1
|
Wang Y, Zheng H, Jiang X, Wu H, Ren Y, Xi Z, Zheng C, Xu H. Caged xanthone derivatives to promote mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 103:117655. [PMID: 38493728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Caged xanthones represent a class of natural secondary metabolites exhibiting significant potential as antitumor agents. These compounds are characterized by their distinct cage-like structures, which offer novel and compelling frameworks for drug design. Nonetheless, there exists a dearth of research focused on the structural modification of these compounds, particularly in relation to their cage-like architectures. This study aims to address this gap by introducing an innovative synthetic method for constructing a novel caged structure that incorporates a widely employed maleimide group. Drawing upon the well-established synthetic approach for dihydroxanthones previously developed within our research group, we successfully synthesized 13 new caged xanthones using the Diels-Alder reaction. Subsequently, we evaluated their anti-proliferative activity against HepG2, A549, and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. The results revealed that compound 10i exhibited IC50 values of 15.86 µM ± 1.29, 19.27 µM ± 1.58, and 12.96 µM ± 0.09 against these cell lines, respectively. Further investigations into the mechanism of action of 10i demonstrated its ability to induce G2/M cell cycle arrest and initiate mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youyi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaimo Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changwu Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongxi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao S, Liu J, Lv Z, Zhang G, Xu Z. Recent updates on 1,2,3-triazole-containing hybrids with in vivo therapeutic potential against cancers: A mini-review. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115254. [PMID: 36893627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
1,2,3-Triazole moiety which is usually constructed by highly versatile, efficacious and selective copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition not only can act as a linker to connect different pharmacophores, but also is a useful pharmacophore with diverse biological properties. 1,2,3-Triazoles are readily interact with diverse enzymes and receptors in cancer cells through non-covalent interactions and can inhibit cancer cell proliferation, arrest cell cycle and induce apoptosis. In particular, 1,2,3-triazole-containing hybrids have the potential to exert dual or multiple anticancer mechanisms of action, representing useful scaffolds in expediting development of novel anticancer agents. The current review summarizes the in vivo anticancer efficacy and mechanisms of action of 1,2,3-triazole-containing hybrids reported in the last decade to continuously open up a map for the remarkable exploration of more effective candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zaosheng Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Guangde Zhang
- Engineering Training Center, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Zhi Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gampa M, Padmaja P, Khalivulla SI, Reddy PN. Synthesis and Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of 1,2,3-Triazole-Tethered Xanthone Derivatives. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428022060173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
4
|
Li M, Su F, Zhu M, Zhang H, Wei Y, Zhao Y, Li J, Lv S. Research Progress in the Field of Gambogic Acid and Its Derivatives as Antineoplastic Drugs. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092937. [PMID: 35566290 PMCID: PMC9102264 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA) is a natural product with a wide range of pharmacological properties. It plays an important role in inhibiting tumor growth. A large number of GA derivatives have been designed and prepared to improve its shortcomings, such as poor water solubility, low bioavailability, poor stability, and adverse drug effects. So far, GA has been utilized to develop a variety of active derivatives with improved water solubility and bioavailability through structural modification. This article summarized the progress in pharmaceutical chemistry of GA derivatives to provide a reference and basis for further study on structural modifications of GA and expansion of its clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China;
| | - Fali Su
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (F.S.); (M.Z.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Mingtao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (F.S.); (M.Z.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (F.S.); (M.Z.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuxin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (F.S.); (M.Z.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (F.S.); (M.Z.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jianmin Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China;
| | - Shaowa Lv
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (F.S.); (M.Z.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-451-8726-6916
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang X, Zhang S, Zhao S, Wang X, Liu B, Xu H. Click Chemistry in Natural Product Modification. Front Chem 2021; 9:774977. [PMID: 34869223 PMCID: PMC8635925 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.774977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Click chemistry is perhaps the most powerful synthetic toolbox that can efficiently access the molecular diversity and unique functions of complex natural products up to now. It enables the ready synthesis of diverse sets of natural product derivatives either for the optimization of their drawbacks or for the construction of natural product-like drug screening libraries. This paper showcases the state-of-the-art development of click chemistry in natural product modification and summarizes the pharmacological activities of the active derivatives as well as the mechanism of action. The aim of this paper is to gain a deep understanding of the fruitful achievements and to provide perspectives, trends, and directions regarding further research in natural product medicinal chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuning Zhang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Songfeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongtao Xu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liang T, Sun X, Li W, Hou G, Gao F. 1,2,3-Triazole-Containing Compounds as Anti-Lung Cancer Agents: Current Developments, Mechanisms of Action, and Structure-Activity Relationship. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:661173. [PMID: 34177578 PMCID: PMC8226129 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.661173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common malignancy and leads to around one-quarter of all cancer deaths. Great advances have been achieved in the treatment of lung cancer with novel anticancer agents and improved technology. However, morbidity and mortality rates remain extremely high, calling for an urgent need to develop novel anti-lung cancer agents. 1,2,3-Triazole could be readily interact with diverse enzymes and receptors in organisms through weak interaction. 1,2,3-Triazole can not only be acted as a linker to tether different pharmacophores but also serve as a pharmacophore. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in 1,2,3-triazole-containing compounds with anti-lung cancer potential, and their structure-activity relationship (SAR) together with mechanisms of action is also discussed to pave the way for the further rational development of novel anti-lung cancer candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Biomedical Isotope Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiangyang Sun
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenhong Li
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Guihua Hou
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Biomedical Isotope Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Biomedical Isotope Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chitsike L, Yuan CH, Roy A, Boyle K, Duerksen-Hughes PJ. A high-content AlphaScreen™ identifies E6-specific small molecule inhibitors as potential therapeutics for HPV + head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Oncotarget 2021; 12:549-561. [PMID: 33796223 PMCID: PMC7984827 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of human papillomavirus-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HPV+-HNSCC) has increased dramatically over the past decades due to an increase in infection of the oral mucosa by HPV. The etiology of HPV+-HNSCC is linked to expression of the HPV oncoprotein, E6, which influences tumor formation, growth and survival. E6 effects this oncogenic phenotype in part through inhibitory protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and accelerated degradation of proteins with tumor suppressor properties, such as p53 and caspase 8. Interfering with the binding between E6 and its cellular partners may therefore represent a reasonable pharmacological intervention in HPV+ tumors. In this study, we probed a small-molecule library using AlphaScreen™ technology to discover novel E6 inhibitors. Following a cascade of screens we identified and prioritized one hit compound. Structure activity relationship (SAR) studies of this lead uncovered an analog, 30-hydroxygambogic acid (GA-OH), that displayed improved activity. Further testing of this analog in a panel of HPV+ and HPV- cell lines showed good potency and a large window of selectivity as demonstrated by apoptosis induction and significant inhibition of cell growth, cell survival in HPV+ cells. In summary, GA-OH may serve as a starting point for the development of potent E6-specific inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lennox Chitsike
- Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Chung-Hsiang Yuan
- Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Anuradha Roy
- High-Throughput Screening Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Resende DISP, Durães F, Maia M, Sousa E, Pinto MMM. Recent advances in the synthesis of xanthones and azaxanthones. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00659a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A useful chemical toolbox for (aza)xanthones from 2012 to 2020 that covers the optimization of known procedures and novel methodologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana I. S. P. Resende
- CIIMAR – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental
- Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões
- 4450-208 Matosinhos
- Portugal
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica
| | - Fernando Durães
- CIIMAR – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental
- Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões
- 4450-208 Matosinhos
- Portugal
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica
| | - Miguel Maia
- CIIMAR – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental
- Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões
- 4450-208 Matosinhos
- Portugal
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica
| | - Emília Sousa
- CIIMAR – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental
- Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões
- 4450-208 Matosinhos
- Portugal
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica
| | - Madalena M. M. Pinto
- CIIMAR – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental
- Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões
- 4450-208 Matosinhos
- Portugal
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chiral resolution of a caged xanthone and evaluation across a broad spectrum of breast cancer subtypes. Bioorg Chem 2019; 93:103303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
10
|
Xu Z, Zhao SJ, Liu Y. 1,2,3-Triazole-containing hybrids as potential anticancer agents: Current developments, action mechanisms and structure-activity relationships. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111700. [PMID: 31546197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer agents are critical for the cancer treatment, but side effects and the drug resistance associated with the currently used anticancer agents create an urgent need to explore novel drugs with low side effects and high efficacy. 1,2,3-Triazole is privileged building block in the discovery of new anticancer agents, and some of its derivatives have already been applied in clinics or under clinical trials for fighting against cancers. Hybrid molecules occupy an important position in cancer control, and hybridization of 1,2,3-triazole framework with other anticancer pharmacophores may provide valuable therapeutic intervention for the treatment of cancer, especially drug-resistant cancer. This review emphasizes the recent advances in 1,2,3-triazole-containing hybrids with anticancer potential, covering articles published between 2015 and 2019, and the structure-activity relationships, together with mechanisms of action are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.
| | - Shi-Jia Zhao
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fernandes C, Carraro ML, Ribeiro J, Araújo J, Tiritan ME, Pinto MMM. Synthetic Chiral Derivatives of Xanthones: Biological Activities and Enantioselectivity Studies. Molecules 2019; 24:E791. [PMID: 30813236 PMCID: PMC6412826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many naturally occurring xanthones are chiral and present a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. Some of them have been exhaustively studied and subsequently, obtained by synthesis. In order to obtain libraries of compounds for structure activity relationship (SAR) studies as well as to improve the biological activity, new bioactive analogues and derivatives inspired in natural prototypes were synthetized. Bioactive natural xanthones compromise a large structural multiplicity of compounds, including a diversity of chiral derivatives. Thus, recently an exponential interest in synthetic chiral derivatives of xanthones (CDXs) has been witnessed. The synthetic methodologies can afford structures that otherwise could not be reached within the natural products for biological activity and SAR studies. Another reason that justifies this trend is that both enantiomers can be obtained by using appropriate synthetic pathways, allowing the possibility to perform enantioselectivity studies. In this work, a literature review of synthetic CDXs is presented. The structures, the approaches used for their synthesis and the biological activities are described, emphasizing the enantioselectivity studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Maria Letícia Carraro
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Araújo
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
| | - Madalena M M Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Cui Q, Yang DH, Chen ZS. Special Issue: Natural Products: Anticancer and Beyond. Molecules 2018; 23:E1246. [PMID: 29882875 PMCID: PMC6099919 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qingbin Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China.
| | - Dong-Hua Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
| |
Collapse
|