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Chen H, Li J, Li S, Wang X, Xu G, Li M, Li G. Research progress of procyanidins in repairing cartilage injury after anterior cruciate ligament tear. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26070. [PMID: 38420419 PMCID: PMC10900419 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is a common sports-related injury, and cartilage injury always emerges as a serious complication following ACL tear, significantly impacting the physical and psychological well-being of affected individuals. Over the years, efforts have been directed toward finding strategies to repair cartilage injury after ACL tear. In recent times, procyanidins, known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, have emerged as potential key players in addressing this concern. This article focuses on summarizing the research progress of procyanidins in repairing cartilage injury after ACL tear. It covers the roles, mechanisms, and clinical significance of procyanidins in repairing cartilage injury following ACL tear and explores the future prospects of procyanidins in this domain. This review provides novel insights and hope for the repair of cartilage injury following ACL tear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Chen
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Major in Clinical Medicine, First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingrui Li
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Major in Clinical Medicine, First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shaofei Li
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Major in Clinical Medicine, First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Major in Clinical Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ge Xu
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Major in Clinical Medicine, First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Molan Li
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Major in Clinical Medicine, First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guangjie Li
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Wang R, Shi X, Li C. Insights into the Surface Binding and Structural Interference of Polyphenols with the Membrane Raft Domains in Relation to Their Distinctive Ability to Inhibit Preadipocyte Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19845-19855. [PMID: 38050784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols with different structures have shown distinct variations in their ability to inhibit the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. However, the underlying mechanisms for these differences remain unclear. In the present study, the surface binding of polyphenols to different membrane domains was explored using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation (CG-MDs). Subsequently, this surface binding was confirmed in the liposome system by microscale thermophoresis. Additionally, the interference of polyphenols on the membrane raft's structure was studied through atomic force microscopy and high-content screening fluorescence microscopy. The results indicated that polyphenols with a differentiation-inhibitory ability, such as epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG) and epicatechin-3-gallate-(4β → 8, 2β → O → 7)-epicatechin-3-gallate (A-type ECG dimer), exhibited strong binding to ordered domains enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol. This binding led to the structural disruption of membrane rafts by altering their size and shape, with the binding constant of 3.8 μM for ECG and 0.3 μM for A-type ECG dimer, respectively. In contrast, epicatechin (EC) with little differentiation-inhibitory ability had no effects on membrane rafts, and its binding constant with the ordered domain was 380.6 μM. Overall, the surface binding of polyphenols to ordered domains and the resulting disruption of membrane rafts structure might be a fundamental mechanism by which polyphenols inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xin Shi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Food Science, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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Phenolic Compounds Known to Be Present in Lingonberry ( Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) Enhance Macrophage Polarization towards the Anti-Inflammatory M2 Phenotype. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123045. [PMID: 36551801 PMCID: PMC9776286 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are pleiotropic immune cells whose phenotype can polarize towards the pro-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 direction as a response to environmental changes. In obesity, the number of macrophages in adipose tissue is enhanced, and they shift towards the M1 phenotype. Activated M1 macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines involved in the development of systemic low-grade inflammation, complicating obesity. Polyphenols are widely found in the vegetable kingdom and have anti-inflammatory properties. We and others have recently found that lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) supplementation is able to prevent the development of low-grade inflammation and its metabolic consequences in experimentally induced obesity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of twelve phenolic compounds known to be present in lingonberry (resveratrol, piceid, quercetin, kaempferol, proanthocyanidins, delphinidin, cyanidin, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid) on macrophage polarization, which is a meaningful mechanism determining the low-grade inflammation in obesity. Mouse J774 and human U937 macrophages and commercially available phenolic compounds were used in the studies. Three of the twelve compounds investigated showed an effect on macrophage polarization. Resveratrol, kaempferol, and proanthocyanidins enhanced anti-inflammatory M2-type activation, evidenced as increased expression of Arg-1 and MRC-1 in murine macrophages and CCL-17 and MRC-1 in human macrophages. Resveratrol and kaempferol also inhibited pro-inflammatory M1-type activation, shown as decreased expression of IL-6, NO, and MCP-1 in murine macrophages and TNF-α and IL-6 in human macrophages. In the further mechanistic studies, the effects of the three active compounds were investigated on two transcription factors important in M2 activation, namely on PPARγ and STAT6. Resveratrol and kaempferol were found to enhance PPARγ expression, while proanthocyanidins increased the phosphorylation of STAT6. The results suggest proanthocyanidins, resveratrol, and kaempferol as active constituents that may be responsible for the positive anti-inflammatory effects of lingonberry supplementation in obesity models. These data also extend the previous knowledge on the anti-inflammatory effects of lingonberry and encourage further studies to support the use of lingonberry and lingonberry-based products as a part of a healthy diet.
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Biosynthesis and medicinal applications of proanthocyanidins: A recent update. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Qi Q, Chu M, Yu X, Xie Y, Li Y, Du Y, Liu X, Zhang Z, Shi J, Yan N. Anthocyanins and Proanthocyanidins: Chemical Structures, Food Sources, Bioactivities, and Product Development. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2029479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Qi
- Plant Functional Component Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meijun Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiuting Yu
- Plant Functional Component Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanning Xie
- Plant Functional Component Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yali Li
- Plant Functional Component Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Du
- Plant Functional Component Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Plant Functional Component Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhongfeng Zhang
- Plant Functional Component Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - John Shi
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Canada
| | - Ning Yan
- Plant Functional Component Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
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da Silva Ribeiro A, Polonio JC, Dos Santos Oliveira JA, Ferreira AP, Alves LH, Mateus NJ, Mangolin CA, de Azevedo JL, Pamphile JA. Retrotransposons and multilocus sequence analysis reveals diversity and genetic variability in endophytic fungi-associated with Serjania laruotteana Cambess. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:2179-2192. [PMID: 34491570 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of endophytic communities is dynamic and demonstrates host specificity; besides, they have great intra- and interspecific genetic variability. In this work, we isolated leaf endophytic fungi from Serjania laruotteana, identify them using multilocus analysis, and evaluate the genetic variability using IRAP (inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism) and REMAP (retrotransposon-microssatellite amplified polymorphism). A total of 261 fungi were isolated and 58 were identified. Multilocus phylogenetic analysis using the partial sequences from the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 regions, elongation factor 1-alpha, β-tubulin, actin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and calmodulin genes identify that most strains belonged to the Colletotrichum and Diaporthe genera, other isolated genera were Xylaria, Phyllosticta, Muyocopron, Fusarium, Nemania, Plectosphaerella, Corynespora, Bipolaris, and Curvularia. The IRAP and REMAP analyzes were performed with Colletotrichum and Diaporthe genera and showed 100% of polymorphism and high intra- and interspecific variability. This is the first report of the diversity of endophytic fungi from S. laruotteana. In addition, it demonstrated that the IRAP and REMAP can be used to distinguish morphologically similar lineages, revealing differences even strains of the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda da Silva Ribeiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Maringa, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Julio Cesar Polonio
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Maringa, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - João Arthur Dos Santos Oliveira
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Maringa, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Ferreira
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Maringa, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Hamamura Alves
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Maringa, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Natieli Jenifer Mateus
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Maringa, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Claudete Aparecida Mangolin
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Maringa, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - João Lúcio de Azevedo
- Department of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - João Alencar Pamphile
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Maringa, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
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Zanatta AC, Vilegas W, Edrada-Ebel R. UHPLC-(ESI)-HRMS and NMR-Based Metabolomics Approach to Access the Seasonality of Byrsonima intermedia and Serjania marginata From Brazilian Cerrado Flora Diversity. Front Chem 2021; 9:710025. [PMID: 34295876 PMCID: PMC8290060 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.710025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonality is one of the major environmental factors that exert influence over the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. The application of the metabolomics approach for quality control of plant extracts is essentially important because it helps one to establish a standard metabolite profile and to analyze factors that affect the effectiveness of the medicinal plants. The Brazilian Cerrado flora is characterized by a rich diversity of native plant species, and a number of these plant species have been found to have suitable medicinal properties. Some of these plant species include Byrsonima intermedia and Serjania marginata. To better understand the chemical composition of these plant species, we conducted a study using the state-of-the-art techniques including the HPLC system coupled to an Exactive-Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization interface UHPLC-(ESI)-HRMS and by NMR being performed 2D J-resolved and proton NMR spectroscopy. For the analysis, samples were harvested bimonthly during two consecutive years. UHPLC-(ESI)-HRMS data were preprocessed and the output data uploaded into an in-house Excel macro for peak dereplication. MS and NMR data were concatenated using the data fusion method and submitted to multivariate statistical analysis. The dereplication of LC-HRMS data helped in the annotation of the major compounds present in the extracts of the three plant species investigated allowing the annotation of 68 compounds in the extracts of B. intermedia (cinnamic acids, phenolic acids derived from galloyl quinic and shikimic acid, proanthocyanidins, glycosylated flavonoids, triterpenes and other phenols) and 81 compounds in the extracts of S. marginata (phenolic acids, saponins, proanthocyanidins, glycosylated flavonoids among other compounds). For a better assessment of the great number of responses, the significance of the chemical variables for the differentiation and correlation of the seasons was determined using the variable importance on projection (VIP) technique and through the application of the false discovery rate (FDR) estimation. The statistical data obtained showed that seasonal factors played an important role on the production of metabolites in each plant species. Temperature conditions, drought and solar radiation were found to be the main factors that affected the variability of phenolic compounds in each species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Zanatta
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
- Laboratory of Bioprospecting of Natural Products, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente, Brazil
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Laboratory of Bioprospecting of Natural Products, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente, Brazil
| | - RuAngelie Edrada-Ebel
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Wang R, Dang M, Zhu W, Li C. Galloyl Group in B-type Proanthocyanidin Dimers Was Responsible for Its Differential Inhibitory Activity on 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes due to the Strong Lipid Raft-Perturbing Potency. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5216-5225. [PMID: 33891410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effects of three B-type proanthocyanidin (PA) dimers covering procyanidin B2 (B-0g), procyanidin B2 3'-O-gallate (B-1g), and procyanidin B2 3,3'-di-O-gallate (B-2g) on 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. The results showed that digalloylated B-type PA dimers (B-2g) strongly inhibited 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation through disrupting the integrity of the lipid raft structure and inhibiting the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) and then downregulating the expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) factors, followed by B-1g, while B-0g had little effect. The different inhibitory effects were mainly due to the difference in the B-type PA dimer structure and the ability to interfere with lipid rafts. The greater the galloylation degree of B-type PA dimers, the stronger the ability to disrupt the lipid raft structure and oppose 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. In addition, galloylated B-type PA dimers had greater molecular hydrophobicity and topological polarity surface area and could penetrate into the lipid rafts to form multiple hydrogen bonds with the rafts by molecular dynamics simulation. These findings highlighted that the strong lipid raft-perturbing potency of galloylated B-type PA dimers was responsible for inhibition of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Meizhu Dang
- School of Energy and Intelligence Engineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Food Science, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhanz 430070, China
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Cao G, Zeng X, Liu J, Yan F, Xiang Z, Wang Y, Tao F, Yang C. Change of Serum Metabolome and Cecal Microflora in Broiler Chickens Supplemented With Grape Seed Extracts. Front Immunol 2020; 11:610934. [PMID: 33363546 PMCID: PMC7753974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.610934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape seed is rich in vitamin E, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins and has the potential to be used as an antibiotic substitute in broilers. We investigated the effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on growth performance, immune responses, cecal microflora, and serum metabolism in early stage broilers. Data indicated that GSPE improved broiler growth performance by strengthening antioxidant capacity, enhancing immune responses, and increasing cecal short chain fatty acids. 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that GSPE changed the predominant cecal microflora and induced the metabolism of amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. An UPLC-Q-TOF/MS-based metabolomics analysis identified 23 serum metabolites (mainly related to lipid, amino acid, and alkaloid) were extremely changed by GSPE treatment. The correlations between the changes of cecal microflora and serum metabolites in birds fed with GSPE were analyzed. Hence, GSPE potentially provides active ingredients that may be used as antibiotic substitute and reduces environmental pollution by grape by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtian Cao
- College of Standardization, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinfu Zeng
- Zhejiang Vegamax Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Anji, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang Vegamax Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Anji, China
| | - Feifei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, The Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Yongxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, The Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Tao
- College of Standardization, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caimei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, The Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
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Casao TDRL, Pinheiro CG, Sarandy MM, Zanatta AC, Vilegas W, Novaes RD, Gonçalves RV, Viana Leite JP. Croton urucurana Baillon stem bark ointment accelerates the closure of cutaneous wounds in knockout IL-10 mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 261:113042. [PMID: 32531412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Croton urucurana Baill. (Euphorbiaceae) is a plant used in Brazilian popular medicine for the treatment of wound healing, inflammatory diseases, gastritis, infections, and hemorrhoids. AIM The present study aimed to evaluate the in vivo wound healing activity of an ointment based on ethanolic extract of C. urucurana stem bark, at concentrations of 5% and 10%, and to relate it with compounds that could be associated with this activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Analyses by FIA-ESI-IT-MSn were carried out to investigate the chemical composition of C. urucurana. Knockout IL-10 (n = 60) mice and wild type C57 (n = 12) mice were separated into 6 groups to evaluate the wound healing activity. Knockout IL-10 mice: SAL (0.9% saline); BAS (ointment base); SS (1% silver sulfadiazine); CR1 (ointment with extract of C. urucurana 5%); CR2 (ointment with extract of C. urucurana 10%); and wild mice C57: SALC57 (Saline 0.9%). A circular wound with 10 mm in diameter was generated on the dorsal of the animals. Tissue specimen of the wounds were removed on days 7 and 14 of the treatment for histopathological, oxidative status and analyses of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in scar tissue. RESULTS In the phytochemical profile, twelve proanthocyanidins were identified (in the form of monomers, dimers, trimers, and tetramers), based on (epi)catechin and (epi)gallocatechin. Furthermore, two quercetin derivatives and two alkaloids were detected. The groups treated with CR1 and CR2 ointments presented higher rate of wound closure, increased total number of cells, mast cells, blood vessels and higher deposition of type III and I collagen. In addition, they showed increased amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL- 2 and IFN-γ), and anti-inflmatory cytokines (IL-4), on the 7th day of treatment. CONCLUSION The results presented support the popular use of preparations based on the bark of C. urucurana as a healing compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalia Del Rosario Loyo Casao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Viçosa Federal University, 35570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Camila Graça Pinheiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Viçosa Federal University, 35570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Mariáurea Matias Sarandy
- Department of Animal Biology, Viçosa Federal University, 35570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Ana Caroline Zanatta
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, 14800-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, 05508-900, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Rômulo Dias Novaes
- Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | - João Paulo Viana Leite
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Viçosa Federal University, 35570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Distribution of Protein Precipitation Capacity within Variable Proanthocyanidin Fingerprints. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215002. [PMID: 33126755 PMCID: PMC7663390 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are highly bioactive plant specialized metabolites. One of their most characteristic features is their ability to precipitate proteins. In this study, eleven plant species were used to study the structure–activity patterns between PAs and their protein precipitation capacity (PPC) with bovine serum albumin. To obtain a comprehensive selection of PAs with highly variable procyanidin to prodelphinidin ratios and mean degree of polymerizations, nearly 350 subfractions were produced from the eleven plant species by semi-preparative liquid chromatography. Their PA composition was defined by tandem mass spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry, and their PPC was measured with a turbidimetry-based well-plate reader assay. The distribution of the PPC within plant species varied significantly. The mean degree of polymerization of the PAs had a strong correlation with the PPC (r = 0.79). The other structural features were significant from the PPC point of view as well, but they contributed to the PPC in different ways in different plant species. Retention time, prodelphinidin proportion, and mean degree of polymerization explained 64% of the measured variance of the PPC.
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Zeng YX, Wang S, Wei L, Cui YY, Chen YH. Proanthocyanidins: Components, Pharmacokinetics and Biomedical Properties. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:813-869. [PMID: 32536248 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x2050041x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are a group of polyphenols enriched in plant and human food. In recent decades, epidemiological studies have upheld the direct relationship between PA consumption and health benefits; therefore, studies on PAs have become a research hotspot. Although the oral bioavailability of PAs is quite low, pharmacokinetics data revealed that some small molecules and colonic microbial metabolites of PAs could be absorbed and exert their health beneficial effects. The pharmacological effects of PAs mainly include anti-oxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammation, antimicrobial, cardiovascular protection, neuroprotection, and metabolism-regulation behaviors. Moreover, current toxicological studies show that PAs have no observable toxicity to humans. This review summarizes the resources, extraction, structures, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, and toxicology of PAs and discusses the limitations of current studies. Areas for further research are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xi Zeng
- Department of Cell Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Sen Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Lu Wei
- Department of Cell Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Yu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education (Tongji University), Shanghai 200120, P. R. China.,Heart Health Centre, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P. R. China.,Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China.,Department of Cell Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Han Chen
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education (Tongji University), Shanghai 200120, P. R. China.,Heart Health Centre, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P. R. China.,Department of Cardiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P. R. China.,Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
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13
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Zhou Y, Chen Y, Huang Y. Divergent Domino Reactions of Prop-2-ynylsulfonium Salts: Access to Sulfur-Containing Benzo-Fused Dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes and Dihydrofuro[2,3-c]chromenes. Org Lett 2020; 22:5941-5946. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - You Huang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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14
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Martínez-Hernández GB, Vargas-Villa G, Jiménez-Ferrer E, García-Aguilar MP, Zamilpa A, Román-Ramos R, González-Cortazar M, Avilés-Flores M, Fuentes-Mata M, Herrera-Ruiz M. Anti-arthritic and anti- inflammatory effects of extract and fractions of Malva parviflora in a mono- arthritis model induced with kaolin/carrageenan. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 393:1281-1291. [PMID: 32342135 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01851-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Malva parviflora is used as food in the gastronomy of some regions of Mexico and, also, in Mexican traditional medicine for inflammation-related conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. The objective of this work was to evaluate its antiarthritic activity in a mice model. In ICR, female mice were tested the dichloromethane extract (MpD) and fractions MpF4 (extracted with a dichoromethane:methanol system) and MpFphy (a precipitate by acetone:methanol) by using the mono-arthritis with kaolin/carrageenan model. During the treatment, joint inflammation was measured daily, and hyperalgesia was measured using the hot plate test. The treatments diminished both joint inflammation and pain. At the end of the evaluation, the left joint and spleen were extracted for determination of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The results showed that the MpD, MpF4, and MpFphy treatments modulated the concentration of these proteins. Specifically, MpFphy at 1.0 mg/kg increased IL-4 and IL-10 and decreased IL-17, IL-1β, and TNF-α. GC-MS analysis showed that MpF4 contained a mixture of a total of nine compounds, three of them newly reported for the species. The studies confirmed the presence of five sterols in the MpFphy fraction, including stigmasterol and β-sitosterol. These results confirm the anti-rheumatoid and anti-inflammatory activities of a fraction rich in sterols from Malva parviflora. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Belen Martínez-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina 1, 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), México City, Mexico
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No.186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa,, C.P.09340, México D.F, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Vargas-Villa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina 1, 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina 1, 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Maribel Patricia García-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina 1, 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), México City, Mexico
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No.186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa,, C.P.09340, México D.F, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina 1, 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Rubén Román-Ramos
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No.186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa,, C.P.09340, México D.F, Mexico
| | - Manasés González-Cortazar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina 1, 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | | | - Maribel Herrera-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina 1, 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico.
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15
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Carvalho AMS, Heimfarth L, Pereira EWM, Oliveira FS, Menezes IRA, Coutinho HDM, Picot L, Antoniolli AR, Quintans JSS, Quintans-Júnior LJ. Phytol, a Chlorophyll Component, Produces Antihyperalgesic, Anti-inflammatory, and Antiarthritic Effects: Possible NFκB Pathway Involvement and Reduced Levels of the Proinflammatory Cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:1107-1117. [PMID: 32091204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytol is a diterpene constituent of chlorophyll and has been shown to have several pharmacological properties, particularly in relation to the management of painful inflammatory diseases. Arthritis is one of the most common of these inflammatory diseases, mainly affecting the synovial membrane, cartilage, and bone in joints. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, and the NFκB signaling pathway play a pivotal role in arthritis. However, as the mechanisms of action of phytol and its ability to reduce the levels of these cytokines are poorly understood, we decided to investigate its pharmacological effects using a mouse model of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis. Our results showed that phytol was able to inhibit joint swelling and hyperalgesia throughout the whole treatment period. Moreover, phytol reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and proinflammatory cytokine release in synovial fluid and decreased IL-6 production as well as the COX-2 immunocontent in the spinal cord. It also downregulated the p38MAPK and NFκB signaling pathways. Therefore, our findings demonstrated that phytol can be an innovative antiarthritic agent due to its capacity to attenuate inflammatory reactions in joints and the spinal cord, mainly through the modulation of mediators that are key to the establishment of arthritic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Irwin R A Menezes
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará 63100-000, Brazil
| | - Henrique D M Coutinho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará 63100-000, Brazil
| | - Laurent Picot
- UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, University of La Rochelle, 17042 La Rochelle, France
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16
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Yang H, Fang Z, Qu X, Zhang X, Wang Y. Procyanidin Compound (PC) Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cervical Cancer Cell Proliferation Through Blocking the TLR4/NF-κB Pathway. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:497-509. [PMID: 32158256 PMCID: PMC6986416 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s226547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Evidence suggested that procyanidin compound (PC) could inhibit the progression of cervical cancer (CC); however, the mechanism still remains unclear. We aimed to study the potential mechanism of PC acting on CC cells. Patients and Methods After a 24 hr incubation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 μg/mL), human CC SiHa and HeLa cells were cultured with various concentrations (20, 40, and 80 μg/mL) of PC for 24 hrs, then the cell viability was detected using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). The migration and invasion abilities were assessed by scratch and Transwell assays. Apoptosis and cell cycle were detected using flow cytometry. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot were used for expression analysis of the inflammatory cytokines. The pathway components were measured to evaluate the involvement of toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (TLR4/NF-κB) pathway. Results PC inhibited the LPS-primed cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. After PC treatment, cell migration and invasion were inhibited, cell number at the G2/M phase was increased. The CC cell apoptosis was triggered through upregulating levels of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax and downregulating the level of B-cell lymphoma 2 protein. A significant reduction was shown in the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Furthermore, a remarkable reduction in the ratio of TLR4 and the p-P65/t-P65 and in the progression of P65 translocation into the nucleus was observed. Conclusion Our results revealed that the inhibitory effect of PC on CC cell proliferation relies on the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Qu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, People's Republic of China
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17
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Ramírez-Serrano CE, Jiménez-Ferrer E, Herrera-Ruiz M, Zamilpa A, Vargas-Villa G, Ramírez-Carreto RJ, Chavarría A, Tortoriello J, Pedraza-Alva G, Pérez-Martínez L. A Malva parviflora´s fraction prevents the deleterious effects resulting from neuroinflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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18
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do Carmo Ota E, Honorato CA, Heredia-Vieira SC, Flores-Quintana CI, de Castro Silva TS, Inoue LAKA, Cardoso CAL. Hepatic and gastroprotective activity of Serjania marginata leaf aqueous extract in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1051-1065. [PMID: 31089991 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00622-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the leaf aqueous extract composition of Serjania marginata and the effects of its inclusion on the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), with respect to the activity of digestive enzymes and enzymes associated with the metabolism of the liver and intestine and liver histopathology. Fish (initial mean weight, 54.36 ± 17.04 g) were divided into groups: fasting (without feeding), control (commercial feed), and treatment (commercial feed with leaf aqueous extract of Serjania marginata), and in each aquarium, there were five individuals and the fish fed ad libitum for 15 days. Treatment fish had ingested on average 224.3 mg of extract/kg of fish/day. In the extract analysis by mass spectrometry, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, A-type proanthocyanidin trimer, and quinic acid were identified. In the enzymatic activity, fish from the treatment group showed higher level of alkaline phosphatase, while the hepatotoxic markers (AST and ALT) and levels of lipase, amylase, and nonspecific protease did not differ (p > 0.05). In liver histopathological analysis, it was observed that fish from the treatment showed normal structure, while abnormalities were associated with control (fibrosis, loss of cordonal architecture, vacuolated hepatocytes with nucleus displaced to the periphery) and fasting (reduction in hepatocyte size and sinusoidal space). The intestine histopathology evidenced that the extract favored the development of goblet cells and intestinal fold height. The results indicated that the leaf aqueous extract of S. marginata assists in the structural maintenance of the liver and intestine and stimulates intestinal alkaline phosphatase production in Nile tilapia, suggesting that the identified compounds act on the liver and intestine, showing hepatoprotective effects and stimulating intestinal digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika do Carmo Ota
- Center of Studies on Natural Resources, Mato Grosso do Sul State University (UEMS), Cidade Universitária de Dourados, Rod. Dourados-Itahúm, Km 12, C.P. 351, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79804-970, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Claudia Andrea Lima Cardoso
- Center of Studies on Natural Resources, Mato Grosso do Sul State University (UEMS), Cidade Universitária de Dourados, Rod. Dourados-Itahúm, Km 12, C.P. 351, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79804-970, Brazil
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19
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Jin G, Asou Y, Ishiyama K, Okawa A, Kanno T, Niwano Y. Proanthocyanidin-Rich Grape Seed Extract Modulates Intestinal Microbiota in Ovariectomized Mice. J Food Sci 2018; 83:1149-1152. [PMID: 29578242 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Grape-seed extract (GSE) is rich in proanthocyanidins (polymers of flavan-3-ols). GSE is well known to have various beneficial effects to health. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of dietary GSE on the intestinal microbiota in ovariectomized (OVX) mice as a model of menopause. Phylum-level analyses using 16S rRNA-targeted group-specific polymerase-chain reaction primers in fecal samples collected 8 weeks postoperatively from OVX mice revealed that the proportion of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes populations became imbalanced as compared with that in sham-operated control mice. That is, the ratio of Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes populations in the OVX group were increased significantly. When OVX animals were given dietary GSE, the imbalanced proportion of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes populations was normalized to that seen in control mice. In addition, the body weight of OVX animals measured at 6 weeks postoperatively was significantly higher than that in sham-operated control animals. Dietary GSE also prevented OVX animals from increasing body weight. Thus, we postulated that GSE can improve imbalanced populations of intestinal microbiota, leading to prevention of obesity under conditions of not only menopause but morbidity. PRACTICAL APPLICATION The GSE has a great potential to be a functional food to improve dysbiosis in post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Jin
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental Univ., 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.,Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yanbian Univ. Hospital, 1327 Juzi St, Yanji City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yoshinori Asou
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental Univ., 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kirika Ishiyama
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku Univ., 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okawa
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental Univ., 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Taro Kanno
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku Univ., 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Niwano
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku Univ., 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
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