the LUMO, resulting in a larger HOMO-LUMO gap and a counterintuitive blue shift in the optical properties in comparison with those of Os5. While it is known that the replacement of ligands (e.g., replacing bipyridyl with bipyrazinyl) can result in a larger HOMO-LUMO energy gap through greater stabilization of the HOMO, these results importantly allow us to capture the tipping point at which this inversion in photophysical tuning occurs. This therefore enables us to explore the limits available in emission tuning with a relatively simple and minimalist ligand structure.
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Omar SAE, Scattergood PA, McKenzie LK, Jones C, Patmore NJ, Meijer AJHM, Weinstein JA, Rice CR, Bryant HE, Elliott PIP. Photophysical and Cellular Imaging Studies of Brightly Luminescent Osmium(II) Pyridyltriazole Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:13201-13212. [PMID: 30351084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The series of complexes [Os(bpy)3- n(pytz) n][PF6]2 (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridyl, pytz = 1-benzyl-4-(pyrid-2-yl)-1,2,3-triazole, 1 n = 0, 2 n = 1, 3 n = 2, 4 n = 3) were prepared and characterized and are rare examples of luminescent 1,2,3-triazole-based osmium(II) complexes. For 3 we present an attractive and particularly mild preparative route via an osmium(II) η6-arene precursor circumventing the harsh conditions that are usually required. Because of the high spin-orbit coupling constant associated with the Os(II) center the absorption spectra of the complexes all display absorption bands of appreciable intensity in the range of 500-700 nm corresponding to spin-forbidden ground-state-to-3MLCT transitions (MLCT = metal-to-ligand charge transfer), which occur at significantly lower energies than the corresponding spin-allowed 1MLCT transitions. The homoleptic complex 4 is a bright emitter (λmaxem = 614 nm) with a relatively high quantum yield of emission of ∼40% in deoxygenated acetonitrile solutions at room temperature. Water-soluble chloride salts of 1-4 were also prepared, all of which remain emissive in aerated aqueous solutions at room temperature. The complexes were investigated for their potential as phosphorescent cellular imaging agents, whereby efficient excitation into the 3MLCT absorption bands at the red side of the visible range circumvents autofluorescence from biological specimens, which do not absorb in this region of the spectrum. Confocal microscopy reveals 4 to be readily taken up by cancer cell lines (HeLa and EJ) with apparent lysosomal and endosomal localization, while toxicity assays reveal that the compounds have low dark and light toxicity. These complexes therefore provide an excellent platform for the development of efficient luminescent cellular imaging agents with advantageous photophysical properties that enable excitation and emission in the biologically transparent region of the optical spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luke K McKenzie
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids, Department of Oncology and Metabolism , University of Sheffield , Beech Hill Road , Sheffield S10 2RX , U.K
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , U.K
| | - Callum Jones
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids, Department of Oncology and Metabolism , University of Sheffield , Beech Hill Road , Sheffield S10 2RX , U.K
| | | | - Anthony J H M Meijer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , U.K
| | - Julia A Weinstein
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , U.K
| | | | - Helen E Bryant
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids, Department of Oncology and Metabolism , University of Sheffield , Beech Hill Road , Sheffield S10 2RX , U.K
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van Hilst QVC, Lagesse NR, Preston D, Crowley JD. Functional metal complexes from CuAAC “click” bidentate and tridentate pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole ligands. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:997-1002. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04570k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This Frontiers article examines the use of “click” complexes for the development of catalysts, anti-cancer and anti-bacterial agents and emissive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dan Preston
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Otago
- Dunedin 9054
- New Zealand
| | - James D. Crowley
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Otago
- Dunedin 9054
- New Zealand
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Büchel GE, Kossatz S, Sadique A, Rapta P, Zalibera M, Bucinsky L, Komorovsky S, Telser J, Eppinger J, Reiner T, Arion VB. cis-Tetrachlorido-bis(indazole)osmium(iv) and its osmium(iii) analogues: paving the way towards the cis-isomer of the ruthenium anticancer drugs KP1019 and/or NKP1339. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:11925-11941. [PMID: 28850133 PMCID: PMC5605806 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02194a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between cis-trans isomerism and anticancer activity has been mainly addressed for square-planar metal complexes, in particular, for platinum(ii), e.g., cis- and trans-[PtCl2(NH3)2], and a number of related compounds, of which, however, only cis-counterparts are in clinical use today. For octahedral metal complexes, this effect of geometrical isomerism on anticancer activity has not been investigated systematically, mainly because the relevant isomers are still unavailable. An example of such an octahedral complex is trans-[RuCl4(Hind)2]-, which is in clinical trials now as its indazolium (KP1019) or sodium salt (NKP1339), but the corresponding cis-isomers remain inaccessible. We report the synthesis of Na[cis-OsIIICl4(κN2-1H-ind)2]·(Na[1]) suggesting a route to the cis-isomer of NKP1339. The procedure involves heating (H2ind)[OsIVCl5(κN1-2H-ind)] in a high boiling point organic solvent resulting in an Anderson rearrangement with the formation of cis-[OsIVCl4(κN2-1H-ind)2] ([1]) in high yield. The transformation is accompanied by an indazole coordination mode switch from κN1 to κN2 and stabilization of the 1H-indazole tautomer. Fully reversible spectroelectrochemical reduction of [1] in acetonitrile at 0.46 V vs. NHE is accompanied by a change in electronic absorption bands indicating the formation of cis-[OsIIICl4(κN2-1H-ind)2]- ([1]-). Chemical reduction of [1] in methanol with NaBH4 followed by addition of nBu4NCl afforded the osmium(iii) complex nBu4N[cis-OsIIICl4(κN2-1H-ind)2] (nBu4N[1]). A metathesis reaction of nBu4N[1] with an ion exchange resin led to the isolation of the water-soluble salt Na[1]. The X-ray diffraction crystal structure of [1]·Me2CO was determined and compared with that of trans-[OsIVCl4(κN2-1H-ind)2]·2Me2SO (2·2Me2SO), also prepared in this work. EPR spectroscopy was performed on the OsIII complexes and the results were analyzed by ligand-field and quantum chemical theories. We furthermore assayed effects of [1] and Na[1] on cell viability and proliferation in comparison with trans-[OsIVCl4(κN1-2H-ind)2] [3] and cisplatin and found a strong reduction of cell viability at concentrations between 30 and 300 μM in different cancer cell lines (HT29, H446, 4T1 and HEK293). HT-29 cells are less sensitive to cisplatin than 4T1 cells, but more sensitive to [1] and Na[1], as shown by decreased proliferation and viability as well as an increased late apoptotic/necrotic cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel E Büchel
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia and Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Susanne Kossatz
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Ahmad Sadique
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Peter Rapta
- Slovak University of Technology, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Radlinského 9, 81237 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Michal Zalibera
- Slovak University of Technology, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Radlinského 9, 81237 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Lukas Bucinsky
- Slovak University of Technology, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Radlinského 9, 81237 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Stanislav Komorovsky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84536 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Joshua Telser
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Physical Sciences, Roosevelt University, 430 S. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA.
| | - Jörg Eppinger
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA and Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vladimir B Arion
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Währinger Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Scattergood PA, Elliott PIP. An unexpected journey from highly tunable phosphorescence to novel photochemistry of 1,2,3-triazole-based complexes. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:16343-16356. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03836d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Complexes containing the humble 1,2,3-triazole ring moiety have enabled access to highly tunable with efficient phosphorescence but have also in facilitated access to novel photoreactive excited states yielding highly unusual photochemical reactivity.
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