Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Anti-Inflammatory Components from the Bulbs of Lilium brownii var. viridulum and Identifying the Underlying Mechanism through Acting on the NF-κB/MAPKs Pathway

Metabolomics integrated with transcriptomics provides insights into the phenylpropanoids biosynthesis pathway in Lilium davidii var. unicolor and L. lancifolium Thunb

Lilium spp. is a world-famous bulbous flower with outstanding ornamental, edible, and medicinal value. Evaluating the taste of edible lilies and identifying important active substances and genes are necessary for germplasm improvement, new variety breeding, and industrial application. To better understand the phenylpropanoids and regalosides biosynthesis, L. davidii var. unicolor and L. lancifolium Thunb. bulbs were used for transcriptome and metabolite analysis. Results showed that the phenols and flavonoid contents in JT were lower than in LT, while the saponins and alkaloid contents in JT were higher than in LT. A total of 20,520 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 383 differential metabolites were searched. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis showed that phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis were differentially altered. Ninety-nine unigenes encoding ten phenolic acids and two flavonoids were identified as candidate genes involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis. WGCNA analysis showed 76 phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis-related unigenes were verified as likely to be involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism and regalosides accumulation. Among them, 15 genes were used for qRT-PCR, and four genes were utilized for tissue-specific expression pattern analysis. Down-regulation of LdPAL2 and LdC4H1 in bulbs of L. davidii var. unicolor via virus induced gene silence (VIGS) reduced the contents of p-coumaric acid and cinnamic acid. These results contribute to understanding phenylpropanoid metabolism and identifying potential functional genes for improving the regalosides and flavonoids content in Lilium bulbs.

Characterization of Bioactive Compounds Having Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Liliaceae Family Flower Petal Extracts

Beneficial natural products utilized in cosmetics formulation and pharmaceutical applications are of enormous interest. Lily (Lilium) serves as an essential edible and medicinal plant species with wide classification. Here, we have performed the screening of various extracts that were prepared from flower petals grown from the bulbs of eight Lilium varieties, with a viewpoint to their applicability as a viable source of natural anti-inflammatory and antioxidants agent. Interestingly, our findings indicated that all ethanol and water extracts exhibited a substantially differential spectrum of antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory properties. Specifically, Serrano showed a close similarity among ethanol and water extracts among all tested lily petal extracts. Therefore, to obtain a detailed analysis of chemical compounds, liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy was performed in ethanolic and water extracts of Serrano petals. Together, our preliminary results indicated that lily petals extracts used in this study could serve as a basis to develop a potential new whitening agent with powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties for medicinal, functional food, and cosmetic applications.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ld-08 isolated from Lilium davidii exhibits antifungal and growth-promoting properties

A plant growth-promoting and antifungal endophytic bacteria designated as Ld-08 isolated from the bulbs of Lilium davidii was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on phenotypic, microscopic, and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Ld-08 exhibited antifungal effects against Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, Botryosphaeria dothidea, and Fusarium fujikuroi. Ld-08 showed the highest growth inhibition, i.e., 83.82±4.76% against B. dothidea followed by 74.12±3.87%, 67.56±3.35%, and 63.67±3.39% against F. fujikuroi, B. cinerea, and F. oxysporum, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction of Ld-08 revealed the presence of several bioactive secondary metabolites. Prominent compounds were quinolones; 3,9-dimethoxypterocarpan; cascaroside B; dehydroabietylamine; epiandrosterone; nocodazole; oxolinic acid; pyochelin; rhodotulic acid; 9,12-octadecadienoic acid; di-peptides; tri-peptides; ursodiol, and venlafaxine. The strain Ld-08 showed organic acids, ACC deaminase, phosphate solubilization, IAA, and siderophore. The sterilized bulbs of a Lilium variety, inoculated with Ld-08, were further studied for plant growth-promoting traits. The inoculated plants showed improved growth than the control plants. Importantly, some growth parameters such as plant height, leaf length, bulb weight, and root length were significantly (P ≤0.05) increased in the inoculated plants than in the control un-inoculated plants. Further investigations are required to explore the potential of this strain to be used as a plant growth-promoting and biocontrol agent in sustainable agriculture.

New Phenolic Glycosides and Lignans from the Roots of Lilium dauricum

Three new phenolic glycosides, carvacrol-2-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1: ), 1-methyl-3-isopropylphenol-4-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2: ), p-methoxythymol-5-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3: ), and a pair of new 8-O-4' neolignan enantiomers (5A: /5B: ), together with 26 known compounds (4, 6:  - 30: ) were isolated from the roots of Lilium dauricum. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic and chemical methods, and the absolute configurations of 5A: and 5B: were established by electronic circular dichroism analysis. Nine compounds (1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 17, 25, 29,: and 30: ) exhibited potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 73.4 µM to 988.2 µM. Besides, compound 19: displayed strong anticomplementary activity (CH₅₀: 71.6 µM).

Accurate identification of the geographical origins of lily using near-infrared spectroscopy combined with carbon dot-tetramethoxyporphyrin nanocomposite and chemometrics

Near-infrared spectroscopy technique is a prevailing tool for quality control of foods and traditional Chinese medicines. However, it usually faced the problems of severe peak overlap, low classification accuracy and poor specificity. In this work, the potential of carbon dot-tetramethoxyporphyrin nanocomposite-based nano-effect near-infrared spectroscopy sensor combined with chemometric method was investigated for the accurate identification lily from different geographical origins. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used for differentiating geographical origins of lily based on the collected traditional and nano-effect near-infrared spectroscopy. Compared with traditional near-infrared spectroscopy, the nano-effect near-infrared spectroscopy obtains superior classification performance with 100% accuracy on the training and test set. The results showed that the proposed method based on near-infrared spectroscopy combined with nanocomposites and chemometrics could be considered as a promising tool for rapid discrimination of the authenticity of food and traditional Chinese medicine in the future.

Effects of Four Cropping Patterns of Lilium brownii on Rhizosphere Microbiome Structure and Replant Disease

Replant disease caused by continuous cropping obstacles commonly occurs in a Lilium brownii consecutive monoculture. To reveal the mechanisms contributing to the continuous cropping obstacles of L. brownii, four cropping patterns (fallow, L. brownii-rice rotation, newly planted L. brownii, and 2-year L. brownii consecutive monoculture) were designed, and Illumina MiSeq (16S rDNA and ITS) was utilized to detect shifts in the microbial community in the rhizosphere. Our result showed that planting of L. brownii significantly reduced soil pH. Consecutive monoculture of L. brownii can significantly decrease the diversity and abundance of soil bacteria, but markedly increase the diversity and abundance of soil fungi. Under the four planting pattern treatments, the changes in soil pH were consistent with the changes in the Shannon diversity index of soil bacterial communities, whereas we observed a negative correlation between soil pH and Shannon diversity index for fungi. The relative abundance of Lactobacillales significantly increased in soils of L. brownii consecutive monoculture, while Acidobacteriales, Solibacterales, and Xanthomonadales increased in soils of L. brownii-rice rotation and newly planted L. brownii. Collectively, this work aimed to elucidate the relationship between the L. brownii planting patterns and soil microbiome, thereby providing a theoretical basis for screening new biological agents that may contribute to resolving continuous cropping obstacles of L. brownii.

The complete chloroplast genome of Yishui Lily 140 (Liliaceae Lilium lancifolium) yielded by next-generation sequencing

Yishui Lily 140 (Lilium lancifolium) is a hybrid lily species which was bred from wild lily varieties due to its edible and medicinal value. In this study, we have sequenced the complete chloroplast (cp) of L. lancifolium. The complete cp sequence is 152,643 bp long, with a large single copy (LSC) region of 82,084 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 17,513 bp, and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 26,492 bp each. The GC contents of the complete cp genomes are 37.0%. It contains 132 genes, including 86 coding genes, 8 ribosomal RNAs, and 38 transfer RNAs. Among them, 16 different genes have a single intron and the remaining two genes have double introns, including nine cis-splicing and one trans-splicing genes. Compared with other species, we found three high variation hot spots and 96 repeats sequence. The genetic information of Lilium can be enriched as well as identifying proximal species. They are edible and have medicinal value for humans. Therefore, sequencing of Yishui Lily 140 is important to explore the cp genome composition.

TAK1/AP-1-Targeted Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Barringtonia augusta Methanol Extract

Barringtonia augusta methanol extract (Ba-ME) is a folk medicine found in the wetlands of Thailand that acts through an anti-inflammatory mechanism that is not understood fully. Here, we examine how the methanol extract of Barringtonia augusta (B. augusta) can suppress the activator protein 1 (AP-1) signaling pathway and study the activities of Ba-ME in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 macrophage cell line and an LPS-induced peritonitis mouse model. Non-toxic concentrations of Ba-ME downregulated the mRNA expression of cytokines, such as cyclooxygenase and chemokine ligand 12, in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Transfection experiments with the AP-1-Luc construct, HEK293T cells, and luciferase assays were used to assess whether Ba-ME suppressed the AP-1 functional activation. A Western blot assay confirmed that C-Jun N-terminal kinase is a direct pharmacological target of Ba-ME action. The anti-inflammatory effect of Ba-ME, which functions by β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) inhibition, was confirmed by using an overexpression strategy and a cellular thermal shift assay. In vivo experiments in a mouse model of LPS-induced peritonitis showed the anti-inflammatory effect of Ba-ME on LPS-stimulated macrophages and acute inflammatory mouse models. We conclude that Ba-ME is a promising anti-inflammatory drug targeting TAK1 in the AP-1 pathway.

Genus Lilium: A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The genus Lilium (family Liliaceae) is native to China and is mainly distributed in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere such as Eastern Asia, Europe, and North America. There are about 109 species of this genus and 55 species in China. In America, the bulbs were used as food. In Europe, the petals and bulbs of Lilium candidum uesd as pectoral poultices, wound-healing remedy and a treatment for mastitis and shingles, the bulbs of L. martagon were used to treat every liver disease. In India, the bulbs are used medicinally as galactagogue, expectorant, aphrodisiac, diuretic, antipyretic and revitalizing tonic. In Asia, bulbs of this genus are often used to treat coughs, lung diseases, burns and swellings.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this work was to summarize traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity, which provided a theoretical basis for the further study of Lilium plants and their applications in medicine, food and other industries.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Online scientific databases including Science Direct, American chemical society (ACS), Wiley Online Library, the Web of Science, China national knowledge internet (CNKI) and others were searched to identify eligible studies. More data were obtained from other Chinese medicine books.

RESULTS

The literature survey revealed diverse traditional uses of the genus Lilium, mainly for the treatment of lung deficiency, hemostasis, anxiety, palpitations, asthma and vomiting. Over 180 compounds have been isolated and identified from the genus Lilium, including steroidal saponins, polysaccharides, phenolic glycerides, flavonoids and alkaloids. Different extracts and monomer compounds were so far evaluated for number of pharmacological activities including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, antidepressant and hepatoprotective activities.

CONCLUSIONS

Lilium spp. are of much significance as ornamental flowers, but also have potential to treat various diseases, especially anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. However, most of the studies on pharmacological effects are still in in vitro, and further studies on mechanism-based pharmacological activities in vivo and in vitro are needed in the future. At present, there are limited researches on its safety and toxicological effects, which should be further explored.

Olea europaea Suppresses Inflammation by Targeting TAK1-Mediated MAP Kinase Activation

Possessing a variety of medicinal functions, Olea europaea L. is widely cultivated across the world. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Olea europaea is not yet fully elucidated. In this study, how the methanol extract of the leaves of Olea europaea (Oe-ME) can suppress in vitro inflammatory responses was examined in terms of the identification of the target protein. RAW264.7 and HEK293T cells were used to study macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses and to validate the target protein using PCR, immunoblotting, nuclear fraction, overexpression, and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) under fixed conditions. Oe-ME treatment inhibited the mRNA expression levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)-9, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in activated RAW264.7 cells. Oe-ME diminished the activation of activator protein (AP)-1 and the phosphorylation of its upstream signaling cascades, including extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3/6 (MKK3/6), p38, MKK7, and transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), in stimulated-RAW264.7 cells. Overexpression and CETSA were carried out to verify that TAK1 is the target of Oe-ME. Our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of Oe-ME could be attributed to its control of posttranslational modification and transcription of TAK1.

Metabolome-Based Discrimination Analysis of Five Lilium Bulbs Associated with Differences in Secondary Metabolites

The bulbs of several Lilium species are considered to be both functional foods and traditional medicine in northern and eastern Asia. Considering the limited information regarding the specific bioactive compounds contributing to the functional properties of these bulbs, we compared the secondary metabolites of ten Lilium bulb samples belonging to five different species, using an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS)-based secondary metabolomics approach. In total, 245 secondary metabolites were detected; further, more metabolites were detected from purple Lilium bulbs (217 compounds) than from white bulbs (123–171 compounds). Similar metabolite profiles were detected in samples within the same species irrespective of where they were collected. By combining herbal analysis and screening differential metabolites, steroid saponins were considered the key bioactive compounds in medicinal lilies. Of the 14 saponins detected, none were accumulated in the bulbs of L. davidii var. willmottiae, also called sweet lily. The purple bulbs of L. regale accumulated more secondary metabolites, and, notably, more phenolic acid compounds and flavonoids. Overall, this study elucidates the differential metabolites in lily bulbs with varying functions and colors and provides a reference for further research on functional foods and the medicinal efficacy of Lilium species.

Effects of different drying methods on the chemical constituents of Lilium lancifolium Thunb. based on UHPLC-MS analysis and antidepressant activity of the main chemical component regaloside A

The Lilium lancifolium Thunb. is a herb with multiple functions in both medicine and food in China, and its extracts have shown antidepressant effects. In this study, fresh bulbs of Lilium lancifolium Thunb. were processed to study the effects of different drying processes on changes in its main chemical components. We found that different drying methods can affect the chemical constituents of the herb. Among these components, Regaloside A has been found as the characteristic component. Here, Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and Western blotting were used to evaluate the neuroprotective antidepressant effects of Regaloside A. The results showed the cell survival rate was improved, the phosphorylation levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tyrosine kinase receptor B, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, protein kinase B, and mammalian target of rapamycin were increased after Regaloside A treatment. In general, different drying methods have a significant influence on the chemical composition of the herb, and Regaloside A may be the main chemical component of the herb. It can alleviate the damage of corticosterone in SH-SY5Y cells, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine kinase receptor B may play an important role in the neuroprotective antidepressant effects of Regaloside A.

The effects of natural compounds on wound healing in Iranian traditional medicine: A comprehensive review

Wounds are physical and anatomical disruption in healthy skin and represent an important healthcare concern around the world. Wound healing is a complex and dynamic cascade of cellular and molecular interactions which include four main phases: hemostasis, inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling. Therefore, some pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities can play a key role in the process of wound healing. Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM) has a rich background of practice and a wealth of ancient medicine scientists from the Old Persian days until today. This paper presents and characterizes pure data from original references of ITM about wound remedies and verifies their function by reviewing articles from three databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus), which could be an interesting and comprehensive resource for future researchers interested in traditional medicine (TM) generally and in ITM in particular. Selected natural compounds from the references were divided into 5 groups, including herbs, herbal products, animal products, minerals, and animals. In total, 23 natural compounds with regard to the current state of knowledge and ITM were introduced and verified. The present review will provide better insights into ITM and its extensive experience in topics such as wound healing.

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of an endangered ornamental and medicinal plant Lilium pumilum

Lilium pumilum DC. is a useful plant species not only for its showy flowers but also for its edible and medicinal values. Here we report on the complete chloroplast genome sequence of L. pumilum. The chloroplast genome is 152,573 bp in size and includes two inverted repeat regions of 52,984 bp, which is separated by a large single-copy region of 82,009 bp and a small single copy region of 17,580 bp. A total of 130 genes were predicted, including 38 tRNA, 8 rRNA, and 84 protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis placed L. pumilum under the family Liliaceae.

The complete chloroplast genome of Lilium brownii F.E.Brown var. viridulum Baker (Liliaceae)

Lilium brownii F.E.Brown var. viridulum Baker is a medicinal and food plant that is widely distributed in northern and eastern Asia. Here, we report on the complete chloroplast genome sequence of L. brownii var. viridulum. The chloroplast genome is 152,665 bp in size and includes two inverted repeat regions of 53,052 bp, which is separated by a large single-copy region of 82,085 bp and a small single-copy region of 17,528 bp. A total of 131 genes were predicted, including 38 tRNA, 8 rRNA, and 85 protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis placed L. brownii var. viridulum under the family Liliaceae.

Rhynchophylline Attenuates Tourette Syndrome via BDNF/NF-κB Pathway In Vivo and In Vitro

Tourette syndrome (TS) is characterized by one of the chronic neuropsychiatric disorders in multiple children, and the pathogenesis of Tourette syndrome (TS) has not been previously elucidated.The aim of this study was designed to investigate the effects of rhynchophylline (RH) on Tourette syndrome (TS) in rats.TS model was established in rats and BV2 cells by the selective 5-HT2A/2C agonist 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI). Behavior evaluations including stereotypy recording and autonomic activity test were performed. Inflammatory cytokine levels such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in serum, striatum, and cell supernatant were detected. The expression levels of BDNF/NF-κB pathway in striatum and BV2 cells were measured by Western blot. Dopamine (DA) and dopamine receptor D 2 (D2) in striatum were also measured.Data indicated that RH significantly decreased IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in serum, striatum, and cell supernatant of TS model, with altered expression of P-NF-κBp65, P-IκBα, and BDNF in TS rats, and DOI-induced BV2 cells, as evidenced by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry analysis. RH also significantly reduced the levels of DA and D2 in striatum.Our results shown that the regulation of BDNF/NF-κB pathway might be involved in the effects of RH on TS model.

Promising pain-relieving activity of an ancient Persian remedy (mixture of white Lily in sesame oil) in patients with chronic low back pain

Background and Objectives:

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is one the frequent musculoskeletal issues among adults mostly without a specific etiology. In this study, we investigated a traditional Persian remedy for back pain which is based on topical application of a mixture of sesame oil (SO) and white lily (LSM).

Materials and Methods:

The chemical profile, phenol content, and antioxidant activity of the herbal samples were determined using GC-MS, total phenol content (TPC) assay, and DPPH assay, respectively. Clinical efficacy of the herbal samples by a double-blind placebo was examined.

Results:

TPC of SO and LSM was 45 ± 5.7 and 68.3 ± 11.2 mg GAE/g oil mixture, respectively. The SO could inhibit 59.7% of free radicals, whereas LSM showed a radical inhibition rate of 74.7% in DPPH assay. LSM could reduce the pain feeling and obtained the lowest pain scores (Oswestry disability index and numeric rating scale) in weeks 4 and 8 of therapy in comparison to other treatment groups (diclofenac gel and SO) and placebo control (Vaseline).

Conclusions:

The results implicate the LSM as a novel therapeutic alternative for the therapy of the CLBP.

Ethanol Extract of Lilium Bulbs Plays an Anti-Inflammatory Role by Targeting the IKK[Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text]-Mediated NF-[Formula: see text]B Pathway in Macrophages

Lilium bulbs have long been used as Chinese traditional medicines to alleviate the symptoms of various human inflammatory diseases. However, mechanisms of Lilium bulb-mediated anti-inflammatory activity and the bioactive components in Lilium bulbs remain unknown. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory activity of Lilium bulbs and the underlying mechanism of action were investigated in macrophages using Lilium bulb ethanol extracts (Lb-EE). In a dose-dependent manner, Lb-EE inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) without causing significant cytotoxicity. Lb-EE also down-regulated mRNA expression of inflammatory genes in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, which included inducuble nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and tumor necrosis factor-[Formula: see text] (TNF-[Formula: see text]). Furthermore, Lb-EE markedly restored LPS-induced morphological changes in RAW264.7 cells to a normal morphology. HPLC analysis identified quercetin, luteolin, and kaempferol as bioactive components contained in Lb-EE. Mechanistic studies in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells revealed that Lb-EE suppressed MyD88- and TRIF-induced NF-[Formula: see text]B transcriptional activation and the nuclear translocation of NF-[Formula: see text]B transcription factors. Moreover, Lb-EE inhibited IKK[Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text]-induced activation of the NF-[Formula: see text]B signaling pathway and IKK inhibition significantly reduced NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that Lb-EE plays an anti-inflammatory role by targeting IKK[Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text]-mediated activation of the NF-[Formula: see text]B signaling pathway during macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses.

Anti-Inflammatory Phenolic Acid Esters from the Roots and Rhizomes of Notopterygium incisium and Their Permeability in the Human Caco-2 Monolayer Cell Model

A new ferulic acid ester named 4-methyl-3-trans-hexenylferulate (1), together with eight known phenolic acid esters (2–9), was isolated from the methanolic extract of the roots and rhizomes of Notopterygium incisium. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic techniques, including 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. 4-Methoxyphenethyl ferulate (8) NMR data is reported here for the first time. The uptake and transepithelial transport of the isolated compounds 1–9 were investigated in the human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayer model. Compounds 2 and 6 were assigned for the well-absorbed compounds, compound 8 was assigned for the moderately absorbed compound, and compounds 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9 were assigned for the poorly absorbed compounds. Moreover, all of the isolated compounds were assayed for the inhibitory effects against nitric oxide (NO) production in the lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 macrophages model and L-N⁶-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (L-NIL) was used as a positive control. Compounds 1, 5, 8, and 9 exhibited potent inhibitory activity on NO production with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values of 1.01, 4.63, 2.47, and 2.73 μM, respectively, which were more effective than L-NIL with IC₅₀ values of 9.37 μM. These findings not only enriched the types of anti-inflammatory compounds in N. incisum but also provided some useful information for predicting their oral bioavailability and their suitability as drug leads or promising anti-inflammatory agents.