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Khan FA, Irshad R, Tanveer N, Yaqoob S, Razaullah, Ali R, Ali N, Saifullah J, Ali Hasan K, Naz S, Qadir A, Jabeen A, Wang Y. Unleashing the potential of vanillic acid: A new twist on nature's recipe to fight inflammation and circumvent azole-resistant fungal infections. Bioorg Chem 2024; 145:107254. [PMID: 38432152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Vanillic acid (VA) - a naturally occurring phenolic compound in plants - is not only used as a flavoring agent but also a prominent metabolite post tea consumption. VA and its associated compounds are believed to play a significant role in preventing diseases, underscoring the need for a systematic investigation. Herein, we report a 4-step synthesis employing the classical organic reactions, such as Willamson's alkylation, Fischer-Spier reaction, and Steglich esterification, complemented with a protection-deprotection strategy to prepare 46 VA derivatives across the five series (1a-1i, 2a-2i, 3, 3a-3i, 4a-4i, 5a-5i) in high yields. The synthesized compounds were investigated for their antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and toxic effects. Notably, compound 1a demonstrated remarkable ROS inhibition with an IC50 value of 5.1 ± 0.7 µg/mL, which is more than twice as effective as the standard ibuprofen drug. A subset of the synthesized derivatives (2b, 2c, 2e, 3b-3d, 4a-4c, 5a, and 5e) manifested their antifungal effect against drug-resistant Candida strains. Compound 5g, in particular, revealed synergism with the established antifungal drugs amphotericin B (AMB) and fluconazole (FLZ), doubling FLZ's potency against azole resistant Candida albican ATCC 36082. Furthermore, 5g improved the potency of these antifungals against FLZ-sensitive strains, including C. glabrata ATCC 2001 and C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019, as well as various multidrug-resistant (MDR) Candida strains, namely C. albicans ATCC 14053, C. albicans CL1, and C. krusei SH2L OM341600. Additionally, pharmacodynamics of compound 5g was examined using time-kill assay, and a benign safety profile was observed with no hemolytic activity in whole blood, and no cytotoxicity towards the normal BJ human cell line. The synergistic potential of 5g was further investigated through both experimental methods and docking simulations.These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of VA derivatives, particularly in addressing inflammation and circumventing FLZ resistance in Candida albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooq-Ahmad Khan
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Third World Center for Science and Technology, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Rimsha Irshad
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Nimra Tanveer
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Third World Center for Science and Technology, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sana Yaqoob
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Third World Center for Science and Technology, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Razaullah
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Raza Ali
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Nida Ali
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Jafar Saifullah
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Khwaja Ali Hasan
- Molecular and Structural Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Shahida Naz
- Molecular and Structural Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Almas Jabeen
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Yan Wang
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
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Assaleh MH, Jeremić S, Cvijetić I, Marinković A, Prlainović N. In vitro activity of novel cinnamic acids hydrazides against clinically important pathogens. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Antifungal Activity of N-(4-Halobenzyl)amides against Candida spp. and Molecular Modeling Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010419. [PMID: 35008845 PMCID: PMC8745543 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections remain a high-incidence worldwide health problem that is aggravated by limited therapeutic options and the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Cinnamic and benzoic acid amides have previously shown bioactivity against different species belonging to the Candida genus. Here, 20 cinnamic and benzoic acid amides were synthesized and tested for inhibition of C. krusei ATCC 14243 and C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019. Five compounds inhibited the Candida strains tested, with compound 16 (MIC = 7.8 µg/mL) producing stronger antifungal activity than fluconazole (MIC = 16 µg/mL) against C. krusei ATCC 14243. It was also tested against eight Candida strains, including five clinical strains resistant to fluconazole, and showed an inhibitory effect against all strains tested (MIC = 85.3–341.3 µg/mL). The MIC value against C. krusei ATCC 6258 was 85.3 mcg/mL, while against C. krusei ATCC 14243, it was 10.9 times smaller. This strain had greater sensitivity to the antifungal action of compound 16. The inhibition of C. krusei ATCC 14243 and C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019 was also achieved by compounds 2, 9, 12, 14 and 15. Computational experiments combining target fishing, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the potential mechanism of action of compound 16 against C. krusei. From these, a multi-target mechanism of action is proposed for this compound that involves proteins related to critical cellular processes such as the redox balance, kinases-mediated signaling, protein folding and cell wall synthesis. The modeling results might guide future experiments focusing on the wet-lab investigation of the mechanism of action of this series of compounds, as well as on the optimization of their inhibitory potency.
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Alharthi AM, Lee MH, Algamal ZY, Al-Fakih AM. Quantitative structure-activity relationship model for classifying the diverse series of antifungal agents using ratio weighted penalized logistic regression. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 31:571-583. [PMID: 32628042 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2020.1782467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One of the most challenging issues when facing a Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) classification model is to deal with the descriptor selection. Penalized methods have been adapted and have gained popularity as a key for simultaneously performing descriptor selection and QSAR classification model estimation. However, penalized methods have drawbacks such as having biases and inconsistencies that make they lack the oracle properties. This paper proposes an adaptive penalized logistic regression (APLR) to overcome these drawbacks. This is done by employing a ratio (BWR) of the descriptors between-groups sum of squares (BSS) to the within-groups sum of squares (WSS) for each descriptor as a weight inside the L1-norm. The proposed method was applied to one dataset that consists of a diverse series of antimicrobial agents with their respective bioactivities against Candida albicans. By experimental study, it has been shown that the proposed method (APLR) was more efficient in the selection of descriptors and classification accuracy than the other competitive methods that could be used in developing QSAR classification models. Another dataset was also successfully experienced. Therefore, it can be concluded that the APLR method had significant impact on QSAR analysis and studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Alharthi
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Skudai, Malaysia
| | - M H Lee
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Z Y Algamal
- Department of Statistics and Informatics, University of Mosul , Mosul, Iraq
| | - A M Al-Fakih
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor, Malaysia
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Limban C, Diţu LM, Măruțescu L, Missir AV, Chifiriuc MC, Căproiu MT, Morusciag L, Chiriţă C, Udrea AM, Nuţă DC, Avram S. Design, Synthesis and Biopharmacological Profile Evaluation of New 2-((4- Chlorophenoxy)Methyl)-N-(Arylcarbamothioyl)Benzamides with Broad Spectrum Antifungal Activity. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666190621162950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The emerging antifungal resistance represents a major challenge for the treatment
of severe fungal infections, highlighting the need to develop novel and efficient antifungal
compounds. This study aimed to synthesize new title compounds and screen them
for their antifungal activity in order to generate highly accurate structure - activity relationships
of 2-((4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)-N-(arylcarbamothioyl)benzamides and their de novo
derivatives and to unveil some of their mechanisms of action by flow cytometry and fluorescence
microscopy. The presence of functional groups was confirmed for nine new 2-((4-
chlorophenoxy) methyl)-N-(arylcarbamothioyl)benzamides, using experimental and in silico
methods. The antifungal activity was assessed against a broad spectrum of 26 yeast and
filamentous fungal strains, using qualitative and quantitative assays. The results showed
that Candida kefyr has been the most susceptible to all tested compounds, while 1b and 1f induced a strong inhibitory
effect on the filamentous fungi Alternaria rubi, Aspergillus ochraceus and A. niger strains growth. The
derivative 1c in subinhibitory concentrations alsoincreased the susceptibility of Candida albicans clinical
strains to azoles. Predicted drug likeness and pharmacokinetics profiles of most active compounds were compared
with the standard antifungal ketoconazole. Furthermore, the potentially more potent 1c and 1f derivatives
were designed and studied regarding the chemical structure-biological activity relationship and pharmacokinetics
profiles versus ketoconazole. The study confirms that the new benzamide derivatives exhibited an improved
pharmacokinetics profile and a good antifungal activity, acting at least by increasing membrane permeability of
fungal cells. Our results are recommending them as promising candidates for the development of novel therapeutic
alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Limban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia No. 6, Bucharest, 020956, Romania
| | - Lia M. Diţu
- Department of Botanic- Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Research Institute of University of Bucharest- ICUB, Spl. Independentei no. 91-95, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luminița Măruțescu
- Department of Botanic- Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Research Institute of University of Bucharest- ICUB, Spl. Independentei no. 91-95, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru V. Missir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia No. 6, Bucharest, 020956, Romania
| | - Mariana C. Chifiriuc
- Department of Botanic- Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Research Institute of University of Bucharest- ICUB, Spl. Independentei no. 91-95, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Miron T. Căproiu
- The Organic Chemistry Center, Romanian Academy “Costin D. Nenitescu, Splaiul Independentei, 202B, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laurenţiu Morusciag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia No. 6, Bucharest, 020956, Romania
| | - Cornel Chiriţă
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Udrea
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Diana C. Nuţă
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia No. 6, Bucharest, 020956, Romania
| | - Speranta Avram
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei no. 91-95, Bucharest, Romania
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Antimicrobial Activity of 4-Chlorocinnamic Acid Derivatives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3941242. [PMID: 31179320 PMCID: PMC6507161 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3941242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The microbial resistance of fungi and bacteria is currently considered a major public health problem. Esters derived from cinnamic acid have a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties that include antimicrobial activity. In this study, a collection of structurally related 4-chlorocinnamic acid esters was prepared using Fischer esterification reactions, alkyl or aryl halide esterification, and Mitsunobu and Steglich reactions. All of the esters were submitted to antimicrobial tests against strains of the species Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida guilliermondii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The compounds also were subjected to molecular docking study with the enzyme 14α-demethylase. Twelve esters derived from 4-chlorocinnamic acid were obtained, with yields varying from 26.3% to 97.6%, three of which were unpublished. The ester methyl 4-chlorocinnamate (1) presented activity against S. aureus at the highest concentration tested. In the antifungal evaluation, all of the esters were bioactive, but methoxyethyl 4-chlorocinnamate (4) and perillyl 4-chlorocinnamate (11) were the most potent (MIC = 0.13 and 0.024 μmol/mL, respectively). The data of molecular docking suggested that all the compounds present good affinity towards the active site related to antifungal activity. Therefore, the esters tested may be inhibitors of the enzyme 14α-demethylase. In addition, the results demonstrate that substituents of short alkyl chains with presence of heteroatom, such as oxygen, or those with a perillyl type terpenic substructure promote better antifungal profiles.
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Amides Derived from Vanillic Acid: Coupling Reactions, Antimicrobial Evaluation, and Molecular Docking. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9209676. [PMID: 31139660 PMCID: PMC6500666 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9209676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of amides derived from vanillic acid were obtained by coupling reactions using PyBOP ((Benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate) and DCC (Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) coupling reagents. These were submitted to biological evaluation for species of Candida, Staphylococcus, and Pseudomonas. The microdilution method in broth was used for the antimicrobial testing to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and to verify the likely mechanism of action for antifungal activity. The ten amides were obtained with yields ranging from 28.81 to 86.44%, and three compounds were novel. In the antibacterial evaluation, the amides (in their greatest concentrations) were bioactive against Staphylococcus aureus strain ATCC 25925. Meanwhile, all of the tested amides presented antifungal activity against at least one strain. The amide with best antifungal profile was compound 7, which featured an MIC of 0.46 μmol/mL, and a mechanism of action involving the plasma membrane and fungal cell wall. The presence of a methyl group in the para position of the aromatic ring is suggested which enhances the activity of the compound against fungi. Docking studies of the ten compounds using the protein 14α-demethylase as a biological target were also performed. The biological results presented good correlation with molecular docking studies demonstrating that a possible site of antifungal action for bioactive amides is the enzyme 14α-demethylase.
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Vlaicu ID, Olar R, Maxim C, Chifiriuc MC, Bleotu C, Stănică N, Vasile Scăeţeanu G, Dulea C, Avram S, Badea M. Evaluating the biological potential of some new cobalt (II) complexes with acrylate and benzimidazole derivatives. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Dorina Vlaicu
- National Institute of Materials Physics Atomistilor Str. 405A Măgurele‐Ilfov 077125 Romania
| | - Rodica Olar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Bucharest 90‐92 Panduri Str 050663 Bucharest Romania
| | - Cătălin Maxim
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Bucharest 90‐92 Panduri Str 050663 Bucharest Romania
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Bucharest 1‐3 Aleea Portocalelor Str 60101 Bucharest Romania
| | - Coralia Bleotu
- Stefan S Nicolau Institute of Virology 285 Mihai Bravu Ave Bucharest Romania
| | - Nicolae Stănică
- Romanian Academy‘Ilie Murgulescu’ Physical Chemistry Institute 202 Splaiul Independentei 77208 Bucharest Romania
| | - Gina Vasile Scăeţeanu
- Department of Soil SciencesUniversity of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine 59 Mărăşti Str., Sector 1 011464 Bucharest Romania
| | - Constanţa Dulea
- Pharma Serv. International SRL 52 Sabinelor Str., Sector 5 050853 Bucharest Romania
| | - Speranța Avram
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Bucharest 91‐95 Splaiul Independentei Bucharest Romania
| | - Mihaela Badea
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Bucharest 90‐92 Panduri Str 050663 Bucharest Romania
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Al-Fakih AM, Algamal ZY, Lee MH, Aziz M, Ali HTM. QSAR classification model for diverse series of antifungal agents based on improved binary differential search algorithm. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 30:131-143. [PMID: 30734580 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2019.1568298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An improved binary differential search (improved BDS) algorithm is proposed for QSAR classification of diverse series of antimicrobial compounds against Candida albicans inhibitors. The transfer functions is the most important component of the BDS algorithm, and converts continuous values of the donor into discrete values. In this paper, the eight types of transfer functions are investigated to verify their efficiency in improving BDS algorithm performance in QSAR classification. The performance was evaluated using three metrics: classification accuracy (CA), geometric mean of sensitivity and specificity (G-mean), and area under the curve. The Kruskal-Wallis test was also applied to show the statistical differences between the functions. Two functions, S1 and V4, show the best classification achievement, with a slightly better performance of V4 than S1. The V4 function takes the lowest iterations and selects the fewest descriptors. In addition, the V4 function yields the best CA and G-mean of 98.07% and 0.977%, respectively. The results prove that the V4 transfer function significantly improves the performance of the original BDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Al-Fakih
- a Department of Chemistry , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor , Malaysia
- b Department of Chemistry , Sana'a University , Sana'a , Yemen
| | - Z Y Algamal
- c Department of Statistics and Informatics , University of Mosul , Mosul , Iraq
| | - M H Lee
- d Department of Mathematical Sciences , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor , Malaysia
| | - M Aziz
- a Department of Chemistry , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor , Malaysia
- e Advanced Membrane Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor , Malaysia
| | - H T M Ali
- f College of Computers and Information Technology, Nawroz University , Kurdistan region , Iraq
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Silveira GR, Campelo KA, Lima GRS, Carvalho LP, Samarão SS, Vieira-da-Motta O, Mathias L, Matos CRR, Vieira IJC, Melo EJTD, Maria EJ. In Vitro Anti-Toxoplasma gondii and Antimicrobial Activity of Amides Derived from Cinnamic Acid. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040774. [PMID: 29597255 PMCID: PMC6017938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cinnamic acids, their esters, amides, aldehydes, and alcohols present several therapeutic actions through anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and inhibitory activity against a great variety of microorganisms. In this work, eight amines derived from cinnamic acid were synthesized and tested against host cells infected with Toxoplasma gondii and the bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and three strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Compounds 3 and 4 showed the best result against intracellular T. gondii, presenting antiparasitic activity at low concentrations (0.38 and 0.77 mM). The antibacterial activity of these compounds was also evaluated by the agar microdilution method, and amides 2 and 5 had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 250 µg mL−1 against two strains of S. aureus (ATCC 25923 and bovine strain LSA 88). These also showed synergistic action along with a variety of antibiotics, demonstrating that amines derived from cinnamic acid have potential as pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziela Rangel Silveira
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense-Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000-Parque Califórnia, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, Brazil.
| | - Karoline Azerêdo Campelo
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense-Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000-Parque Califórnia, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, Brazil.
| | - Gleice Rangel Silveira Lima
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense-Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000-Parque Califórnia, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, Brazil.
| | - Lais Pessanha Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense-Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000-Parque Califórnia, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, Brazil.
| | - Solange Silva Samarão
- Laboratório de Sanidade Animal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense-Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000-Parque Califórnia, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, Brazil.
| | - Olney Vieira-da-Motta
- Laboratório de Sanidade Animal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense-Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000-Parque Califórnia, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, Brazil.
| | - Leda Mathias
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense-Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000-Parque Califórnia, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Roberto Ribeiro Matos
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense-Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000-Parque Califórnia, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, Brazil.
| | - Ivo José Curcino Vieira
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense-Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000-Parque Califórnia, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, Brazil.
| | - Edesio José Tenório de Melo
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense-Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000-Parque Califórnia, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, Brazil.
| | - Edmilson José Maria
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense-Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000-Parque Califórnia, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, Brazil.
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