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Jiang M, Yan Y, Dong H, Wang X. Genome-wide identification of glycoside hydrolase family 1 members reveals GeBGL1 and GeBGL9 for degrading gastrodin in Gastrodia elata. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:214. [PMID: 39133328 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE We revealed the intrinsic transformation molecular mechanism of gastrodin by two β-d-glucosidases (GeBGL1 and GeBGL9) during the processing of Gastrodia elata. Gastrodia elata is a plant resource with medicinal and edible functions, and its active ingredient is gastrodin. However, the intrinsic transformation molecular mechanism of gastrodin in G. elata has not been verified. We speculated that β-d-glucosidase (BGL) may be the key enzymes hydrolyzing gastrodin. Here, we identified 11 GeBGL genes in the G. elata genome. These genes were unevenly distributed on seven chromosomes. These GeBGL proteins possessed motifs necessary for catalysis, namely, TF(I/M/L)N(T)E(Q)P and I(V/L)T(H/S)ENG(S). These GeBGLs were divided into five subgroups together with homologous genes from Arabidopsis thaliana, rice, and maize. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed GeBGL genes expression was tissue-specific. Gene cloning results showed two mutation sites in the GeBGL1 gene compared with the reference genome. And, the GeBGL4 gene has two indel fragments, which resulted in premature termination of translation and seemed to turn into a pseudogene. Furthermore, protein expression and enzyme activity results proved that GeBGL1 and GeBGL9 have the activity of hydrolyzing gastrodin into 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. This study revealed the function of β-d-glucosidase in degrading active compounds during the G. elata processing for medicinal purposes. These results offer a theoretical foundation for elevating the standard and enhancing the quality of G. elata production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Innovation and Application of General Technology for Separation of Natural Products, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yaxing Yan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Hongjing Dong
- Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Innovation and Application of General Technology for Separation of Natural Products, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China.
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Innovation and Application of General Technology for Separation of Natural Products, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China.
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Chen Z, Chen J, Wang L, Wang W, Zheng J, Wu S, Sun Y, Pan Y, Li S, Liu M, Cai Z. Effects of Three Kinds of Carbohydrate Pharmaceutical Excipients-Fructose, Lactose and Arabic Gum on Intestinal Absorption of Gastrodin through Glucose Transport Pathway in Rats. Pharm Res 2024; 41:1201-1216. [PMID: 38834905 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some glucoside drugs can be transported via intestinal glucose transporters (IGTs), and the presence of carbohydrate excipients in pharmaceutical formulations may influence the absorption of them. This study, using gastrodin as probe drug, aimed to explore the effects of fructose, lactose, and arabic gum on intestinal drug absorption mediated by the glucose transport pathway. METHODS The influence of fructose, lactose, and arabic gum on gastrodin absorption was assessed via pharmacokinetic experiments and single-pass intestinal perfusion. The expression of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) and sodium-independent glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) was quantified via RT‒qPCR and western blotting. Alterations in rat intestinal permeability were evaluated through H&E staining, RT‒qPCR, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Fructose reduced the area under the curve (AUC) and peak concentration (Cmax) of gastrodin by 42.7% and 63.71%, respectively (P < 0.05), and decreased the effective permeability coefficient (Peff) in the duodenum and jejunum by 58.1% and 49.2%, respectively (P < 0.05). SGLT1 and GLUT2 expression and intestinal permeability remained unchanged. Lactose enhanced the AUC and Cmax of gastrodin by 31.5% and 65.8%, respectively (P < 0.05), and increased the Peff in the duodenum and jejunum by 33.7% and 26.1%, respectively (P < 0.05). SGLT1 and GLUT2 levels did not significantly differ, intestinal permeability increased. Arabic gum had no notable effect on pharmacokinetic parameters, SGLT1 or GLUT2 expression, or intestinal permeability. CONCLUSION Fructose, lactose, and arabic gum differentially affect intestinal drug absorption through the glucose transport pathway. Fructose competitively inhibited drug absorption, while lactose may enhance absorption by increasing intestinal permeability. Arabic gum had no significant influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiasheng Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Liyang Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiaqi Zheng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shiqiong Wu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yinzhu Sun
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yuru Pan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Sai Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China
| | - Menghua Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Zheng Cai
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China.
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Mügge FLB, Sim CM, Honermeier B, Morlock GE. Bioactivity Profiling and Quantification of Gastrodin in Gastrodia elata Cultivated in the Field versus Facility via Hyphenated High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9936. [PMID: 37373083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrodia elata (Orchidaceae) is native to mountainous areas of Asia and is a plant species used in traditional medicine for more than two thousand years. The species was reported to have many biological activities, such as neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity. After many years of extensive exploitation from the wild, the plant was added to lists of endangered species. Since its desired cultivation is considered difficult, innovative cultivation methods that can reduce the costs of using new soil in each cycle and at the same time avoid contamination with pathogens and chemicals are urgently needed on large scale. In this work, five G. elata samples cultivated in a facility utilizing electron beam-treated soil were compared to two samples grown in the field concerning their chemical composition and bioactivity. Using hyphenated high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and multi-imaging (UV/Vis/FLD, also after derivatization), the chemical marker compound gastrodin was quantified in the seven G. elata rhizome/tuber samples, which showed differences in their contents between facility and field samples and between samples collected during different seasons. Parishin E was also found to be present. Combining HPTLC with on-surface (bio)assays, the antioxidant activity and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase as well as the absence of cytotoxicity against human cells were demonstrated and compared between samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda L B Mügge
- Department of Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Cheul Muu Sim
- Neutron Science Center, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Bernd Honermeier
- Department of Agronomy and Crop Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Department of Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Lai MC, Liu WY, Liou SS, Liu IM. p-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol Antagonized the ROS-Dependent JNK/Jun/Caspase-3 Pathway to Produce Neuroprotection in a Cellular Model of Parkinson's Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235002. [PMID: 36501032 PMCID: PMC9741417 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive disorder that affects brain nerve cells responsible for body motion and remains incurable. p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) is the primary phenolic compound in Gastrodiae Rhizoma, known for its therapeutic benefits against neurodegeneration. However, the protective effect of HBA against Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of HBA in vitro 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD model in SH-SY5Y cells. SH-SY5Y cells were pretreated with various concentrations of HBA for 1 h and incubated with 100 μmol/L 6-OHDA for 24 h to induce cellular lesions. 2,5-Diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide was used to detect cellular viability. 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin oxidation detects reactive oxygen species (ROS). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. The cellular mitochondrial function was identified through the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the release of cytochrome c, and the synthesis of mitochondrial ATP. Expression of pro-and anti-apoptotic factors was measured by Western blot. HBA enhanced cell viability, blocked ROS overproduction, and reduced antioxidant activities induced by 6-OHDA. HBA also reduced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death caused by 6-OHDA. Moreover, HBA reversed the 6-OHDA-mediated activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, the downregulation of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, the Apaf-1 upregulation and the induction of caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP cleavage. This study shows that the protective effects of HBA against 6-OHDA-induced cell injury provide the potential preventive effects of HBA, making it a promising preventive agent for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chou Lai
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Collage of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County 90741, Taiwan
| | - Wayne-Young Liu
- Department of Urology, Jen-Ai Hospital, Taichung 41265, Taiwan
- Center for Basic Medical Science, Collage of Health Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung City 406053, Taiwan
| | - Shorong-Shii Liou
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Collage of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County 90741, Taiwan
| | - I-Min Liu
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Collage of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County 90741, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-8-7624002
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Wu Z, Gao R, Li H, Liao X, Tang X, Wang X, Su Z. How steaming and drying processes affect the active compounds and antioxidant types of Gastrodia elata Bl. f. glauca S. Chow. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Wan J, Zhang Y, Yang D, Liang Y, Yang L, Hu S, Liu Z, Fang Q, Tian S, Ding Y. Gastrodin Improves Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Through Activation of the Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway. Hepatology 2021; 74:3074-3090. [PMID: 34297426 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS NASH is currently one of the most common causes of liver transplantation and hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus far, there is still no effective pharmacological therapy for this disease. Recently, Gastrodin has demonstrated hepatoprotective effects in a variety of liver diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the function of Gastrodin in NASH. APPROACH AND RESULTS In our study, Gastrodin showed potent therapeutic effects on NASH both in vivo and in vitro. In high-fat diet or high-fat and high-cholesterol diet-fed mice, the liver weight, hepatic and serum triglyceride and cholesterol contents, and serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity levels were markedly reduced by Gastrodin treatment as compared with the corresponding vehicle groups. Notably, Gastrodin showed minimal effects on the function and histological characteristics of other major organs in mice. We further examined the effects of Gastrodin on lipid accumulation in primary mouse hepatocytes and human hepatocyte cell line and observed that Gastrodin showed a significant decrease in lipid accumulation and inflammatory response in hepatocytes under metabolic stress. Furthermore, RNA-sequencing analysis systemically indicated that Gastrodin suppressed the pathway and key regulators related to lipid accumulation, inflammation, and fibrosis in the pathogenesis of NASH. Mechanistically, we found that Gastrodin protected against NASH by activating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, which was supported by the result that the AMPK inhibitor Compound C or AMPK knockdown blocked the Gastrodin-mediated hepatoprotective effect. CONCLUSIONS Gastrodin attenuates steatohepatitis by activating the AMPK pathway and represents a therapeutic for the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Diqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongjie Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sha Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Zhu H, Wu X, Huo J, Hou J, Long H, Zhang Z, Wang B, Tian M, Chen K, Guo D, Lei M, Wu W. A five-dimensional data collection strategy for multicomponent discovery and characterization in Traditional Chinese Medicine: Gastrodia Rhizoma as a case study. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1653:462405. [PMID: 34332318 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Establishing the identity of bioactive compounds to control the quality of Traditional Chinese Medicines is made more challenging by the complexity of the metabolite matrix, the existence of isomers, and the range of compound concentration and polarity observed between individual samples of the same plant in a multicomponent preparation. In addition, LC-MS analysis has limited capability for the separation and analysis of potentially important trace compounds and isomers, which hinders the comprehensive metabolite characterization of functional foods and Traditional Natural Medicine. To facilitate and improve the chemical composition characterization and enhance metabolite discernment, a comprehensive strategy was developed which integrates ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMS) with offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and conventional reversed phase (RP) C18 chromatography. Through application of the HILIC × RP offline 2D-LC approach, trace compounds were enriched and separated promoting a more efficient and detailed analysis of the matrix complexity. Comprehensive non-targeted multidimensional data (Rt1D, Rt2D, MS, CCS and MS/MS) and data-independent-acquisition (DIA) mass data of the metabolites in complex food and drug samples were obtained in the IMS-DIA-MS/MS mode on a Waters-SYNAPT G2-Si mass spectrometer with an ESI source. Through the application of high-efficiency neutral loss (NLs) and diagnostic product ions (DPIs) filter strategies, information from DIA mass data permitted the rapid detection and identification of compounds. The identification coverage of metabolites with low-quality MS/MS data was also improved. In the absence of analytical standards, Collision Cross Section (CCS) prediction and matching strategies based on theoretical chemical structures provided a method to distingish isomers. To demonstrate the efficacy of the technique this comprehensive strategy was applied to the compound characterization of Gastrodia Rhizoma (GR). Characterization of 272 compounds was achieved, including 146 unreported compounds. The results affirm that this comprehensive five-dimensional data collection strategy has the capacity to support the in-depth study of the high level of chemical diversity in Traditional Chinese Medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China; Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xingdong Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jiangyan Huo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jinjun Hou
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Huali Long
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zijia Zhang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China; Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Menghua Tian
- Zhaotong Tianma Research Institute, Zhaotong, Yunnan 657000, PR China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - De'an Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Min Lei
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Wanying Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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Enzymatic Synthesis of Lipophilic Esters of Phenolic Compounds, Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activity and Effect on the Oxidative Stability of Selected Oils. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020314. [PMID: 33669574 PMCID: PMC7922254 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the effect of the substituent and its position in the aromatic ring on the antioxidant activity of hexanoic acid esters obtained in reactions catalyzed by immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica. 4-Hydroxybenzyl hexanoate, 2-hydroxybenzyl hexanoate, 4-methoxybenzyl hexanoate, and vanillyl hexanoate were obtained with conversion yields of 50 to 80%. The antioxidant activity of synthesized esters, their alcohol precursors and BHT (Butylated HydroxyToluene) was compared with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity), and CBA (crocin bleaching assay) methods. Furthermore, it was investigated whether the presence of vanillyl hexanoate in a concentration of 0.01 and 0.1% affected the oxidative stability of sunflower and rapeseed oils in the Rancimat test. It was observed that the antioxidant activity of hexanoic acid esters depends on the presence and position of the hydroxyl group in the aromatic ring. The highest activities were found for vanillyl alcohol, vanillyl hexanoate, and BHT. The addition of the ester and BHT significantly extended the induction times of the tested oils, and these compounds exhibited similar activity. Vanillyl hexanoate increased the induction time from 4.49 to 5.28 h and from 2.73 to 3.12 h in the case of rapeseed and sunflower oils, respectively.
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Zuo Y, Yang J, Li C, Deng X, Zhang S, Wu Q. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as a Process Analytical Technology Tool for Monitoring the Steaming Process of Gastrodiae rhizoma with Multiparameters and Chemometrics. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2020; 2020:8847277. [PMID: 33204575 PMCID: PMC7657684 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8847277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Steaming is a vital unit operation in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which greatly affects the active ingredients and the pharmacological efficacy of the products. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has already been widely used as a strong process analytical technology (PAT) tool. In this study, the potential usage of NIR spectroscopy to monitor the steaming process of Gastrodiae rhizoma was explored. About 10 lab scale batches were employed to construct quantitative models to determine four chemical ingredients and moisture change during the steaming process. Gastrodin, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, parishin B, and parishin A were modeled by different multivariate calibration models (SMLR and PLS), while the content of the moisture was modeled by principal component regression (PCR). In the optimized models, the root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) for gastrodin, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, parishin B, parishin A, and moisture were 0.0181, 0.0143, 0.0132, 0.0244, and 2.15, respectively, and correlation coefficients (R p 2) were 0.9591, 0.9307, 0.9309, 0.9277, and 0.9201, respectively. Three other batches' results revealed that the accuracy of the model was acceptable and that was specific for next drying step. In addition, the results demonstrated the method was reliable in process performance and robustness. This method holds a great promise to replace current subjective color judgment and time-consuming HPLC or UV/Vis methods and is suitable for rapid online monitoring and quality control in the TCM industrial steaming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Zuo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 Renmin South Rd, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Rd, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 Renmin South Rd, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Xuehua Deng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 Renmin South Rd, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Shengsheng Zhang
- Innovation Laboratory, The Third Experiment Middle School, Guizhou Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan North Rd, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China
| | - Qing Wu
- Innovation Laboratory, The Third Experiment Middle School, Guizhou Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan North Rd, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China
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10
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Hydrogen sulfide releasing oridonin derivatives induce apoptosis through extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 187:111978. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Yang CS, Lai MC, Liu PY, Lo YC, Huang CW, Wu SN. Characterization of the Inhibitory Effect of Gastrodigenin and Gastrodin on M-type K + Currents in Pituitary Cells and Hippocampal Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010117. [PMID: 31877994 PMCID: PMC6982048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrodigenin (HBA) and gastrodin (GAS) are phenolic ingredients found in Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. These compounds have been previously used to treat cognitive dysfunction, convulsion, and dizziness. However, at present, there is no available information regarding their potential ionic effects in electrically excitable cells. In the current study, the possible effects of HBA and GAS on different ionic currents in pituitary GH3 cells and hippocampal mHippoE-14 neurons were investigated using the patch-clamp technique. The addition of HBA or GAS resulted in the differential inhibition of the M-type K+ current (IK(M)) density in a concentration-dependent manner in GH3 cells. HBA resulted in a slowing of the activation time course of IK(M), while GAS elevated it. HBA also mildly suppressed the density of erg-mediated or the delayed-rectifier K+ current in GH3 cells. Neither GAS nor HBA (10 µM) modified the voltage-gated Na+ current density, although they suppressed the L-type Ca2+ current density at the same concentration. In hippocampal mHippoE-14 neurons, HBA was effective at inhibiting IK(M) density as well as slowing the activation time course. Taken together, the present study provided the first evidence that HBA or GAS could act on cellular mechanisms, and could therefore potentially have a functional influence in various neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Sheng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung City 42743, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Chi Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan City 71004, Taiwan;
| | - Ping-Yen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Ching Lo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Chin-Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-W.H.); (S.-N.W.); Tel.: +886-6-2353535-5334 (S.-N.W.)
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-W.H.); (S.-N.W.); Tel.: +886-6-2353535-5334 (S.-N.W.)
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12
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Transformation Mechanisms of Chemical Ingredients in Steaming Process of Gastrodia elata Blume. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173159. [PMID: 31480235 PMCID: PMC6749462 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the transformation mechanisms of free gastrodin and combined gastrodin before and after steaming of Gastrodia elata (G. elata), a fresh G. elata sample was processed by the traditional steaming method prescribed by Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 version), and HPLC-ESI-TOF/MS method was used to identify the chemical composition in steamed and fresh G. elata. Finally, 25 components were identified in G. elata based on the characteristic fragments of the compounds and the changes of the 25 components of fresh and steamed G. elata were compared by the relative content. Hydrolysis experiments and enzymatic hydrolysis experiments of 10 monomer compounds simulating the G. elata steaming process were carried out for the first time. As a result, hydrolysis experiments proved that free gastrodin or p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol could be obtained by breaking ester bond or ether bond during the steaming process of G. elata. Enzymatic experiments showed that steaming played an important role in the protection of gastrodin, confirming the hypothesis that steaming can promote the conversion of chemical constituents of G. elata—inhibiting enzymatic degradation. This experiment clarified the scientific mechanism of the traditional steaming method of G. elata and provided reference for how to apply G. elata decoction to some extent.
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Marine-Derived Natural Lead Compound Disulfide-Linked Dimer Psammaplin A: Biological Activity and Structural Modification. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17070384. [PMID: 31252563 PMCID: PMC6669562 DOI: 10.3390/md17070384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine natural products are considered to be valuable resources that are furnished with diverse chemical structures and various bioactivities. To date, there are seven compounds derived from marine natural products which have been approved as therapeutic drugs by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Numerous bromotyrosine derivatives have been isolated as a type of marine natural products. Among them, psammaplin A, including the oxime groups and carbon-sulfur bonds, was the first identified symmetrical bromotyrosine-derived disulfide dimer. It has been found to have a broad bioactive spectrum, especially in terms of antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities. The highest potential indole-derived psammaplin A derivative, UVI5008, is used as an epigenetic modulator with multiple enzyme inhibitory activities. Inspired by these reasons, psammaplin A has gradually become a research focus for pharmacologists and chemists. To the best of our knowledge, there is no systematic review about the biological activity and structural modification of psammaplin A. In this review, the pharmacological effects, total synthesis, and synthesized derivatives of psammaplin A are summarized.
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14
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Li H, Gao X, Huang X, Wang X, Xu S, Uchita T, Gao M, Xu J, Hua H, Li D. Hydrogen sulfide donating ent-kaurane and spirolactone-type 6,7-seco-ent-kaurane derivatives: Design, synthesis and antiproliferative properties. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 178:446-457. [PMID: 31202992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by our interest in hydrogen sulfide bio-chemistry and ent-kaurane diterpenoid chemistry, 14 hydrogen sulfide donating derivatives (9, 11a-c, 12a-c, 13, 14, 16a-c and 17a-b) of ent-kaurane and spirolactone-type 6,7-seco-ent-kaurane were designed and synthesized. Four human cancer cell lines (K562, Bel-7402, SGC-7901 and A549) and two normal cell lines (L-02 and PBMC) were selected for antiproliferative assay. Most derivatives showed more potent activities than the lead ent-kaurane oridonin. Among them, compound 12b exhibited the most potent antiproliferative activities, with IC50 values of 1.01, 0.88, 4.36 and 5.21 μM against above human cancer cell lines, respectively. Further apoptosis-related mechanism study indicated that 12b could arrest Bel-7402 cell cycle at G1 phase and induce apoptosis through mitochondria related pathway. Through Western blot assay, 12b was shown to influence the intrinsic pathway by increasing the expression of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, cytochrome c and cleaved PARP, meanwhile suppressing procaspase-3, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and PARP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Xianhua Wang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266021, PR China
| | - Shengtao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Takahiro Uchita
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68 Koshien, Nishinomiya, 663-8179, Japan
| | - Ming Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68 Koshien, Nishinomiya, 663-8179, Japan
| | - Jinyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Huiming Hua
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Dahong Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
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15
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Hu X, Bai Z, Qiao J, Li H, Xu S, Wang X, Xu Y, Xu J, Hua H, Li D. Effective enmein-type mimics of clinical candidate HAO472: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 171:169-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Naturally occurring bisphenol F in plants used in traditional medicine. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1485-1490. [PMID: 31055636 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol F (BPF, 4-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]phenol) is a bisphenol that is structurally similar to bisphenol A (BPA). In response to consumer concern towards BPA, industry has started to substitute BPA for BPF and other bisphenol analogues in the production of epoxy resins and coatings for various applications. In 2016, it was reported that commercially sold mustard contained naturally occurring BPF. Here, the existing literature was reviewed to investigate whether other natural sources of BPF among edible plants exist, including their impact on human exposure to BPF. Coeloglossum viride var. bracteatum (rhizome), Galeola faberi (rhizome), Gastrodia elata (rhizome), Xanthium strumarium (seeds) and Tropidia curculioides (root) were found to contain naturally occurring BPF. Botanical extracts from these plants are used in traditional Chinese medicine. The highest values of BPF were recorded for G. elata and T. curculioides. Information on precise doses of the plant extracts used is scarce; however, for G. elata, also known as Tian Ma and available in powder form, a daily exposure of BPF from this source could theoretically amount up to 4.5 µg/kg body weight per day (based on a 70 kg body weight). Therefore, herbal products used in traditional Chinese medicine should be considered as a potential source contributing to the overall human exposure when assessing endocrine-active bisphenolic compounds.
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17
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Comparison of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activities of Maclura tricuspidata Fruit Extracts at Different Maturity Stages. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030567. [PMID: 30720740 PMCID: PMC6384656 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maclura tricuspidata fruit contains various bioactive compounds and has traditionally been used in folk medicine and as valuable food material in Korea. The composition and contents of bioactive compounds in the fruit can be influenced by its maturity stages. In this study, total phenol, total flavonoid, individual polyphenolic compounds, total carotenoids and antioxidant activities at four maturity stages of the fruit were determined. Polyphenolic compounds were analyzed using high-pressure liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF-MS) and HPLC. Among 18 polyphenolic compounds identified in this study, five parishin derivatives (gastrodin, parishin A, B, C, E) were positively identified for the first time in this plant. These compounds were also validated and quantified using authentic standards. Parishin A was the most abundant component, followed by chlorogenic acid, gastrodin, eriodictyol glucoside, parishin C, parishin E and parishin B. The contents of all the polyphenolic compounds were higher at the immature and premature stages than at fully mature and overmature stages, while total carotenoid was found to be higher in the mature and overmature stages. Overall antioxidant activities by three different assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) decreased as maturation progressed. Antioxidant properties of the fruit extract are suggested to be attributed to the polyphenols.
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18
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Xu L, Shi Q, Yan SM, Fu HY, Xie S, Lu D. Chemometric Analysis of Elemental Fingerprints for GE Authentication of Multiple Geographical Origins. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2019; 2019:2796502. [PMID: 31380141 PMCID: PMC6657606 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2796502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of combining elemental fingerprints and chemical pattern recognition methods for authentication of the geographical origins of a Chinese herb, Gastrodia elata BI. (GE), was studied in this paper. A total of 210 GE samples were collected from 7 different producing areas. The levels of 15 mineral elements in GE, including Zn, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ca, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Fe, Na, and K, were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Using the autoscaled data of elemental fingerprints and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA), two chemometrics strategies for multiclass classifications, One-Versus-Rest (OVR) and One-Versus-One (OVO), were studied and compared in discrimination of GE geographical origins. As a result, OVR-PLSDA and OVO-PLSDA could achieve the classification accuracy of 0.672 and 0.925, respectively. The results indicate that mineral elemental fingerprints coupled with chemometrics can provide a useful alternative method for simultaneous discrimination of multiple GE geographical origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Tongren University, Tongren 554300, Guizhou, China
| | - Qiong Shi
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Si-Min Yan
- Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research, Shanghai 201114, China
| | - Hai-Yan Fu
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shunping Xie
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Guizhou Industrial Co., LTD., Guiyang 550009, Guizhou, China
| | - Daowang Lu
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Tongren University, Tongren 554300, Guizhou, China
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19
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Dong H, Yao X, Liu D, Zhou T, Wu G, Zheng X, Wang X. Effect of inorganic salt on partition of high-polarity parishins in two-phase solvent systems and separation by high-speed counter-current chromatography from Gastrodia elata Blume. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:871-877. [PMID: 30580477 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Parishins are high-polarity and major bioactive constituents in Gastrodia elata Blume. In this study, the effect of several inorganic salts on the partition of parishins in two-phase solvent systems was investigated. Adding ammonium sulfate, which has a higher solubility in water, was found to significantly promote the partition of parishins in the upper organic polar solvents. Based on the results, a two-phase solvent system composed of butyl alcohol/acetonitrile/near-saturated ammonium sulfate solution/water (1.5:0.5:1.2:1, v/v/v/v) was used for the purification of parishins by high-speed counter-current chromatography. Fractions obtained from high-speed counter-current chromatography were subjected to semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography to remove salt and impurities. As a result, parishin E (6.0 mg), parishin B (7.8 mg), parishin C (3.2 mg), gastrodin (15.3 mg), and parishin A (7.3 mg) were isolated from water extract of Gastrodia elata Blume (400 mg). These results demonstrated that adding inorganic salt that has high solubility in water to the two-phase solvent system in high-speed counter-current chromatography was a suitable approach for the purification of high-polarity compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjing Dong
- Key Laboratory of TCM Quality Control Technology, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Xue Yao
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Dahui Liu
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Guozhen Wu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Xiuhua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of TCM Quality Control Technology, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of TCM Quality Control Technology, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, P. R. China
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20
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Zuo Y, Deng X, Wu Q. Discrimination of Gastrodia elata from Different Geographical Origin for Quality Evaluation Using Newly-Build Near Infrared Spectrum Coupled with Multivariate Analysis. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051088. [PMID: 29734695 PMCID: PMC6100057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Discrimination of Gastrodia elata (G. elata) geographical origin is of great importance to pharmaceutical companies and consumers in China. this paper focuses on the feasibility of near infrared spectrum (NIRS) combined multivariate analysis as a rapid and non-destructive method to prove its fit for this purpose. Firstly, 16 batches of G. elata samples from four main-cultivation regions in China were quantified by traditional HPLC method. It showed that samples from different origins could not be efficiently differentiated by the contents of four phenolic compounds in this study. Secondly, the raw near infrared (NIR) spectra of those samples were acquired and two different pattern recognition techniques were used to classify the geographical origins. The results showed that with spectral transformation optimized, discriminant analysis (DA) provided 97% and 99% correct classification for the calibration and validation sets of samples from discriminating of four different main-cultivation regions, and provided 98% and 99% correct classifications for the calibration and validation sets of samples from eight different cities, respectively, which all performed better than the principal component analysis (PCA) method. Thirdly, as phenolic compounds content (PCC) is highly related with the quality of G. elata, synergy interval partial least squares (Si-PLS) was applied to build the PCC prediction model. The coefficient of determination for prediction (Rp2) of the Si-PLS model was 0.9209, and root mean square error for prediction (RMSEP) was 0.338. The two regions (4800 cm−1–5200 cm−1, and 5600 cm−1–6000 cm−1) selected by Si-PLS corresponded to the absorptions of aromatic ring in the basic phenolic structure. It can be concluded that NIR spectroscopy combined with PCA, DA and Si-PLS would be a potential tool to provide a reference for the quality control of G. elata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Zuo
- Guizhou Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan North Rd, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 Renmin South Rd, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Xuehua Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 Renmin South Rd, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Qing Wu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan North Rd, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
- Innovation Laboratory, the Third Experiment Middle School in Guiyang, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
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