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Imere A, Foster NC, Hajiali H, Okur KE, Wright AL, Barroso IA, Haj AJE. Enhanced chondrogenic potential in GelMA-based 3D cartilage model via Wnt3a surface immobilization. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15022. [PMID: 38951570 PMCID: PMC11217376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65970-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cartilage tissue engineering aims to develop functional substitutes for treating cartilage defects and osteoarthritis. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems lack the complexity of native cartilage, leading to the development of 3D regenerative cartilage models. In this study, we developed a 3D model using Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMA)-based hydrogels seeded with Y201 cells, a bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell line. The model investigated chondrogenic differentiation potential in response to Wnt3a stimulation within the GelMA scaffold and validated using known chondrogenic agonists. Y201 cells demonstrated suitability for the model, with increased proteoglycan content and upregulated chondrogenic marker expression under chondrogenic conditions. Wnt3a enhanced cell proliferation, indicating activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which plays a role in cartilage development. GelMA hydrogels provided an optimal scaffold, supporting cell viability and proliferation. The 3D model exhibited consistent responses to chondrogenic agonists, with TGF-β3 enhancing cartilage-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) production and chondrogenic differentiation. The combination of Wnt3a and TGF-β3 showed synergistic effects, promoting chondrogenic differentiation and ECM production. This study presents a 3D regenerative cartilage model with potential for investigating cartilage biology, disease mechanisms, and drug screening. The model provides insights into complex cartilage regeneration mechanisms and offers a platform for developing therapeutic approaches for cartilage repair and osteoarthritis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Imere
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nicola C Foster
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hadi Hajiali
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Kerime Ebrar Okur
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Abigail L Wright
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ines A Barroso
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alicia J El Haj
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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2
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Chen P, Liao X. Kartogenin delivery systems for biomedical therapeutics and regenerative medicine. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2254519. [PMID: 37665332 PMCID: PMC10478613 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2254519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kartogenin, a small and heterocyclic molecule, has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent for incorporation into biomaterials, owing to its unique physicochemical and biological properties. It holds potential for the regeneration of cartilage-related tissues in various common conditions and injuries. Achieving sustained release of kartogenin through appropriate formulation and efficient delivery systems is crucial for modulating cell behavior and tissue function. This review provides an overview of cutting-edge kartogenin-functionalized biomaterials, with a primarily focus on their design, structure, functions, and applications in regenerative medicine. Initially, we discuss the physicochemical properties and biological functions of kartogenin, summarizing the underlying molecular mechanisms. Subsequently, we delve into recent advancements in nanoscale and macroscopic materials for the carriage and delivery of kartogenin. Lastly, we address the opportunities and challenges presented by current biomaterial developments and explore the prospects for their application in tissue regeneration. We aim to enhance the generation of insightful ideas for the development of kartogenin delivery materials in the field of biomedical therapeutics and regenerative medicine by providing a comprehensive understanding of common preparation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixing Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Materials and Devices, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biomedical Detection Technology, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoling Liao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Materials and Devices, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biomedical Detection Technology, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
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3
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Atwal A, Dale TP, Snow M, Forsyth NR, Davoodi P. Injectable hydrogels: An emerging therapeutic strategy for cartilage regeneration. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 321:103030. [PMID: 37907031 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The impairment of articular cartilage due to traumatic incidents or osteoarthritis has posed significant challenges for healthcare practitioners, researchers, and individuals suffering from these conditions. Due to the absence of an approved treatment strategy for the complete restoration of cartilage defects to their native state, the tissue condition often deteriorates over time, leading to osteoarthritic (OA). However, recent advancements in the field of regenerative medicine have unveiled promising prospects through the utilization of injectable hydrogels. This versatile class of biomaterials, characterized by their ability to emulate the characteristics of native articular cartilage, offers the distinct advantage of minimally invasive administration directly to the site of damage. These hydrogels can also serve as ideal delivery vehicles for a diverse range of bioactive agents, including growth factors, anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids, and cells. The controlled release of such biologically active molecules from hydrogel scaffolds can accelerate cartilage healing, stimulate chondrogenesis, and modulate the inflammatory microenvironment to halt osteoarthritic progression. The present review aims to describe the methods used to design injectable hydrogels, expound upon their applications as delivery vehicles of biologically active molecules, and provide an update on recent advances in leveraging these delivery systems to foster articular cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Atwal
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Hornbeam building, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom; Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
| | - Tina P Dale
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Hornbeam building, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom; Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn Snow
- Department of Arthroscopy, Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B31 2AP, United Kingdom; The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Hospital, Oswestry, Shropshire SY10 7AG, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R Forsyth
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Hornbeam building, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom; Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, United Kingdom; Vice Principals' Office, University of Aberdeen, Kings College, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - Pooya Davoodi
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Hornbeam building, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom; Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, United Kingdom.
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4
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Kováč J, Priščáková P, Gbelcová H, Heydari A, Žiaran S. Bioadhesive and Injectable Hydrogels and Their Correlation with Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation for Cartilage Repair: A Mini-Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4228. [PMID: 37959908 PMCID: PMC10648146 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Injectable bioadhesive hydrogels, known for their capacity to carry substances and adaptability in processing, offer great potential across various biomedical applications. They are especially promising in minimally invasive stem cell-based therapies for treating cartilage damage. This approach harnesses readily available mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to differentiate into chondrocytes for cartilage regeneration. In this review, we investigate the relationship between bioadhesion and MSC differentiation. We summarize the fundamental principles of bioadhesion and discuss recent trends in bioadhesive hydrogels. Furthermore, we highlight their specific applications in conjunction with stem cells, particularly in the context of cartilage repair. The review also encompasses a discussion on testing methods for bioadhesive hydrogels and direct techniques for differentiating MSCs into hyaline cartilage chondrocytes. These approaches are explored within both clinical and laboratory settings, including the use of genetic tools. While this review offers valuable insights into the interconnected aspects of these topics, it underscores the need for further research to fully grasp the complexities of their relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Kováč
- Medical Vision, Záhradnícka 55, 821 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.K.); (P.P.); (H.G.); (A.H.)
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Priščáková
- Medical Vision, Záhradnícka 55, 821 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.K.); (P.P.); (H.G.); (A.H.)
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Helena Gbelcová
- Medical Vision, Záhradnícka 55, 821 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.K.); (P.P.); (H.G.); (A.H.)
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Abolfazl Heydari
- Medical Vision, Záhradnícka 55, 821 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.K.); (P.P.); (H.G.); (A.H.)
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Žiaran
- Medical Vision, Záhradnícka 55, 821 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.K.); (P.P.); (H.G.); (A.H.)
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Limbová 5, 833 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
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5
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Mitchell J, Lo KWH. The Use of Small-Molecule Compounds for Cell Adhesion and Migration in Regenerative Medicine. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2507. [PMID: 37760948 PMCID: PMC10525671 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion is essential for cell survival, communication, and regulation, and it is of fundamental importance in the development and maintenance of tissues. Cell adhesion has been widely explored due to its many important roles in the fields of tissue regenerative engineering and cell biology. This is because the mechanical interactions between a cell and its extracellular matrix (ECM) can influence and control cell behavior and function. Currently, biomaterials for regenerative medicine have been heavily investigated as substrates for promoting a cells' adhesive properties and subsequent proliferation, tissue differentiation, and maturation. Specifically, the manipulation of biomaterial surfaces using ECM coatings such as fibronectin extracted from animal-derived ECM have contributed significantly to tissue regenerative engineering as well as basic cell biology research. Additionally, synthetic and natural bioadhesive agents with pronounced abilities to enhance adhesion in numerous biological components and molecules have also been assessed in the field of tissue regeneration. Research into the use of facilitative bioadhesives has aimed to further optimize the biocompatibility, biodegradability, toxicity levels, and crosslinking duration of bioadhesive materials for improved targeted delivery and tissue repair. However, the restrictive drawbacks of some of these bioadhesive and animal-derived materials include the potential risk of disease transmission, immunogenicity, poor reproducibility, impurities, and instability. Therefore, it is necessary for alternative strategies to be sought out to improve the quality of cell adhesion to biomaterials. One promising strategy involves the use of cell-adhesive small molecules. Small molecules are relatively inexpensive, stable, and low-molecular-weight (<1000 Da) compounds with great potential to serve as efficient alternatives to conventional bioadhesives, ECM proteins, and other derived peptides. Over the past few years, a number of cell adhesive small molecules with the potential for tissue regeneration have been reported. In this review, we discuss the current progress using cell adhesive small molecules to regulate tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mitchell
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA;
| | - Kevin W.-H. Lo
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA
- Institute of Materials Science (IMS), School of Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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6
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Uzieliene I, Bironaite D, Miksiunas R, Bagdonas E, Vaiciuleviciute R, Mobasheri A, Bernotiene E. The Effect of CaV1.2 Inhibitor Nifedipine on Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow or Menstrual Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Chondrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076730. [PMID: 37047701 PMCID: PMC10095444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage is an avascular tissue and sensitive to mechanical trauma and/or age-related degenerative processes leading to the development of osteoarthritis (OA). Therefore, it is important to investigate the mesenchymal cell-based chondrogenic regenerating mechanisms and possible their regulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of intracellular calcium (iCa2+) and its regulation through voltage-operated calcium channels (VOCC) on chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells derived from human bone marrow (BMMSCs) and menstrual blood (MenSCs) in comparison to OA chondrocytes. The level of iCa2+ was highest in chondrocytes, whereas iCa2+ store capacity was biggest in MenSCs and they proliferated better as compared to other cells. The level of CaV1.2 channels was also highest in OA chondrocytes than in other cells. CaV1.2 antagonist nifedipine slightly suppressed iCa2+, Cav1.2 and the proliferation of all cells and affected iCa2+ stores, particularly in BMMSCs. The expression of the CaV1.2 gene during 21 days of chondrogenic differentiation was highest in MenSCs, showing the weakest chondrogenic differentiation, which was stimulated by the nifedipine. The best chondrogenic differentiation potential showed BMMSCs (SOX9 and COL2A1 expression); however, purposeful iCa2+ and VOCC regulation by blockers can stimulate a chondrogenic response at least in MenSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Uzieliene
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Daiva Bironaite
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rokas Miksiunas
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Edvardas Bagdonas
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Raminta Vaiciuleviciute
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging, Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Eiva Bernotiene
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
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7
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Niu X, Li N, Du Z, Li X. Integrated gradient tissue-engineered osteochondral scaffolds: Challenges, current efforts and future perspectives. Bioact Mater 2023; 20:574-597. [PMID: 35846846 PMCID: PMC9254262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The osteochondral defect repair has been most extensively studied due to the rising demand for new therapies to diseases such as osteoarthritis. Tissue engineering has been proposed as a promising strategy to meet the demand of simultaneous regeneration of both cartilage and subchondral bone by constructing integrated gradient tissue-engineered osteochondral scaffold (IGTEOS). This review brought forward the main challenges of establishing a satisfactory IGTEOS from the perspectives of the complexity of physiology and microenvironment of osteochondral tissue, and the limitations of obtaining the desired and required scaffold. Then, we comprehensively discussed and summarized the current tissue-engineered efforts to resolve the above challenges, including architecture strategies, fabrication techniques and in vitro/in vivo evaluation methods of the IGTEOS. Especially, we highlighted the advantages and limitations of various fabrication techniques of IGTEOS, and common cases of IGTEOS application. Finally, based on the above challenges and current research progress, we analyzed in details the future perspectives of tissue-engineered osteochondral construct, so as to achieve the perfect reconstruction of the cartilaginous and osseous layers of osteochondral tissue simultaneously. This comprehensive and instructive review could provide deep insights into our current understanding of IGTEOS. Providing main challenges to establish integrated gradient osteochondral scaffold. Discussing the current tissue-engineered efforts to resolve the above challenges. Highlighting construct techniques, and evaluation index and methods of IGTEOS. Discussing the future perspectives to achieve perfect osteochondral reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolian Niu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding, 072350, China
| | - Zhipo Du
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding, 072350, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Corresponding author.
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8
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Shen K, Duan A, Cheng J, Yuan T, Zhou J, Song H, Chen Z, Wan B, Liu J, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Xie R, Liu F, Fan W, Zuo Q. Exosomes derived from hypoxia preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells laden in a silk hydrogel promote cartilage regeneration via the miR-205-5p/PTEN/AKT pathway. Acta Biomater 2022; 143:173-188. [PMID: 35202856 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering has promising prospects for cartilage regeneration. However, there remains an urgent need to harvest high quality seed cells. Bone marrow mesenchymal cells (BMSCs), and in particular their exosomes, might promote the function of articular chondrocytes (ACs) via paracrine mechanisms. Furthermore, preconditioned BMSCs could provide an enhanced therapeutic effect. BMSCs naturally exist in a relatively hypoxic environment (1%-5% O2); however, they are usually cultured under higher oxygen concentrations (21% O2). Herein, we hypothesized that hypoxia preconditioned exosomes (H-Exos) could improve the quality of ACs and be more conducive to cartilage repair. In our study, we compared the effects of exosomes derived from BMSCs preconditioned with hypoxia and normoxia (N-Exos) on ACs, demonstrating that H-Exos significantly promoted the proliferation, migration, anabolism and anti-inflammation effects of ACs. Furthermore, we confirmed that hypoxia preconditioning upregulated the expression of miR-205-5p in H-Exos, suggesting that ACs were promoted via the miR-205-5p/PTEN/AKT pathway. Finally, an injectable silk fibroin (SF) hydrogel containing ACs and H-Exos (SF/ACs/H-Exos) was utilized to repair cartilage defects and effectively promote cartilage regeneration in vivo. The application of SF/ACs/H-Exos hydrogel in cartilage regeneration therefore has promising prospects. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cartilage tissue engineering (CTE) has presented a promising prospect. However, the quality of seed cells is an important factor affecting the repair efficiency. Our study demonstrates for the first time that the exosomes derived from hypoxia preconditioned BMSCs (H-Exos) effectively promote the proliferation, migration and anabolism of chondrocytes and inhibit inflammation through miR-205-5p/PTEN/AKT pathway. Furthermore, we fabricated an injectable silk fibrion (SF) hydrogel to preserve and sustained release H-Exos. A complex composed of SF hydrogel, H-Exos and chondrocytes can effectively promote the regeneration of cartilage defects. Therefore, this study demonstrates that hypoxia pretreatment could optimize the therapeutic effects of BMSCs-derived exosomes, and the combination of exosomes and SF hydrogel could be a promising therapeutic method for cartilage regeneration.
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9
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Amsar RM, Wijaya CH, Ana ID, Hidajah AC, Notobroto HB, Kencana Wungu TD, Barlian A. Extracellular vesicles: a promising cell-free therapy for cartilage repair. Future Sci OA 2022; 8:FSO774. [PMID: 35070356 PMCID: PMC8765097 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2021-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Few effective therapies for cartilage repair have been found as cartilage has a low regenerative capacity. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, are produced by cells and contain bioactive components such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and other metabolites that have potential for treating cartilage injuries. Challenges like the difficulty in standardizing targeted therapy have prevented EVs from being used frequently as a treatment option. In this review we present current studies, mechanisms and delivery strategies of EVs. Additionally, we describe the challenges and future directions of EVs as therapeutic agents for cartilage repair. Repairing cartilage damage is challenging due to the tissue’s low regenerative capacity. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain bioactive components that may be able to treat cartilage injuries. However, EV-based therapy is not widely used. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the use of EVs for cartilage repair, including the mechanisms, delivery strategies, challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizka Musdalifah Amsar
- School of Life Science & Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, West Java, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Christofora Hanny Wijaya
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, West Java, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Ika Dewi Ana
- Department of Dental Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Atik Choirul Hidajah
- Department of Epidemiology Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Hari Basuki Notobroto
- Department of Biostatics & Population Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Triati Dewi Kencana Wungu
- Nuclear Physics & Biophysics Research Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics & Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, West Java, 40132, Indonesia
- Research Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, West Java, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Anggraini Barlian
- School of Life Science & Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, West Java, 40132, Indonesia
- Research Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, West Java, 40132, Indonesia
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10
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Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Human Chorionic MSCs as Modern Perspective towards Cell-Free Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413581. [PMID: 34948379 PMCID: PMC8706681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are of great interest to scientists due to their application in cell therapy of many diseases, as well as regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Recently, there has been growing evidence surrounding the research based on extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially small EVs (sEVs)/exosomes derived from MSCs. EVs/exosomes can be secreted by almost all cell types and various types of EVs show multiple functions. In addition, MSCs-derived exosomes have similar characteristics and biological activities to MSCs and their therapeutic applications are considered as a safe strategy in cell-free therapy. The aim of this study was the characterization of MSCs isolated from the chorion (CHo-MSCs) of human full-term placenta, as well as the isolation and analysis of small EVs obtained from these cells. Accordingly, in this study, the ability of small EVs' uptake is indicated by synovial fibroblasts, osteoblasts and periosteum-derived MSCs. Improvement in the understanding of the structure, characteristics, mechanism of action and potential application of MSCs-derived small EVs can provide new insight into improved therapeutic strategies.
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11
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Muthu S, Kartheek RR, Jeyaraman N, Rajendran RL, Khanna M, Jeyaraman M, Packkyarathinam RP, Gangadaran P, Ahn BC. Is Culture Expansion Necessary in Autologous Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy to Obtain Superior Results in the Management of Knee Osteoarthritis?-Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8120220. [PMID: 34940373 PMCID: PMC8698637 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8120220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Study Design: Meta-analysis. Objectives: We aimed to analyze the impact of cultured expansion of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) available in the literature. Materials and Methods: We conducted independent and duplicate electronic database searches including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library until August 2021 for RCTs analyzing the efficacy and safety of culture-expanded compared to non-cultured autologous MSCs in the management of knee osteoarthritis. The Visual Analog Score (VAS) for pain, Western Ontario McMaster University's Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Lysholm score, Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and adverse events were the analyzed outcomes. Analysis was performed in R-platform using OpenMeta [Analyst] software. Results: Overall, 17 studies involving 767 patients were included for analysis. None of the studies made a direct comparison of the culture expanded and non-cultured MSCs, hence we pooled the results of all the included studies of non-cultured and cultured types of MSC sources and made a comparative analysis of the outcomes. At six months, culture expanded MSCs showed significantly better improvement (p < 0.001) in VAS outcome. Uncultured MSCs, on the other hand, demonstrated significant VAS improvement in the long term (12 months) in VAS (p < 0.001), WOMAC (p = 0.025), KOOS score (p = 0.016) where cultured-expanded MSCs failed to demonstrate a significant change. Culturing of MSCs did not significantly increase the complications noted (p = 0.485). On sub-group analysis, adipose-derived uncultured MSCs outperformed culture-expanded MSCs at both short term (six months) and long term (12 months) in functional outcome parameters such as WOMAC (p < 0.001, p = 0.025), Lysholm (p < 0.006), and KOOS (p < 0.003) scores, respectively, compared to their controls. Conclusions: We identified a void in literature evaluating the impact of culture expansion of MSCs for use in knee osteoarthritis. Our indirect analysis of literature showed that culture expansion of autologous MSCs is not a necessary factor to obtain superior results in the management of knee osteoarthritis. Moreover, while using uncultured autologous MSCs, we recommend MSCs of adipose origin to obtain superior functional outcomes. However, we urge future trials of sufficient quality to validate our findings to arrive at a consensus on the need for culture expansion of MSCs for use in cellular therapy of knee osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Muthu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Dindigul 624001, Tamil Nadu, India;
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow 226010, Uttar Pradesh, India; (R.R.K.); (N.J.); (M.K.)
| | - Randhi Rama Kartheek
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow 226010, Uttar Pradesh, India; (R.R.K.); (N.J.); (M.K.)
- Fellow in Orthopaedic Rheumatology, Dr. RML National Law University, Lucknow 226010, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Naveen Jeyaraman
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow 226010, Uttar Pradesh, India; (R.R.K.); (N.J.); (M.K.)
- Fellow in Orthopaedic Rheumatology, Dr. RML National Law University, Lucknow 226010, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, Atlas Hospitals, Tiruchirappalli 620002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea;
| | - Manish Khanna
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow 226010, Uttar Pradesh, India; (R.R.K.); (N.J.); (M.K.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, Prasad Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226401, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow 226010, Uttar Pradesh, India; (R.R.K.); (N.J.); (M.K.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine—Sri Lalithambigai Medical College and Hospital, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (R.P.P.); (P.G.); (B.-C.A.)
| | - Rathinavelpandian Perunchezhian Packkyarathinam
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow 226010, Uttar Pradesh, India; (R.R.K.); (N.J.); (M.K.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College, Omandurar Government Estate, Chennai 600002, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (R.P.P.); (P.G.); (B.-C.A.)
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea;
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (R.P.P.); (P.G.); (B.-C.A.)
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea;
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (R.P.P.); (P.G.); (B.-C.A.)
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12
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Hashemibeni B, Izadi MA, Valiani A, Esfandiari I, Bahramian H, Dortaj H, Pourentezari M. Investigation and Comparison of the Effect of TGF-β3, kartogenin and Avocado/Soybean Unsaponifiables on the In-vitro and In-vivo Chondrogenesis of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells on Fibrin Scaffold. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 20:368-380. [PMID: 34903995 PMCID: PMC8653685 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.114420.14851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to the lack of suitable therapeutic approaches to cartilage defect, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of Transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3), avocado/soybean (ASU) and Kartogenin (KGN) on chondrogenic differentiation in human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) on fibrin scaffold. hADSCs seeded in fibrin scaffold and cultured in chondrogenic media. These cells were divided into 4 groups (control, TGF-β3, ASU and KGN). Cell viability was estimated by MTT assay. Differentiated cells were evaluated by histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) techniques. Expression genes [sex determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9), Aggrecan (AGG), type II collagen (Coll II) and type X collagen (Coll X)] were assessed by real-time PCR. For a study on an animal model, differentiated cells in fibrin scaffolds were subcutaneously transplanted in rats. Histological and immunohistochemistry were done in the animal model. The results of the real-time PCR indicated that SOX9, AGG and Col II genes expression in TGF-β3, KGN and ASU groups were significantly higher (p < 0.01) compared to the control group, Col X gene expression only in the TGF-β3 group was significantly higher (p< 0.01) compared to the control group. The glycosaminoglycan (GAG) deposition was higher in TGF-β3, KGN and ASU groups compared to the control group. The immunohistological analysis showed the distribution of collagen type X in the extracellular matrix in the fibrin scaffold TGF-β3 group was significantly higher in control, KGN and ASU groups, and (p < 0.001). ASU, particularly KGN, was suitable for successful chondrogenic differentiation of hADSCs and a suppressor of the consequent hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batool Hashemibeni
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Izadi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Valiani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ibrahim Esfandiari
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Bahramian
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hengameh Dortaj
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Science, Faculty of Applied Medical Science and Technologies, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Majid Pourentezari
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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13
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Plsikova Matejova J, Spakova T, Harvanova D, Lacko M, Filip V, Sepitka R, Mitro I, Rosocha J. A Preliminary Study of Combined Detection of COMP, TIMP-1, and MMP-3 in Synovial Fluid: Potential Indicators of Osteoarthritis Progression. Cartilage 2021; 13:1421S-1430S. [PMID: 32748631 PMCID: PMC8804792 DOI: 10.1177/1947603520946385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) commonly affects weight-bearing joints and is characterized by articular cartilage breakdown combined with osteophyte formation at the joint margins and chronic nonspecific inflammation of synovium. Understanding the profile of inflammation in a patient population is an essential starting point to predict or prevent OA progression. The aim of this study was to identify the profile of selected biomolecules in synovial fluid (SF) and investigate the correlation according to gender, age, and severity of the disease within patients from among the general knee OA population. DESIGN In our study SF samples were aspirated from the knees of 65 OA patients (46 patients with early knee OA and 19 patients with end-stage knee OA according to the Kellgren-Lawrence grading scale). The concentration of interleukins (IL-6, IL-8), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13), MMPs inhibitors (TIMP-1, TIMP-2), cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), and adiponectin was analyzed using a multiplex ELISA-based approach. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate significant linear correlation of MMP-13 and COMP concentration with age (P < 0.05), but not with OA severity. In fact, 3 of the examined biomolecules, MMP-3 (P < 0.01), TIMP-1 (P < 0.01), and COMP (P < 0.05) significantly correlate with the grade of knee OA and might be associated with OA severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Plsikova Matejova
- Associated Tissue Bank, Faculty of
Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, L. Pasteur University Hospital, Kosice,
Slovakia
| | - Timea Spakova
- Associated Tissue Bank, Faculty of
Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, L. Pasteur University Hospital, Kosice,
Slovakia,Timea Spakova, Associated Tissue Bank,
Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, L. Pasteur University Hospital,
Trieda SNP 1, Kosice SK-040 11, Slovakia.
| | - Denisa Harvanova
- Associated Tissue Bank, Faculty of
Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, L. Pasteur University Hospital, Kosice,
Slovakia
| | - Marek Lacko
- Department of Orthopaedics and
Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, L. Pasteur University
Hospital, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Vladimir Filip
- Department of Orthopaedics and
Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, L. Pasteur University
Hospital, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Rastislav Sepitka
- Department of Orthopaedics and
Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, L. Pasteur University
Hospital, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Istvan Mitro
- Department of Orthopaedics and
Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, L. Pasteur University
Hospital, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Jan Rosocha
- Associated Tissue Bank, Faculty of
Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, L. Pasteur University Hospital, Kosice,
Slovakia
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14
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Singh YP, Moses JC, Bhardwaj N, Mandal BB. Overcoming the Dependence on Animal Models for Osteoarthritis Therapeutics - The Promises and Prospects of In Vitro Models. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100961. [PMID: 34302436 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a musculoskeletal disease characterized by progressive degeneration of osteochondral tissues. Current treatment is restricted to the reduction of pain and loss of function of the joint. To better comprehend the OA pathophysiological conditions, several models are employed, however; there is no consensus on a suitable model. In this review, different in vitro models being developed for possible therapeutic intervention of OA are outlined. Herein, various in vitro OA models starting from 2D model, co-culture model, 3D models, dynamic culture model to advanced technologies-based models such as 3D bioprinting, bioassembly, organoids, and organ-on-chip-based models are discussed with their advantages and disadvantages. Besides, different growth factors, cytokines, and chemicals being utilized for induction of OA condition are reviewed in detail. Furthermore, there is focus on scrutinizing different molecular and possible therapeutic targets for better understanding the mechanisms and OA therapeutics. Finally, the underlying challenges associated with in vitro models are discussed followed by future prospective. Taken together, a comprehensive overview of in vitro OA models, factors to induce OA-like conditions, and intricate molecular targets with the potential to develop personalized osteoarthritis therapeutics in the future with clinical translation is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati Assam 781039 India
| | - Joseph Christakiran Moses
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati Assam 781039 India
| | - Nandana Bhardwaj
- Department of Science and Mathematics Indian Institute of Information Technology Guwahati Bongora Guwahati Assam 781015 India
| | - Biman B. Mandal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati Assam 781039 India
- Centre for Nanotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati Assam 781039 India
- School of Health Sciences and Technology Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati Assam 781039 India
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15
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Gonçalves AM, Moreira A, Weber A, Williams GR, Costa PF. Osteochondral Tissue Engineering: The Potential of Electrospinning and Additive Manufacturing. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:983. [PMID: 34209671 PMCID: PMC8309012 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The socioeconomic impact of osteochondral (OC) damage has been increasing steadily over time in the global population, and the promise of tissue engineering in generating biomimetic tissues replicating the physiological OC environment and architecture has been falling short of its projected potential. The most recent advances in OC tissue engineering are summarised in this work, with a focus on electrospun and 3D printed biomaterials combined with stem cells and biochemical stimuli, to identify what is causing this pitfall between the bench and the patients' bedside. Even though significant progress has been achieved in electrospinning, 3D-(bio)printing, and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies, it is still challenging to artificially emulate the OC interface and achieve complete regeneration of bone and cartilage tissues. Their intricate architecture and the need for tight spatiotemporal control of cellular and biochemical cues hinder the attainment of long-term functional integration of tissue-engineered constructs. Moreover, this complexity and the high variability in experimental conditions used in different studies undermine the scalability and reproducibility of prospective regenerative medicine solutions. It is clear that further development of standardised, integrative, and economically viable methods regarding scaffold production, cell selection, and additional biochemical and biomechanical stimulation is likely to be the key to accelerate the clinical translation and fill the gap in OC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anabela Moreira
- BIOFABICS, Rua Alfredo Allen 455, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Achim Weber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Gareth R. Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
| | - Pedro F. Costa
- BIOFABICS, Rua Alfredo Allen 455, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.G.); (A.M.)
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16
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Recent Developed Strategies for Enhancing Chondrogenic Differentiation of MSC: Impact on MSC-Based Therapy for Cartilage Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:8830834. [PMID: 33824665 PMCID: PMC8007380 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8830834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is susceptible to damage, but its self-repair is hindered by its avascular nature. Traditional treatment methods are not able to achieve satisfactory repair effects, and the development of tissue engineering techniques has shed new light on cartilage regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of the most commonly used seed cells in cartilage tissue engineering. However, MSCs tend to lose their multipotency, and the composition and structure of cartilage-like tissues formed by MSCs are far from those of native cartilage. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop strategies that promote MSC chondrogenic differentiation to give rise to durable and phenotypically correct regenerated cartilage. This review provides an overview of recent advances in enhancement strategies for MSC chondrogenic differentiation, including optimization of bioactive factors, culture conditions, cell type selection, coculture, gene editing, scaffolds, and physical stimulation. This review will aid the further understanding of the MSC chondrogenic differentiation process and enable improvement of MSC-based cartilage tissue engineering.
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17
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Chitosan/polycaprolactone multilayer hydrogel: A sustained Kartogenin delivery model for cartilage regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 177:589-600. [PMID: 33610607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage regeneration using biomaterial-guided delivery systems presents improved therapeutic efficacy of the biomolecules while minimizing side effects. Here, our hypothesis was to design a multilayer scaffold of chitosan (CS) hydrogel and polycaprolactone (PCL) mat to enhance the mechanical properties, integrity and stability of CS, especially for subsequent in vivo transplantation. After conjugation of the Kartogenin (KGN) into this structure, its gradual release can promote chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Initially, a thin electrospun PCL layer was sandwiched between two CS hydrogels. Subsequently, KGN was superficially immobilized onto the CS matrix. The successful conjugation was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy. These novel KGN-conjugated scaffolds possessed lower swelling and higher compressive modulus and showed gradual release of KGN in longer retention times. Immunofluorescent and histological staining represented more cells located in lacunae as well as more Coll2 and Sox9 positive cells on KGN-conjugated scaffolds. Gene expression analysis also revealed that SOX9, COLL2 and ACAN expression levels were higher in the presence of KGN, while COLLX expression was down-regulated, indicating a hypertrophy phenomenon with synergistic effect of TGF-β. This multilayer structure not only facilitates the effective treatment, but also provides a proper mechanical structure for cartilage engineering.
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18
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Farhang N, Silverman L, Bowles RD. Improving Cell Therapy Survival and Anabolism in Harsh Musculoskeletal Disease Environments. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 26:348-366. [PMID: 32070243 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapies are an up and coming technology in orthopedic medicine that has the potential to provide regenerative treatments for musculoskeletal disease. Despite numerous cell therapies showing preclinical success for common musculoskeletal indications of disc degeneration and osteoarthritis, there have been mixed results when testing these therapies in humans during clinical trials. A theory behind the mixed success of these cell therapies is that the harsh microenvironments of the disc and knee they are entering inhibit their anabolism and survival. Therefore, there is much ongoing research looking into how to improve the survival and anabolism of cell therapies within these musculoskeletal disease environments. This includes research into improving cell function under specific microenvironmental conditions known to exist in the intervertebral disc (IVD) and knee environment such as hypoxia, low-nutrient conditions, hyperosmolarity, acidity, and inflammation. This research also includes improving differentiation of cells into desired native cell phenotypes to better enhance their survival and anabolism in the knee and IVD. This review highlights the effects of specific musculoskeletal microenvironmental challenges on cell therapies and what research is being done to overcome these challenges. Impact statement While there has been significant clinical interest in using cell therapies for musculoskeletal pathologies in the knee and intervertebral disc, cell therapy clinical trials have had mixed outcomes. The information presented in this review includes the environmental challenges (i.e., acidic pH, inflammation, hyperosmolarity, hypoxia, and low nutrition) that cell therapies experience in these pathological musculoskeletal environments. This review summarizes studies that describe various approaches to improving the therapeutic capability of cell therapies in these harsh environments. The result is an overview of what approaches can be targeted and/or combined to develop a more consistent cell therapy for musculoskeletal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Farhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Robby D Bowles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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19
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Silva JC, Udangawa RN, Chen J, Mancinelli CD, Garrudo FFF, Mikael PE, Cabral JMS, Ferreira FC, Linhardt RJ. Kartogenin-loaded coaxial PGS/PCL aligned nanofibers for cartilage tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 107:110291. [PMID: 31761240 PMCID: PMC6878976 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning is a valuable technology for cartilage tissue engineering (CTE) due to its ability to produce fibrous scaffolds mimicking the nanoscale and alignment of collagen fibers present within the superficial zone of articular cartilage. Coaxial electrospinning allows the fabrication of core-shell fibers able to incorporate and release bioactive molecules (e.g., drugs or growth factors) in a controlled manner. Herein, we used coaxial electrospinning to produce coaxial poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS)/poly(caprolactone) (PCL) aligned nanofibers (core:PGS/shell:PCL). The obtained scaffolds were characterized in terms of their structure, chemical composition, thermal properties, mechanical performance and in vitro degradation kinetics, in comparison to monoaxial PCL aligned fibers and respective non-aligned controls. All the electrospun scaffolds produced presented average fiber diameters within the nanometer-scale and the core-shell structure of the composite fibers was clearly confirmed by TEM. Additionally, fiber alignment significantly increased (>2-fold) the elastic modulus of both coaxial and monoxial scaffolds. Kartogenin (KGN), a small molecule known to promote mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) chondrogenesis, was loaded into the core PGS solution to generate coaxial PGS-KGN/PCL nanofibers. The KGN release kinetics and scaffold biological performance were evaluated in comparison to KGN-loaded monoaxial fibers and respective non-loaded controls. Coaxial PGS-KGN/PCL nanofibers showed a more controlled and sustained KGN release over 21 days than monoaxial PCL-KGN nanofibers. When cultured with human bone marrow MSC in incomplete chondrogenic medium (without TGF-β3), KGN-loaded scaffolds enhanced significantly cell proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation, as suggested by the increased sGAG amounts and chondrogenic markers gene expression levels. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of using coaxial PGS-KGN/PCL aligned nanofibers as a bioactive scaffold for CTE applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C Silva
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa, 1049-001, Portugal; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180-3590, USA; The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa, 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Ranodhi N Udangawa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180-3590, USA
| | - Jianle Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180-3590, USA; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Chiara D Mancinelli
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180-3590, USA
| | - Fábio F F Garrudo
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa, 1049-001, Portugal; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180-3590, USA; The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa, 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Paiyz E Mikael
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180-3590, USA
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa, 1049-001, Portugal; The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa, 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Frederico Castelo Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa, 1049-001, Portugal; The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa, 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180-3590, USA.
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20
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Le H, Xu W, Zhuang X, Chang F, Wang Y, Ding J. Mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage regeneration. J Tissue Eng 2020; 11:2041731420943839. [PMID: 32922718 PMCID: PMC7457700 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420943839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage injuries are typically caused by trauma, chronic overload, and autoimmune diseases. Owing to the avascular structure and low metabolic activities of chondrocytes, cartilage generally does not self-repair following an injury. Currently, clinical interventions for cartilage injuries include chondrocyte implantation, microfracture, and osteochondral transplantation. However, rather than restoring cartilage integrity, these methods only postpone further cartilage deterioration. Stem cell therapies, especially mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) therapies, were found to be a feasible strategy in the treatment of cartilage injuries. MSCs can easily be isolated from mesenchymal tissue and be differentiated into chondrocytes with the support of chondrogenic factors or scaffolds to repair damaged cartilage tissue. In this review, we highlighted the full success of cartilage repair using MSCs, or MSCs in combination with chondrogenic factors and scaffolds, and predicted their pros and cons for prospective translation to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiang Le
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Xiuli Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Fei Chang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Department of Biobank, Division of Clinical Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
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Wang C, Liu Q, Ma X, Dai G. Levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in committed differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induced by kartogenin. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:3261-3270. [PMID: 31218937 PMCID: PMC6683945 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519853399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To measure the inductive effect of kartogenin on matrix metalloproteinase-2 levels during the differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) into chondrocytes in vitro. Methods In vitro cultured bone marrow hMSCs were grown to the logarithmic phase and then divided into three groups: control group (0 µM kartogenin), 1 µM kartogenin group and 10 µM kartogenin group. After 72 h of culture, cell proliferation and differentiation were observed microscopically. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in the cell supernatant and type II collagen levels in the cells were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. Results Kartogenin induced the proliferation and differentiation of hMSCs. With the increase of kartogenin concentration, the level of type II collagen was increased, while the level of MMP-2 decreased. Conclusion These findings indicate that kartogenin can induce hMSCs to differentiate into chondrocytes, and with the increase of kartogenin concentration, degeneration of the cartilage extracellular matrix may be inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiaohui Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guofeng Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Huang H. Editorial Commentary: Kartogenin Promotes Wounded Enthesis Regeneration. Arthroscopy 2018; 34:2588-2589. [PMID: 30173798 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Entheses are the insertion sites where tendons and ligaments attach to bone. Commonly, entheses are subject to overuse injuries, and tendon-to-bone healing is poor because the healing has occurred between 2 different tissues: hard tissue (bone) and soft tissue (tendon). It is necessary to form the zonal arrangement of the enthesis region in vivo after repair.
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