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Hussain MA, Nijabat A, Rehman MMU, Qurashi R, Siddiqui MH, Alamri S, Mashwani ZUR, Leghari SUK, Shah MA, Zaman QU. Management of Tomato Bacterial Canker Disease by the Green Fabricated Silver Nanoparticles. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:597. [PMID: 38914943 PMCID: PMC11197350 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial canker disease caused by Clavibacter michiganensis is a substantial threat to the cultivation of tomatoes, leading to considerable economic losses and global food insecurity. Infection is characterized by white raised lesions on leaves, stem, and fruits with yellow to tan patches between veins, and marginal necrosis. Several agrochemical substances have been reported in previous studies to manage this disease but these were not ecofriendly. Thus present study was designed to control the bacterial canker disease in tomato using green fabricated silver nanoparticles (AgNps). Nanosilver particles (AgNPs) were synthesized utilizing Moringa oleifera leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). FTIR showed presence of bioactive compounds in green fabricated AgNPs and UV-visible spectroscopy confirmed the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band in the range of 350 nm to 355 nm. SEM showed the rectangular segments fused together, and XRD confirmed the crystalline nature of the synthesized AgNPs. The presence of metallic silver ions was confirmed by an EDX detector. Different concentrations (10, 20, 30, and 40 ppm) of the green fabricated AgNPs were exogenously applied on tomato before applying an inoculum of Clavibacter michigensis to record the bacterial canker disease incidence at different day intervals. The optimal concentration of AgNPs was found to be 30 µg/mg that exhibited the most favorable impact on morphological (shoot length, root length, plant fresh and dry weights, root fresh and dry weights) and physiological parameters (chlorophyll contents, membrane stability index, and relative water content) as well as biochemical parameters (proline, total soluble sugar and catalase activity). These findings indicated a noteworthy reduction in biotic stress through the increase of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities by the green fabricated AgNPs. This study marks a first biocompatible approach in assessing the potential of green fabricated AgNPs in enhancing the well-being of tomato plants that affected with bacterial canker and establishing an effective management strategy against Clavibacter michiganensis. This is the first study suggests that low concentration of green fabricated nanosilvers (AgNPs) from leaf extract of Moringa oleifera against Clavibacter michiganensis is a promisingly efficient and eco-friendly alternative approach for management of bacterial canker disease in tomato crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arif Hussain
- Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- Department of Botany, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Nijabat
- Department of Botany, University of Mianwali, Mianwali, 42200, Pakistan.
| | | | - Rahmatullah Qurashi
- Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Manzer H Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saud Alamri
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | | | - Qamar Uz Zaman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
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Venancio AN, Silva MJ, Parreira LA, Júlio AA, Souza GR, Conceição Santos MF, Menini L. Citronellal: a natural aldehyde with important properties. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38567669 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2332949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Among the several terpenes existing in nature, Citronellal, a monoterpene aldehyde, deserves to be highlighted for its biological properties that have been pointed out in numerous studies. This work aimed to conduct a literature review on its biological properties. Citronellal is a prominent compound in the essential oils of Cymbopogon genus plants. Apart from being employed as a fragrance ingredient in aromas, fragrances, and cosmetics, it is also used as an intermediate in synthesising (-)-menthol. Various studies have demonstrated Citronellal's potential as an antibacterial compound, particularly anti-Staphylococcus and Escherichia bacteria. Citronellal also has antifungal properties against several fungi, especially fungi of the genus Candida. The studies found showed that Citronellal also has insecticidal, acaricidal, antiparasitic, anaesthetic, antiviral, antioxidant, antinociceptive, cardioprotective, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldino N Venancio
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Marcio J Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Luciana A Parreira
- Departamento de Química e Física, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Armanda A Júlio
- Department of Agrochemistry, Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Souza
- Departamento de Química e Física, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Menini
- Department of Agrochemistry, Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
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Gao L, Huang M, Xiong Q, Liang Y, Mi L, Jiang Y, Zhang J. Antibacterial Mechanism, Control Efficiency, and Nontarget Toxicity Evaluation of Actinomycin X 2 against Xanthomonas citri Subsp. citri. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:4788-4800. [PMID: 38377546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The present study investigated the antibacterial mechanism, control efficiency, and nontarget toxicity of actinomycin X2 (Act-X2) against Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) for the first time. Act-X2 almost completely inhibited the proliferation of Xcc in the growth curve assay at a concentration of 0.25 MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC = 31.25 μg/mL). This inhibitory effect was achieved by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), blocking the formation of biofilms, obstructing the synthesis of intracellular proteins, and decreasing the enzymatic activities of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) of Xcc. Molecular docking and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis results indicated that Act-X2 steadily bonded to the RNA polymerase, ribosome, malate dehydrogenase, and succinate dehydrogenase to inhibit their activities, thus drastically reducing the expression levels of related genes. Act-X2 showed far more effectiveness than the commercially available pesticide Cu2(OH)3Cl in the prevention and therapy of citrus canker disease. Furthermore, the nontarget toxicity evaluation demonstrated that Act-X2 was not phytotoxic to citrus trees and exhibited minimal toxicity to earthworms in both contact and soil toxic assays. This study suggests that Act-X2 has the potential as an effective and environmentally friendly antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Meiling Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qin Xiong
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yan Liang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Lanfang Mi
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
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Yang X, Zhao S, Deng Y, Xu W, Wang Z, Wang W, Lv R, Liu D. Antibacterial activity and mechanisms of α-terpineol against foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:6641-6653. [PMID: 37682300 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activities of α-terpineol against common foodborne pathogenic bacteria by agar well diffusion, broth microdilution, and colony counting assay. Propulsive research was conducted to reveal the antibacterial mechanisms, including morphology, infrared spectroscopy, membrane fluidity, membrane permeability, proton motive force, and oxidative phosphorylation. Results indicated that the antibacterial activity of α-terpineol decreased in the following order: Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. With an initial cell count of 8 log CFU/mL, α-terpineol at 0.8% (v/v) reduced E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus by approximately 5.6 and 3.9 log CFU/mL within 1 h, respectively. Remarkable destruction in cell envelopes and intracellular organizations was observed. The hydroxyl of α-terpineol might form glycosidic bonds with carbohydrates and hydrogen bonds with PO2- and COO- via infrared spectroscopy analysis. Generalized polarization of Laurdan revealed that the polar head groups of phospholipids transformed into close packed. The anisotropy variations of trimethyl amino-diphenylhexatriene (TMA-DPH) and DPH suggested membrane fluidity decreased. The N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine intake assay indicated that α-terpineol impaired the cell wall. Propidium iodide staining was indicative of damaged plasma membranes. Electron transport in the cytoplasmic membrane was impaired, inducing reactive oxygen species accumulation. Both membrane electrical potential and membrane pH gradient collapsed. The disruption of proton motive force and the leakage of ATP resulted in a deficit of intracellular ATP. Our research revealed the interaction between the hydroxyl group of α-terpineol and bacteria affects membrane function contributing to the bacteria's death. KEY POINTS: • α-Terpineol hydroxy formed glycosidic bonds and hydrogen bonds with bacteria • α-Terpineol increased the membrane gelation and reduced the membrane fluidity • Proton motive force and oxidative phosphorylation were impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Yang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550000, China
| | - Shunan Zhao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yong Deng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weidong Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zonghan Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ruiling Lv
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
| | - Donghong Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan, Jiaxing, 314100, China.
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Wang GH, Huang CT, Huang HJ, Tang CH, Chung YC. Biological Activities of Citrus aurantium Leaf Extract by Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction. Molecules 2023; 28:7251. [PMID: 37959671 PMCID: PMC10649195 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have explored the biological activities of Citrus aurantium flowers, fruits, and seeds, but the bioactivity of C. aurantium leaves, which are treated as waste, remains unclear. Thus, this study developed a pilot-scale ultrasonic-assisted extraction process using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) for the optimized extraction of active compounds from C. aurantium leaves, and their antityrosinase, antioxidant, antiaging, and antimicrobial activities were evaluated. Under optimal conditions in a 150× scaleup configuration (a 30 L ultrasonic machine) of a pilot plant, the total phenolic content was 69.09 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight, which was slightly lower (3.17%) than the theoretical value. The half maximal inhibitory concentration of C. aurantium leaf extract (CALE) for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-scavenging, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)-scavenging, antityrosinase, anticollagenase, antielastase and anti-matrix metalloprotein-1 activities were 123.5, 58.5, 181.3, 196.4, 216.3, and 326.4 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, the minimal inhibitory concentrations for bacteria and fungi were 150-350 and 500 mg/L, respectively. In total, 17 active compounds were detected in CALE-with linalool, linalyl acetate, limonene, and α-terpineol having the highest concentrations. Finally, the overall transdermal absorption and permeation efficiency of CALE was 95.9%. In conclusion, our CALE demonstrated potential whitening, antioxidant, antiaging, and antimicrobial activities; it was also nontoxic and easily absorbed into the skin as well as inexpensive to produce. Therefore, it has potential applications in various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guey-Horng Wang
- Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals Engineering, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361008, China
| | - Chun-Ta Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 115311, Taiwan (C.-H.T.)
| | - Hsiu-Ju Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 115311, Taiwan (C.-H.T.)
| | - Chi-Hsiang Tang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 115311, Taiwan (C.-H.T.)
| | - Ying-Chien Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 115311, Taiwan (C.-H.T.)
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Zhao Y, Laborda P, Han SW, Liu F. Editorial: Pathogenic mechanism and biocontrol of Xanthomonas on plants. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1270750. [PMID: 37662017 PMCID: PMC10471965 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1270750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- School of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Pedro Laborda
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Sang-Wook Han
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- School of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Shin YK, Seol GH. Effects of linalyl acetate on oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction: can linalyl acetate prevent mild cognitive impairment? Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1233977. [PMID: 37576815 PMCID: PMC10416234 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1233977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a major public health challenge with an increasing prevalence. Although the mechanisms underlying the development of MCI remain unclear, MCI has been reported to be associated with oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and endothelial dysfunction, suggesting that agents that reduce these factors may be key to preventing MCI. Currently, no agents have been approved for the treatment of MCI, with the efficacy of commonly prescribed cholinesterase inhibitors remaining unclear. Relatively safe natural products that can prevent the development of MCI are of great interest. Linalyl acetate (LA), the major component of clary sage and lavender essential oils, has been shown to have a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, which may have the potential for the prevention of MCI. The present review briefly summarizes the pathogenesis of MCI related to oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and endothelial dysfunction as well as the benefits of LA against these MCI-associated factors. The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were used to search the relevant literature. Further clinical research may lead to the development of new strategies for preventing MCI, particularly in high-risk populations with oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and endothelial dysfunction (e.g., patients with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus).
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Affiliation(s)
- You Kyoung Shin
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Hee Seol
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Program of Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kolozsváriné Nagy J, Móricz ÁM, Böszörményi A, Ambrus Á, Schwarczinger I. Antibacterial effect of essential oils and their components against Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni revealed by microdilution and direct bioautographic assays. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1204027. [PMID: 37389207 PMCID: PMC10303133 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1204027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial spot of stone fruits caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (Xap) is one of the most significant diseases of several Prunus species. Disease outbreaks can result in severe economic losses while the control options are limited. Antibacterial efficacy of essential oils (EOs) of thyme, cinnamon, clove, rosemary, tea tree, eucalyptus, lemon grass, citronella grass, and lemon balm was assessed against two Hungarian Xap isolates. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by broth microdilution assay and for the identification of active EOs' components a newly introduced high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)-Xap (direct bioautography) method combined with solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) was applied. All EOs inhibited both bacterium isolates, but cinnamon proved to be the most effective EO with MIC values of 31.25 µg/mL and 62.5 µg/mL, respectively. Compounds in the antibacterial HPTLC zones were identified as thymol in thyme, trans-cinnamaldehyde in cinnamon, eugenol in clove, borneol in rosemary, terpinen-4-ol in tea tree, citral (neral and geranial) in lemon grass and lemon balm, and citronellal and nerol in citronella grass. Regarding active compounds, thymol had the highest efficiency with a MIC value of 50 µg/mL. Antibacterial effects of EOs have already been proven for several Xanthomonas species, but to our knowledge, the studied EOs, except for lemon grass and eucalyptus, were tested for the first time against Xap. Furthermore, in case of Xap, this is the first report demonstrating that direct bioautography is a fast and suitable method for screening anti-Xap components of complex matrices, like EOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Kolozsváriné Nagy
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes M. Móricz
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Böszörményi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Ambrus
- Plant Health Bacteriological Diagnostic National Reference Laboratory, Food Chain Safety Laboratory Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Schwarczinger
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
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Karamchandani BM, Maurya PA, Dalvi SG, Waghmode S, Sharma D, Rahman PKSM, Ghormade V, Satpute SK. Synergistic Activity of Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant and Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Fungal Origin Chitosan Against Phytopathogens. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:917105. [PMID: 36017342 PMCID: PMC9396382 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.917105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogens pose severe implications in the quantity and quality of food production by instigating several diseases. Biocontrol strategies comprising the application of biomaterials have offered endless opportunities for sustainable agriculture. We explored multifarious potentials of rhamnolipid-BS (RH-BS: commercial), fungal chitosan (FCH), and FCH-derived nanoparticles (FCHNPs). The high-quality FCH was extracted from Cunninghamella echinulata NCIM 691 followed by the synthesis of FCHNPs. Both, FCH and FCHNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, DLS, zeta potential, FTIR, SEM, and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA). The commercial chitosan (CH) and synthesized chitosan nanoparticles (CHNPs) were used along with test compounds (FCH and FCHNPs). SEM analysis revealed the spherical shape of the nanomaterials (CHNPs and FCHNPs). NTA provided high-resolution visual validation of particle size distribution for CHNPs (256.33 ± 18.80 nm) and FCHNPs (144.33 ± 10.20 nm). The antibacterial and antifungal assays conducted for RH-BS, FCH, and FCHNPs were supportive to propose their efficacies against phytopathogens. The lower MIC of RH-BS (256 μg/ml) was observed than that of FCH and FCHNPs (>1,024 μg/ml) against Xanthomonas campestris NCIM 5028, whereas a combination study of RH-BS with FCHNPs showed a reduction in MIC up to 128 and 4 μg/ml, respectively, indicating their synergistic activity. The other combination of RH-BS with FCH resulted in an additive effect reducing MIC up to 128 and 256 μg/ml, respectively. Microdilution plate assay conducted for three test compounds demonstrated inhibition of fungi, FI: Fusarium moniliforme ITCC 191, FII: Fusarium moniliforme ITCC 4432, and FIII: Fusarium graminearum ITCC 5334 (at 0.015% and 0.020% concentration). Furthermore, potency of test compounds performed through the in vitro model (poisoned food technique) displayed dose-dependent (0.005%, 0.010%, 0.015%, and 0.020% w/v) antifungal activity. Moreover, RH-BS and FCHNPs inhibited spore germination (61–90%) of the same fungi. Our efforts toward utilizing the combination of RH-BS with FCHNPs are significant to develop eco-friendly, low cytotoxic formulations in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priya A. Maurya
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Sunil G. Dalvi
- Tissue Culture Section, Vasantdada Sugar Institute, Pune, India
- *Correspondence: Sunil G. Dalvi, ; Surekha K. Satpute,
| | | | - Deepansh Sharma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Pattanathu K. S. M. Rahman
- TeeGene and TARA Biologics, Life Science Accelerator, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Surekha K. Satpute
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
- *Correspondence: Sunil G. Dalvi, ; Surekha K. Satpute,
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Phytochemical Classification of Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Kidney Disease Based on Traditional Persian Medicine. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8022599. [PMID: 35958915 PMCID: PMC9357710 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8022599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Methods This review was focused on studying the various secondary metabolites in model plants of Iranian herbal medicine known as treatment of kidney diseases in traditional Persian medicine textbooks including Makhzan-ol-Advieh, The Canon of Medicine, and Taghvim al-Abdan fi Tadbir al-Ensan. Results Secondary metabolites of 94 medical plants belonging to 42 families were reported with their scientific and family name. Conclusion Although herbal medicines are gaining rapid popularity among people and the pharmaceutical industry, the understandings of the phytochemical and therapeutic properties of medicinal plant are important for developing effective nephroprotective medicines. Therefore, the relationship between traditional uses and biological properties should be clearly verified through further studies.
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Evaluation of Bacterial Perpetuation Assays and Plant Biomolecules Antimicrobial Activity against Cotton Blight Bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum; An Alternative Source for Food Production and Protection. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11101278. [PMID: 35631704 PMCID: PMC9147663 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is a global cash crop which has gained importance in earning foreign exchange for each country. Bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonascitri subsp. malvacearum (Xcm) has been a seriousdisease in Pakistan’s cotton belt on multiple occasions. Bacterium was isolated and identified through various biochemical and diagnostic tests wherehypersensitivity reaction, Gram staining, KOH (potassium hydroxide), catalase, starch hydrolysis, lecithinase and Tween 80 hydrolysis tests confirmed bacterium as Gram-negative and plant pathogenic. Xcm perpetuation assays wereevaluated on various cotton varieties under glasshouse conditions in completely randomized design by three different methods, wherein the scratch method proved to be the best upon CIM-496 and showed 83.33% disease incidence as compared with the other two methods, where Bt-3701 responded with 53.33% incidence via the spray gun method, and 50% with the water splash method on CIM-616, as compared with the control. Similarly, for disease severity percentage, Bt-3701 was pragmatic with 47.21% through scratch method, whereas, in the spray gun method, 45.51% disease severity was noted upon Bt-802, and 31.27% was calculated on Cyto-179 through the water splash method. Owing to the unique antibacterial properties of aqueous plant extracts, the poison food technique showed Aloe vera, Mentha piperita, Syzygiumcumini and Azadirachta indica with 17.77, 29.33, 18.33 and 20.22 bacterial colonies counted on nutrient agarmedium petri plate, respectively, as compared with the control. Measurement of the inhibition zone by disk diffusion technique showed Mentha piperita, Syzygiumcumini, Citrus limon, Moringa oleifera and Syzygium aromaticum to present the most promising results by calculating the maximum diameter of the inhibition zone, viz., 8.58, 8.55, 8.52, 8.49 and 8.41 (mm), respectively, at the highest tested concentration (75 ppm, parts per million) compared with the control. It is probable that the decoction’s interaction with the pathogen population on the host plant will need to be considered in future experiments. However, at this moment, more research into the effective management of cotton bacterial blight by plant extracts in terms of concentration determination and development of biopesticides will provide future avenues to avoid environmental pollution.
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Abstract
Citrus essential oils (EOs) are widely used as flavoring agents in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetical and chemical industries. For this reason, their demand is constantly increasing all over the world. Besides industrial applications, the abundance of EOs in the epicarp is particularly relevant for the quality of citrus fruit. In fact, these compounds represent a natural protection against postharvest deteriorations due to their remarkable antimicrobial, insecticidal and antioxidant activities. Several factors, including genotype, climatic conditions and cultural practices, can influence the assortment and accumulation of EOs in citrus peels. This review is focused on factors influencing variation of the EOs’ composition during ripening and on the implications on postharvest quality of the fruit.
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Food Ingredients Derived from Lemongrass Byproduct Hydrodistillation: Essential Oil, Hydrolate, and Decoction. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082493. [PMID: 35458694 PMCID: PMC9028273 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oil (EO), hydrolate, and nondistilled aqueous phase (decoction) obtained from the hydrodistillation of lemongrass byproducts were studied in terms of their potential as food ingredients under a circular economy. The EO (0.21%, dry weight basis) was composed mainly of monoterpenoids (61%), the majority being citral (1.09 g/kg). The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of lemongrass EO against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus, were 617, 1550, and 250 μg/mL, respectively. This effect was dependent on the citral content. Particularly for Gram-negative bacteria, a synergism between citral and the remaining EO compounds enhanced the antimicrobial activity. The polymeric material obtained from the nondistilled aqueous phase was composed of phenolic compounds (25% gallic acid equivalents) and carbohydrates (22%), mainly glucose (66 mol%). This polymeric material showed high antioxidant activity due to bound phenolic compounds, allowing its application as a functional dietary fiber ingredient. Matcha green tea formulations were successfully mixed with lemongrass hydrolate containing 0.21% EO (dry weight basis) with 58% of monoterpenoids, being citral at 0.73 g/kg, minimizing matcha astringency with a citrus flavor and extending the product shelf life. This holistic approach to essential oils’ hydrodistillation of Cymbopogon citratus byproducts allows for valorizing of the essential oil, hydrolate, and decoction for use as food ingredients.
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Role of plant extracts and essential oils in fighting against postharvest fruit pathogens and extending fruit shelf life: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Chang Y, Harmon PF, Treadwell DD, Carrillo D, Sarkhosh A, Brecht JK. Biocontrol Potential of Essential Oils in Organic Horticulture Systems: From Farm to Fork. Front Nutr 2022; 8:805138. [PMID: 35096947 PMCID: PMC8792766 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.805138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, increasing attention has been paid to food safety and organic horticulture. Thus, people are looking for natural products to manage plant diseases, pests, and weeds. Essential oils (EOs) or EO-based products are potentially promising candidates for biocontrol agents due to their safe, bioactive, biodegradable, ecologically, and economically viable properties. Born of necessity or commercial interest to satisfy market demand for natural products, this emerging technology is highly anticipated, but its application has been limited without the benefit of a thorough analysis of the scientific evidence on efficacy, scope, and mechanism of action. This review covers the uses of EOs as broad-spectrum biocontrol agents in both preharvest and postharvest systems. The known functions of EOs in suppressing fungi, bacteria, viruses, pests, and weeds are briefly summarized. Related results and possible modes of action from recent research are listed. The weaknesses of applying EOs are also discussed, such as high volatility and low stability, low water solubility, strong influence on organoleptic properties, and phytotoxic effects. Therefore, EO formulations and methods of incorporation to enhance the strengths and compensate for the shortages are outlined. This review also concludes with research directions needed to better understand and fully evaluate EOs and provides an outlook on the prospects for future applications of EOs in organic horticulture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Chang
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Philip F. Harmon
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Danielle D. Treadwell
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Daniel Carrillo
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, FL, United States
| | - Ali Sarkhosh
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey K. Brecht
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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16
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Ling W, Dai T, Zhang J, Liang Y, Yin W, Zhong B, Zhang J. Evaluation of Pomelo Seed Extracts as Natural Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Herbicidal Agents, and Their Functional Components. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100679. [PMID: 34651409 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pomelo seeds (PS) are important by-product of pomelo fruits (Citrus grandis Osbeck). The value-added utilization of PS remains highly challenged. This study aimed to investigate the utilization potential of PS as natural antioxidant, antibacterial, herbicidal agents, and their functional components. The ethanolic extract (EE) of PS and its four fractions as PEE (petroleum ether extract), AcOEtE (ethyl acetate extract), BTE (butanol extract), and WE (water extract), were prepared and biologically evaluated. BTE exhibited the best antioxidant activity among all these extracts, in both ABTS (2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays. AcOEtE was superior to other extracts in herbicidal assay against both Festuca elata Keng (IC50 of 0.48 mg mL-1 ) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (IC50 of 0.94 mg mL-1 ). Meanwhile, both AcOEtE and BTE demonstrated inhibitory effects against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, with MIC ranging 2.5-5.0 mg mL-1 . Furthermore, the primary chemical components involving naringin, deacetylnomilin, limonin, nomilin, and obacunone, were quantified in all these extracts. PCA (principal component analysis) suggested that naringin might highly contribute to the antioxidant activity of PS, and the herbicidal activity should be ascribed to limonoids. This study successfully identified AcOEtE and BTE as naturally occurring antioxidant, antibacterial, and herbicidal agents, showing application potential in food and cosmetics industries, and organic farming agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ling
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Tingrui Dai
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yan Liang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Wenyue Yin
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Balian Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
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17
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Wang W, Ren Z, Wang L, Cai Y, Ma H, Fang L, Su J. Nanoparticle-stabilized encapsulation of borneol and citral: Physicochemical characteristics, storage stability, and enhanced antibacterial activities. J Food Sci 2021; 86:4554-4565. [PMID: 34519054 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Combinations of phytochemical(s) and engineered nanoparticles have attracted immense research interest due to their superior antimicrobial effects against contaminations. Herein, a Pickering emulsion is developed with capsulized phytochemicals including borneol and citral (BC-Cap) stabilized by hydrophilic amine-functionalized silica nanoparticles (SiO2 ─NH2 NPs). The droplet sizes of Pickering emulsion were 5.2 ± 1.4 µm under the condition that the concentrations of SiO2 ─NH2 NPs ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 wt.%, and the emulsion showed desirable stability during storage at 40°C for 365 days. In addition, the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the Pickering emulsion were investigated. The antibacterial effect of BC-Cap increased by two- to fourfold compared with citral or borneol alone. Treatment of BC/BC-Cap for 4 h eliminated the formation of biofilms generated by Listeria monocytogenes (at 5/1.25 mg/ml; 2 × MIC concentration) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (at 5/2.5 mg/ml; 2 × MIC concentration). Further mechanistic studies revealed that the antibiofilm effects of BC-Cap were attributed to its ability to increase the porosity and lytic effects on the cell membrane of bacteria. Findings from the current study support the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of BC-Cap Pickering emulsion as a promising food additive. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The Pickering emulsion has potential applications as bacteriostatic agent in packaging materials and general surface disinfectant. The combination of borneol and citral is stabilized by hydrophilic amine-functionalized silica nanoparticles (SiO2 ─NH2 NPs). With the synergistic effects of borneol and citral, the Pickering emulsion shows a promising elimination effect against the formation of biofilms produced by Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Ren
- Operation Development Center, Haid Group, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Cai
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hang Ma
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Liming Fang
- Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Guangzhou, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyu Su
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Guangzhou, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, China
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18
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Cao Y, Zhou D, Zhang X, Xiao X, Yu Y, Li X. Synergistic effect of citral and carvacrol and their combination with mild heat against Cronobacter sakazakii CICC 21544 in reconstituted infant formula. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Guo T, Xia R, Liu T, Peng F, Tang X, Zhou Q, Luo H, Xue W. Synthesis, Biological Activity and Action Mechanism Study of Novel Chalcone Derivatives Containing Malonate. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000025. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringCenter for Research and Development of Fine ChemicalsGuizhou University Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
| | - Rongjiao Xia
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringCenter for Research and Development of Fine ChemicalsGuizhou University Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringCenter for Research and Development of Fine ChemicalsGuizhou University Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
| | - Feng Peng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringCenter for Research and Development of Fine ChemicalsGuizhou University Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Tang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringCenter for Research and Development of Fine ChemicalsGuizhou University Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringCenter for Research and Development of Fine ChemicalsGuizhou University Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
| | - Hui Luo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringCenter for Research and Development of Fine ChemicalsGuizhou University Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
| | - Wei Xue
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringCenter for Research and Development of Fine ChemicalsGuizhou University Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
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Cronobacter sakazakii CICC 21544 responds to the combination of carvacrol and citral by regulating proton motive force. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Da Silva RS, De Oliveira MMG, Silva KP, Da Silva Vasconcelos Rodrigues I, Dos Santos Pinto V, Blank AF, Fernandes RPM. Synergistic effect of Cordia curassavica Jacq. essential oils association against the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:4376-4389. [PMID: 31832936 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06631-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The increased use of pesticides applied to treat diseases caused by bacteria has caused serious environmental problems. There are few fungicides/bactericides for the treatment of plant diseases caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), and only two natural products with general bactericidal/fungicidal use are available on the market. Thus, this study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of essential oils (EOs), and their combinations, from five distinct genotypes of Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult (Syn. Varronia curassavica Jacq.) (CCUR) against Xcc. GC/MS chemical analysis revealed α-pinene, sabinene, (E)-caryophyllene, ar-curcumene, β-sesquiphellandrene, 7-cyclodecen-1-one, and ar-Turmerone as the major compounds of the five EOs of CCUR. All EOs showed growth inhibition of Xcc with minimum inhibitory concentration between 500 and 1000 μg mL-1. The associations between two EOs from different CCUR genotypes showed that 70% of the total combinations had an additive effect. However, the combinations between CCUR-002 × (-302, -202) and CCUR-302 × (-601) showed a synergistic effect, with mean fractional inhibitory concentration FIC50 values of 0.28, 0.42, and 0.40, respectively. This study demonstrates that combinations of C. curassavica EOs have antimicrobial activity and a potential to be used in the control of black rot. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Salomão Da Silva
- Laboratório de Enzimologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
| | | | - Kleiton Paulo Silva
- Laboratório de Enzimologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
| | | | - Vanderson Dos Santos Pinto
- Laboratório de Recursos Genéticos e Óleos Essenciais, Departamento de Engenharia Agronômica, Universidade federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Arie Fitzgerald Blank
- Laboratório de Recursos Genéticos e Óleos Essenciais, Departamento de Engenharia Agronômica, Universidade federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
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22
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da Silva RS, de Oliveira MMG, de Melo JO, Blank AF, Corrêa CB, Scher R, Fernandes RPM. Antimicrobial activity of Lippia gracilis essential oils on the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and their effect on membrane integrity. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 160:40-48. [PMID: 31519256 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris (Xcc) is the causative agent of black rot, a disease that causes serious damage to plants from Brassicaceae family. However, there are no chemicals or biological agent commercially registered for the control of this disease. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Lippia gracilis essential oils (EOs) on Xcc aiming its use as effective biological control. We also investigated the effect of EOs on the integrity of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. Chemical analysis by GC/MS showed that the major compounds of the seven EOs of L. gracilis are thymol or carvacrol. The seven genotypes showed inhibition of bacterial growth with MIC from 700 μg.ml-1 to 1000 μg.ml-1, with the genotype LGRA-106 (rich in Thymol) with higher antimicrobial activity. The MIC for thymol and carvacrol were 250 μg.ml-1. After exposure to LGRA-106 EO (2×, 1×, 1/2×, 1/4×, and 1/8 x MIC for 5 min, it was observed a decreased cell viability and increased pI fluorescence, which indicates damage to the cytoplasmic cell membrane. This study demonstrates that L. gracilis EOs have antimicrobial activity and have a potential to be used in the control of black rot. Furthermore this antimicrobial activity is due, at least in part, to bacterial cytoplasmic membrane damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juliana Oliveira de Melo
- Departamento de Engenharia Agronômica, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Arie Fitzgerald Blank
- Departamento de Engenharia Agronômica, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Bani Corrêa
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Scher
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
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Hussain M, Iqbal Raja N, Mashwani ZUR, Iqbal M, Ejaz M, Aslam S. Green synthesis and evaluation of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial and biochemical profiling in Kinnow ( Citrus reticulata L.) to enhance fruit quality and productivity under biotic stress. IET Nanobiotechnol 2019; 13:250-256. [PMID: 31053686 PMCID: PMC8675995 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by utilising plant extract is an emerging class of nanotechnology. It revolutionizes all the field of biological sciences by synthesizing chemical free AgNPs. In the present study, AgNPs were synthesised by utilising Moringa oleifera leaves as the main reducing and stabilising agent and characterised through UV-visible spectroscopy, zeta analyser, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The different concentrations of biosynthesised AgNPs (10, 20, 30, and 40 ppm) were exogenously applied on the already infected plants (canker) of Citrus reticulata at different day intervals. The AgNPs at a concentration of 30 ppm was found to be most suitable concentration for creating the resistance against canker disease in Citrus reticulata. The enzymatic activities were also explored and it was found that 30 ppm concentration of biosynthesised AgNPs significantly reduced the biotic stress. Fruit quality and productivity parameters were also assessed and it was found that fruit quality and productivity were significant in response to 30 ppm concentration of biosynthesised AgNPs. The present work highlights the potent role of biosynthesised AgNPs, which can be used as biological control of citrus diseases and ultimately improving the quality and productivity of Citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubashir Hussain
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Naveed Iqbal Raja
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Iqbal
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ejaz
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Aslam
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Wang PY, Wang MW, Zeng D, Xiang M, Rao JR, Liu QQ, Liu LW, Wu ZB, Li Z, Song BA, Yang S. Rational Optimization and Action Mechanism of Novel Imidazole (or Imidazolium)-Labeled 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Thioethers as Promising Antibacterial Agents against Plant Bacterial Diseases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3535-3545. [PMID: 30835115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and widespread occurrence of plant bacterial diseases that cause global production constraints have become major challenges to agriculture worldwide. To promote the discovery and development of new bactericides, imidazole-labeled 1,3,4-oxadiazole thioethers were first fabricated by integrating the crucially bioactive scaffolds of the imidazole motif and 1,3,4-oxadiazole skeleton in a single molecular architecture. Subsequently, a superior antibacterial compound A6 was gradually discovered possessing excellent competence against plant pathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri with EC50 values of 0.734 and 1.79 μg/mL, respectively. These values were better than those of commercial agents bismerthiazol (92.6 μg/mL) and thiodiazole copper (77.0 μg/mL). Further modifying the imidazole moiety into the imidazolium scaffold led to the discovery of an array of potent antibacterial compounds providing the corresponding minimum EC50 values of 0.295 and 0.607 μg/mL against the two strains. Moreover, a plausible action mechanism for attacking pathogens was proposed based on the concentration dependence of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy images. Given the simple molecular structures, easy synthetic procedure, and highly efficient bioactivity, imidazole (or imidazolium)-labeled 1,3,4-oxadiazole thioethers can be further explored and developed as promising indicators for the development of commercial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang , 550025 , China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang , 550025 , China
| | - Dan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang , 550025 , China
| | - Meng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang , 550025 , China
| | - Jia-Rui Rao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang , 550025 , China
| | - Qing-Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang , 550025 , China
| | - Li-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang , 550025 , China
| | - Zhi-Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang , 550025 , China
| | - Zhong Li
- College of Pharmacy , East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai , China 200237
| | - Bao-An Song
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang , 550025 , China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang , 550025 , China
- College of Pharmacy , East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai , China 200237
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25
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Silva CDS, Figueiredo HMD, Stamford TLM, Silva LHMD. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) essential oil in ground beef. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 293:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Clinical Pharmacology of Citrus aurantium and Citrus sinensis for the Treatment of Anxiety. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:3624094. [PMID: 30622597 PMCID: PMC6304613 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3624094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this review is to analyze preclinical and clinical studies investigating the anxiety effects of Citrus aurantium or Citrus sinensis essential oils (EOs). Design The bibliographic research was made on the major scientific databases. Analysis included only articles written in English and published on peer-reviewed scientific journals describing preclinical experiments and clinical trials carried out to investigate the antianxiety effects of Citrus aurantium or Citrus sinensis EOs on anxiety disorders. Clinical studies reporting the antianxiety effects of products containing Citrus aurantium or Citrus sinensis EOs in combination with other active substances, including medicinal plants, were excluded. Nine clinical studies fulfilled the criteria adopted for analysis. Results Data show that Citrus aurantium or Citrus sinensis EOs produce anxiolytic effects both in preclinical experiments and in different clinical conditions. Citrus aurantium EO aromatherapy reduced anxiety level in the great part of stress conditions studied (subjects affected by chronic myeloid leukemia and preoperative patients) except for a sample of patients subjected to colonoscopy. Exposition to Citrus sinensis EO in clinical studies shows to be positive in reducing anxiety level in patients waiting for dental treatment as well as in healthy volunteers submitted to an anxiogenic situation. Conclusions Overview of clinical trials conducted with Citrus aurantium or Citrus sinensis on people with anxiety showed that inhalation or oral administration of Citrus aurantium and inhalation of Citrus sinensis can exert beneficial effects on anxiety; however, because of incomplete accuracy in the reporting of methodology, further more complete clinical studies are warranted.
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Sun D, Rou W, Zhou Y, Zhuo T, Fan X, Hu X, Zou H. Ectopic expression of the TAL effector AvrXa7 in Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri hinders citrus canker symptom formation by modulating transcriptional profile of citrus genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 502:479-485. [PMID: 29859186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) is the causal agent of citrus canker, a serious bacterial disease that affects citrus trees worldwide. The ectopic expression of TAL effector AvrXa7 in Xcc suppressed canker development. The Xcc strain expressing avrXa7 induced a yellow symptom around the inoculation site. Transcriptome analysis revealed 315 differentially expressed genes, which were categorized into several functional groups. The more interesting genes were those involved in the biosynthesis of terpene and ethylene. In particular, the linoleate 13 S-lipoxygenase gene CsLOX2-1 was found to possess the AvrXa7 binding sequence in the promoter region. The recognition of AvrXa7 to the CsLOX2-1 promoter was subsequently confirmed by yeast one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift experiments. This demonstrated that the TALE effector AvrXa7 promotes CsLOX2-1 expression by directly binding to the promoter sequence. Our findings contribute a valuable clue to identifying the potential genes that can be used to prevent citrus canker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongling Sun
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wei Rou
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yinghui Zhou
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Tao Zhuo
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaojing Fan
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xun Hu
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Huasong Zou
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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28
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Chhikara N, Kour R, Jaglan S, Gupta P, Gat Y, Panghal A. Citrus medica: nutritional, phytochemical composition and health benefits – a review. Food Funct 2018; 9:1978-1992. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo02035j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Health benefits and products ofCitrus medica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navnidhi Chhikara
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition
- Lovely Professional University
- Phagwara
- India
| | - Ragni Kour
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition
- Lovely Professional University
- Phagwara
- India
| | | | - Pawan Gupta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Lovely Professional University
- Phagwara
- India
| | - Yogesh Gat
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition
- Lovely Professional University
- Phagwara
- India
| | - Anil Panghal
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition
- Lovely Professional University
- Phagwara
- India
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29
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Chuang YC, Hung YC, Hsu CY, Yeh CM, Mitsuda N, Ohme-Takagi M, Tsai WC, Chen WH, Chen HH. A Dual Repeat Cis-Element Determines Expression of GERANYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE for Monoterpene Production in Phalaenopsis Orchids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:765. [PMID: 29922327 PMCID: PMC5996158 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phalaenopsis bellina is a scented orchid emitting large amount of monoterpenes. GERANYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (PbGDPS) is the key enzyme for monoterpene biosynthesis, and shows concomitant expression with the emission of monoterpenes during flower development in P. bellina. Here, we identified a dual repeat cis-element in the GDPS promoter that is critical for monoterpene biosynthesis in Phalaenopsis orchids. A strong correlation between the dual repeat and the monoterpene production was revealed by examination of the GDPS promoter fragments over 12 Phalaenopsis species. Serial-deletion of the 2-kb GDPS promoter fragments demonstrated that the integrity of the dual repeat was crucial for its promoter activities. By screening the Arabidopsis transcription factors (TFs) cDNA library using yeast one-hybrid assay, AtbZIP18, a member of group I of bZIP TFs, was identified to be able to bind the dual repeat. We then identified PbbZIP4 in the transcriptome of P. bellina, showing 83% identity in the DNA binding region with that of AtbZIP18, and the expression level of PbbZIP4 was higher in the scented orchids. In addition, PbbZIP4 transactivated the GDPS promoter fragment containing the dual repeat in dual luciferase assay. Furthermore, transient ectopic expression of PbbZIP4 induced a 10-fold production of monoterpenoids in the scentless orchid. In conclusion, these results indicate that the dual repeat is a real TF-bound cis-element significant for GDPS gene expression, and thus subsequent monoterpene biosynthesis in the scented Phalaenopsis orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Chuang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chu Hung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Ming Yeh
- Division of Strategic Research and Development, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masaru Ohme-Takagi
- Division of Strategic Research and Development, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Hong-Hwa Chen,
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30
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Li X, Xu Y, Shen S, Yin X, Klee H, Zhang B, Chen K. Transcription factor CitERF71 activates the terpene synthase gene CitTPS16 involved in the synthesis of E-geraniol in sweet orange fruit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4929-4938. [PMID: 28992329 PMCID: PMC5853461 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The unique flavor of Citrus fruit depends on complex combinations of soluble sugars, organic acids, and volatile compounds. The monoterpene E-geraniol is an important volatile, contributing to flavor in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck). Moreover, antifungal activity of E-geraniol has also been observed. However, the terpene synthase (TPS) responsible for its synthesis has not been identified in sweet orange. Terpene synthase 16 (CitTPS16) was shown to catalyze synthesis of E-geraniol in vitro, and transient overexpression of CitTPS16 in fruits and leaves of Newhall sweet orange resulted in E-geraniol accumulation in vivo. Having identified the responsible enzyme, we next examined transcriptional regulation of CitTPS16 in the fruit. Among cloned members of the AP2/ERF transcription factor gene family, CitERF71 showed a similar expression pattern to CitTPS16. Moreover, CitERF71 was able to activate the CitTPS16 promoter based on results from transient dual-luciferase assays and yeast one-hybrid assays. EMSAs showed that CitERF71 directly binds to ACCCGCC and GGCGGG motifs in the CitTPS16 promoter. These results indicate an important role for CitERF71 in transcriptional regulation of CitTP16 and, therefore, in controlling production of E-geraniol in Citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yaying Xu
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shuling Shen
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xueren Yin
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Harry Klee
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, PR China
- Horticultural Sciences, Plant Innovation Center, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, PR China
- Correspondence:
| | - Kunsong Chen
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, PR China
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