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Zhang YY, Yang GW, Lu C, Zhu XF, Wang Y, Wu GP. Organoboron-mediated polymerizations. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3384-3456. [PMID: 38411207 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00115f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The scientific community has witnessed extensive developments and applications of organoboron compounds as synthetic elements and metal-free catalysts for the construction of small molecules, macromolecules, and functional materials over the last two decades. This review highlights the achievements of organoboron-mediated polymerizations in the past several decades alongside the mechanisms underlying these transformations from the standpoint of the polymerization mode. Emphasis is placed on free radical polymerization, Lewis pair polymerization, ionic (cationic and anionic) polymerization, and polyhomologation. Herein, alkylborane/O2 initiating systems mediate the radical polymerization under ambient conditions in a controlled/living manner by careful optimization of the alkylborane structure or additives; when combined with Lewis bases, the selected organoboron compounds can mediate the Lewis pair polymerization of polar monomers; the bicomponent organoboron-based Lewis pairs and bifunctional organoboron-onium catalysts catalyze ring opening (co)polymerization of cyclic monomers (with heteroallenes, such as epoxides, CO2, CO, COS, CS2, episulfides, anhydrides, and isocyanates) with well-defined structures and high reactivities; and organoboranes initiate the polyhomologation of sulfur ylides and arsonium ylides providing functional polyethylene with different topologies. The topological structures of the produced polymers via these organoboron-mediated polymerizations are also presented in this review mainly including linear polymers, block copolymers, cyclic polymers, and graft polymers. We hope the summary and understanding of how organoboron compounds mediate polymerizations can inspire chemists to apply these principles in the design of more advanced organoboron compounds, which may be beneficial for the polymer chemistry community and organometallics/organocatalysis community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yao Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guan-Wen Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chenjie Lu
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhu
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuhui Wang
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guang-Peng Wu
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Vakati SR, Vanderlaan G, Gacura MD, Ji X, Chen L, Piovesan D. Synthesis of Poly-Lactic Acid by Ring Open Polymerization from Beer Spent Grain for Drug Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:483. [PMID: 38399861 PMCID: PMC10892441 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly-lactic acid (PLA) is a synthetic polymer that has gained popularity as a scaffold due to well-established manufacturing processes, predictable biomaterial properties, and sustained therapeutic release rates. However, its drawbacks include weak mechanical parameters and reduced medicinal delivery efficacy after PLA degradation. The development of synthetic polymers that can release antibiotics and other medicines remains a top research priority. This study proposes a novel approach to produce PLA by converting Brewer's spent grain (BSG) into lactic acid by bacterial fermentation followed by lactide ring polymerization with a metal catalyst. The elution properties of the PLA polymer are evaluated using modified Kirby-Bauer assays involving the antimicrobial chemotherapeutical, trimethoprim (TMP). Molded PLA polymer disks are impregnated with a known killing concentration of TMP, and the PLA is evaluated as a drug vehicle against TMP-sensitive Escherichia coli. This approach provides a practical means of assessing the polymer's ability to release antimicrobials, which could be beneficial in exploring new drug-eluting synthetic polymer strategies. Overall, this study highlights the potential of using BSG waste materials to produce valuable biomaterials of medical value with the promise of expanded versatility of synthetic PLA polymers in the field of drug-impregnated tissue grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal R. Vakati
- Department of Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering, Gannon University, Erie, PA 16541, USA; (S.R.V.); (X.J.); (L.C.)
| | - Gary Vanderlaan
- Department of Biology, Gannon University, Erie, PA 16541, USA (M.D.G.)
| | - Matthew D. Gacura
- Department of Biology, Gannon University, Erie, PA 16541, USA (M.D.G.)
| | - Xiaoxu Ji
- Department of Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering, Gannon University, Erie, PA 16541, USA; (S.R.V.); (X.J.); (L.C.)
| | - Longyan Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering, Gannon University, Erie, PA 16541, USA; (S.R.V.); (X.J.); (L.C.)
| | - Davide Piovesan
- Department of Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering, Gannon University, Erie, PA 16541, USA; (S.R.V.); (X.J.); (L.C.)
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3
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Goswami S, Mandal P, Sarkar S, Mukherjee M, Pal S, Mallick D, Mukherjee D. Flexible NHC-aryloxido aluminum complex and its zwitterionic imidazolium aluminate precursor in ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:1346-1354. [PMID: 38164613 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02932h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Anionic donor-functionalized NHC (N-heterocyclic carbene) complexes of Al are rare. We report one such case here, an NHC-aryloxido AlMe2 complex [Al(L)Me2] (2), following a stepwise synthesis from the proligand [HO-4,6-tBu2-C6H2-2-CH2{CH(NCHCHNAr)}]Br [LH2Br; Ar = 2,6-iPr2-C6H3 (Dipp)] and AlMe3via the zwitterionic intermediate [Al(LH)Me2Br] (1). The ligand's flexibility in 2 is evident from the conformational fluxionality revealed by VT-1H NMR spectroscopic analysis. The ∠O-Al-C (ca. 100.5°) bite angle is also wider than the ∠O-Ti-C (ca. 80.6°) as seen in our recently reported Ti complex [Ti(L)(NMe2)2Br]. DFT analysis showed that the CNHC-Al bond is significantly ionic, as is the CNHC-Ti bond. Both 1 and 2 are active in the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone (CL). 2, similar to [Ti(L)(NMe2)2Br], exhibits bifunctional MLC-type monomer activation, but only at an elevated temperature. However, the 2/BnOH combination is catalytically active at room temperature, likely through a zwitterionic [Al(LH)Me2(OBn)]. The 1/BnOH combination follows a similar mechanism but surprisingly at a faster rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santu Goswami
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India.
| | - Pranay Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India.
| | - Subham Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India.
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India.
| | - Mainak Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India.
| | - Samanwita Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India.
| | - Dibyendu Mallick
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India.
| | - Debabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India.
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4
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Wang M, Shanmugam M, McInnes EJL, Shaver MP. Light-Induced Polymeric Frustrated Radical Pairs as Building Blocks for Materials and Photocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:24294-24301. [PMID: 37890166 PMCID: PMC10636756 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric frustrated Lewis pairs, or poly(FLP)s, have served to bridge the gap between functional polymer science and main group catalysis, pairing the uniqueness of sterically frustrated Lewis acids and bases with a polymer scaffold to create self-healing gels and recyclable catalysts. However, their utilization in radical chemistry is unprecedented. In this paper, we disclose the synthesis of polymeric frustrated radical pairs, or poly(FRP)s, by in situ photoinduction of FLP moieties, where their Lewis acidic and basic centers are tuned to promote single electron transfer (SET). Through systematic manipulation of the chemical structure, we demonstrate that inclusion of ortho-methyl groups on phosphine monomers is crucial to enable SET. The generation of radicals is evidenced by monitoring the stable polymeric phosphine radical cations via UV/vis and EPR spectroscopy. These new poly(FRP)s enable both catalytic hydrogenation and radical-mediated photocatalytic perfluoroalkylations. These polymeric radical systems open new avenues to design novel functional polymers for catalysis and photoelectrical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
- Sustainable
Materials Innovation Hub, Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Muralidharan Shanmugam
- Photon
Science Institute, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Eric J. L. McInnes
- Photon
Science Institute, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Michael P. Shaver
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
- Sustainable
Materials Innovation Hub, Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
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5
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Reilly LT, McGraw ML, Eckstrom FD, Clarke RW, Franklin KA, Chokkapu ER, Cavallo L, Falivene L, Chen EYX. Compounded Interplay of Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control over Comonomer Sequences by Lewis Pair Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23572-23584. [PMID: 36521036 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The design of facile synthetic routes to well-defined block copolymers (BCPs) from direct polymerization of one-pot comonomer mixtures, rather than traditional sequential additions, is both fundamentally and technologically important. Such synthetic methodologies often leverage relative monomer reactivity toward propagating species exclusively and therefore are rather limited in monomer scope and control over copolymer structure. The recently developed compounded sequence control (CSC) by Lewis pair polymerization (LPP) utilizes synergistically both thermodynamic (Keq) and kinetic (kp) differentiation to precisely control BCP sequences and suppress tapering and misincorporation errors. Here, we present an in-depth study of CSC by LPP, focusing on the complex interplay of the fundamental Keq and kp parameters, which enable the unique ability of CSC-LPP to precisely control comonomer sequences across a variety of polar vinyl monomer classes. Individual Lewis acid equilibrium and polymerization rate parameters of a range of commercially relevant monomers were experimentally quantified, computationally validated, and rationalized. These values allowed for the judicious design of copolymerizations which probed multiple hypotheses regarding the constructive vs conflicting nature of the relationship between Keq and kp biases, which arise during CSC-LPP of comonomer mixtures. These relationships were thoroughly explored and directly correlated with resultant copolymer microstructures. Several examples of higher-order BCPs are presented, further demonstrating the potential for materials innovation offered by this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam T Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Michael L McGraw
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Francesca D Eckstrom
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Ryan W Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Kevin A Franklin
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Eswara Rao Chokkapu
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura Falivene
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno, Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, 84100 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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6
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Tang X, Shi C, Zhang Z, Chen EY. Crystalline aliphatic polyesters from eight‐membered cyclic (di)esters. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Eugene Y.‐X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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7
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Dordahan F, Schaper F. Lactide polymerization using a sterically encumbered, flexible zinc complex. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2021-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
4-(tert-Butyl)-2-trityl-6-(di-(2-picolyl)amine)phenol, LH, was prepared from paraformaldehyde, 4-(tert-butyl)-2-tritylphenol and di-(2-picolyl)amine. Reaction with Zn(N(SiMe3)2)2 gave LZnN(SiMe3)2. The complex was shown by X-ray diffraction study, variable
temperature NMR and DFT calculations to coordinate only one pyridine ligand, which allows for fast and facile complex isomerisation. LZnN(SiMe3)2 was active in rac-lactide polymerization, but in contrast to previous complexes of this type did not show any evidence for isotactic monomer enchainment via a catalytic-site mediated chain-end control mechanism. Addition of alcohol led to increased activity, but the complex was unstable in the presence of free alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Dordahan
- Université de Montréal, 5622, Chemistry, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frank Schaper
- Université de Montréal, 5622, Chemistry, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,
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8
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Tang X, Shi C, Zhang Z, Chen EYX. Toughening Biodegradable Isotactic Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) via Stereoselective Copolymerization of a Diolide and Lactones. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Eugene Y.-X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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9
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Abdur RM, Mousavi B, Shahadat HM, Akther N, Luo Z, Zhuiykov S, Verpoort F. Ring-opening copolymerization of ε-caprolactone and δ-valerolactone by a titanium-based metal–organic framework. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01946e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copolymerization of ε-caprolactone and δ-valerolactone without any co-catalyst in a solvent-free medium under eco-friendly conditions using earth abundant Ti-metal based MOF, MIL-125.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahaman M. Abdur
- Laboratory of Organometallics
- Catalysis and Ordered Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
| | - Bibimaryam Mousavi
- Laboratory of Organometallics
- Catalysis and Ordered Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
| | - Hossain M. Shahadat
- Laboratory of Organometallics
- Catalysis and Ordered Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
| | - Nishat Akther
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University
- Tangail 1902
- Bangladesh
| | - Zhixiong Luo
- Laboratory of Organometallics
- Catalysis and Ordered Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
| | - Serge Zhuiykov
- Center for Environmental and Energy Research (CEER)
- Ghent University Global Campus
- Yeonsu-Gu
- South Korea
| | - Francis Verpoort
- Laboratory of Organometallics
- Catalysis and Ordered Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. McGraw
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Eugene Y.-X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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11
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Szostak M. Editorial for “Organometallic Chemistry” Section, in Journal Molecules. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25133038. [PMID: 32635184 PMCID: PMC7411824 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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12
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McGraw ML, Clarke RW, Chen EYX. Compounded Sequence Control in Polymerization of One-Pot Mixtures of Highly Reactive Acrylates by Differentiating Lewis Pairs. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5969-5973. [PMID: 32167755 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to synthesize well-defined block copolymers (BCPs) from one-pot comonomer mixtures has powerful chemical and practical implications. However, controlling sequences between highly reactive, homologous comonomers such as acrylates during polymerization is challenging. Here we present a Lewis pair polymerization strategy that uniquely utilizes preferential Lewis acid coordination to differentiate between comonomers, distinctive kinetics, and compounded thermodynamic and kinetic differentiation to precisely control sequences and suppress tapering and misincorporation errors, thus achieving well-defined and resolved di- or tri-BCPs of acrylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L McGraw
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Ryan W Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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13
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Jiang J, Cui Y, Lu Y, Zhang B, Pan X, Wu J. Weak Lewis Pairs as Catalysts for Highly Isoselective Ring-Opening Polymerization of Epimerically Labile rac-O-Carboxyanhydride of Mandelic Acid. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yaqin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yaguang Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jincai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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14
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Zhao W, He J, Zhang Y. Lewis pairs polymerization of polar vinyl monomers. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:1830-1840. [PMID: 36659579 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The globally increasing demands for polymer materials stimulate the significantly intense attention focused on the Lewis pair polymerization (LPP) of various polar vinyl monomers catalyzed by Lewis pairs (LPs) composed of Lewis acid (LA) and Lewis base (LB). According to the degree of interaction between LA and LB, LPs could be divided into classical Lewis adduct (CLA), interacting Lewis pair (ILP) and frustrated Lewis pair (FLP). Regulation of the Lewis basicity, Lewis acidity, and steric effects of these LPs has a significant impact on the polymer chain initiation, propagation and termination as well as chain transfer reaction during polymerization. Compared with other polymerization strategies, LPP has shown several unique advantages towards the polymerization of polar vinyl monomers such as high activity, control or livingness, mild conditions, and complete chemo- or regioselectivity. We will comprehensively review the recent advances achieved in the LPP of polar vinyl monomers according to the classification of the employed LPs based on different LAs, by highlighting the key polymerization results, polymerization mechanisms as well as the currently unmet challenges and the future research directions of LPP chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuchao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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15
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Petrus R, Sobota P. A new, simple, and efficient strategy for the preparation of active antifungal biodegradable materials via ring-opening polymerization of l-lactide with zinc aryloxides. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:8193-8208. [PMID: 31090768 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00627c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, zinc aryloxides supported by monodentate hydroxybiphenyls [ArOH: ortho-phenylphenol (o-XenOH), meta-phenylphenol (m-XenOH), or para-phenylphenol (p-XenOH] and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) were used to develop active polymeric materials for antifungal agents for agricultural use. The direct reaction of ligand precursor ArOH with ZnEt2 (1 : 2) in a toluene/TMEDA mixture (1 : 10) afforded a series of three isostructural monomeric compounds, namely [Zn(o-XenO)2(TMEDA)] (1), [Zn(m-XenO)2(TMEDA)] (2), and [Zn(p-XenO)2(TMEDA)] (3). These were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and spectroscopic and other analytical methods. The results show that 1-3 are effective initiators for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of l-lactide (l-LA) via bifunctional activation of the monomer with Lewis pairs to give polymers terminated with TMEDA and Zn(OAr)2 as the α- and ω-chain ends, respectively. Combinations of ZnEt2 with two molar equivalents of ArOH proligands were used to synthesize polylactides containing fungicide molecules covalently bonded via ester linkers. The ROP of l-LA initiated by these zinc-based systems could be used for the preparation of polyesters with promising antifungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Petrus
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 23 Smoluchowskiego, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
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16
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Vidal F, Jäkle F. Functional Polymeric Materials Based on Main‐Group Elements. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5846-5870. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vidal
- Department of Chemistry Rutgers University—Newark 73 Warren Street Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Frieder Jäkle
- Department of Chemistry Rutgers University—Newark 73 Warren Street Newark NJ 07102 USA
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17
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Vidal F, Jäkle F. Funktionelle polymere Materialien auf der Basis von Hauptgruppen‐Elementen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vidal
- Department of Chemistry Rutgers University—Newark 73 Warren Street Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Frieder Jäkle
- Department of Chemistry Rutgers University—Newark 73 Warren Street Newark NJ 07102 USA
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18
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19
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Zhou L, Xu G, Mahmood Q, Lv C, Wang X, Sun X, Guo K, Wang Q. N-Heterocyclic olefins and thioureas as an efficient cooperative catalyst system for ring-opening polymerization of δ-valerolactone. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00018f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization of δ-valerolactone has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Guangqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Qaiser Mahmood
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Chengdong Lv
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Xitong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Kai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Qinggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
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20
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Cui Y, Jiang J, Pan X, Wu J. Highly isoselective ring-opening polymerization of rac-O-carboxyanhydrides using a zinc alkoxide initiator. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12948-12951. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06108h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly isoselective ROP system using just a zinc alkoxide as an initiator for the isoselective ROP of OCAs with the best Pm value of 0.97 at −70 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Jinxing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Xiaobo Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Jincai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
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21
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Shaik M, Peterson J, Du G. Cyclic and Linear Polyhydroxylbutyrates from Ring-Opening Polymerization of β-Butyrolactone with Amido-Oxazolinate Zinc Catalysts. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muneer Shaik
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell Street Stop 9024, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Jhaiquashia Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell Street Stop 9024, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Guodong Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell Street Stop 9024, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
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22
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Hong M, Chen J, Chen EYX. Polymerization of Polar Monomers Mediated by Main-Group Lewis Acid-Base Pairs. Chem Rev 2018; 118:10551-10616. [PMID: 30350583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of new or more sustainable, active, efficient, controlled, and selective polymerization reactions or processes continues to be crucial for the synthesis of important polymers or materials with specific structures or functions. In this context, the newly emerged polymerization technique enabled by main-group Lewis pairs (LPs), termed as Lewis pair polymerization (LPP), exploits the synergy and cooperativity between the Lewis acid (LA) and Lewis base (LB) sites of LPs, which can be employed as frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs), interacting LPs (ILPs), or classical Lewis adducts (CLAs), to effect cooperative monomer activation as well as chain initiation, propagation, termination, and transfer events. Through balancing the Lewis acidity, Lewis basicity, and steric effects of LPs, LPP has shown several unique advantages or intriguing opportunities compared to other polymerization techniques and demonstrated its broad polar monomer scope, high activity, control or livingness, and complete chemo- or regioselectivity, as well as its unique application in materials chemistry. These advances made in LPP are comprehensively reviewed, with the scope of monomers focusing on heteroatom-containing polar monomers, while the polymerizations mediated by main-group LAs and LBs separately that are most relevant to the LPP are also highlighted or updated. Examples of applying the principles of the LPP and LP chemistry as a new platform for advancing materials chemistry are highlighted, and currently unmet challenges in the field of the LPP, and thus the suggested corresponding future research directions, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , 3000 Broadway , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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23
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McGraw M, Chen EYX. Catalytic Lewis Pair Polymerization of Renewable Methyl Crotonate to High-Molecular-Weight Polymers. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael McGraw
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Eugene Y.-X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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24
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Chen J, Hong M, Chen EYX. Lewis Pair Polymerization for New Reactivity and Structure in Polymer Synthesis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 23:molecules23040915. [PMID: 29659483 PMCID: PMC6017600 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Miao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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