Precision Aliphatic Polyesters via Segmer Assembly Polymerization

Promising Role of Polylactic Acid as an Ingenious Biomaterial in Scaffolds, Drug Delivery, Tissue Engineering, and Medical Implants: Research Developments, and Prospective Applications

In the present scenario, the research is now being focused on the naturally occurring polymers that can gradually replace the existing synthetic polymers for the development of bio composites having applications in medical surgeries and human implants. With promising mechanical properties and bio compatibility with human tissues, poly lactic acid (PLA) is now being viewed as a future bio material. In order to examine the applicability of PLA in human implants, the current article sheds light on the synthesis of PLA and its various copolymers used to alter its physical and mechanical properties. In the latter half, various processes used for the fabrication of biomaterials are discussed in detail. Finally, biomaterials that are currently in use in the field of biomedical (Scaffolding, drug delivery, tissue engineering, medical implants, derma, cosmetics, medical surgeries, and human implants) are represented with respective advantages in the sphere of biomaterials.

Neuro-nanotechnology: diagnostic and therapeutic nano-based strategies in applied neuroscience

Artificial, de-novo manufactured materials (with controlled nano-sized characteristics) have been progressively used by neuroscientists during the last several decades. The introduction of novel implantable bioelectronics interfaces that are better suited to their biological targets is one example of an innovation that has emerged as a result of advanced nanostructures and implantable bioelectronics interfaces, which has increased the potential of prostheses and neural interfaces. The unique physical-chemical properties of nanoparticles have also facilitated the development of novel imaging instruments for advanced laboratory systems, as well as intelligently manufactured scaffolds and microelectrodes and other technologies designed to increase our understanding of neural tissue processes. The incorporation of nanotechnology into physiology and cell biology enables the tailoring of molecular interactions. This involves unique interactions with neurons and glial cells in neuroscience. Technology solutions intended to effectively interact with neuronal cells, improved molecular-based diagnostic techniques, biomaterials and hybridized compounds utilized for neural regeneration, neuroprotection, and targeted delivery of medicines as well as small chemicals across the blood-brain barrier are all purposes of the present article.

Green Copolymers Based on Poly(Lactic Acid)-Short Review

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer that can be applied in the field of packaging and medicine. Its starting substrate is lactic acid and, on this account, PLA can also be considered an ecological material produced from renewable resources. Apart from several advantages, polylactic acid has drawbacks such as brittleness and relatively high glass transition and melting temperatures. However, copolymerization of PLA with other polymers improves PLA features, and a desirable material marked by preferable physical properties can be obtained. Presenting a detailed overview of the accounts on the PLA copolymerization accomplishments is the innovation of this paper. Scientific findings, examples of copolymers (including branched, star, grafted or block macromolecules), and its applications are discussed. As PLA copolymers can be potentially used in pharmaceutical and biomedical areas, the attention of this article is also placed on the advances present in this field of study. Moreover, the subject of PLA synthesis is described. Three methods are given: azeotropic dehydrative condensation, direct poly-condensation, and ring-opening polymerization (ROP), along with its mechanisms. The applied catalyst also has an impact on the end product and should be adequately selected depending on the intended use of the synthesized PLA. Different ways of using stannous octoate (Sn(Oct)₂) and examples of the other inorganic and organic catalysts used in PLA synthesis are presented.

Copolymers of ε-caprolactone and ε-caprolactam via polyesterification: towards sequence-controlled poly(ester amide)s

Alternating copolymer of ε-caprolactone and ε-caprolactam is synthesized through polyesterification. This efficient and straightforward strategy holds promising future for the synthesis of sequence-controlled poly(ester amide)s.

An organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization approach to highly alternating copolymers of lactic acid and glycolic acid

Highly regioselective ring-opening polymerization of optically active methylglycolides was achived using P₂-t-Bu/alcohol system to produce alternating copolymer of lactic acid and glycolic acid.

Alternating Sequence Control for Poly(ester amide)s by Organocatalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization

Sequence-controlled polymerization is the forefront of polymer chemistry. Herein, the feasibility of sequence regulation by using organocatalyzed ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is demonstrated. In particular, ring expansion strategy is employed to synthesize pre-organized monomers 1 and 2. ROP is conducted by using 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene and benzyl alcohol as the catalyst and initiator, respectively. Poly(ester amide)s (PEAs) P1-P3 comprising glycolic acid, lactic acid, and 7-aminoheptanoic acid units are obtained in high molecular weights and good yields. NMR and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry results verify the microstructural integrity of P1 and P2. Differential scanning calorimetry results show that PEA without methyl branches is crystalline. Moreover, thermal stability, surface wettability, and degradation profiles of P1-P3 are also investigated.