Determination of Biogenic Amines in Seawater Using Capillary Electrophoresis with Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection

Amine response smartphone-based portable and intelligent polyvinyl alcohol films for real-time detection of shrimp freshness

Food freshness monitoring is an important component in ensuring food safety for consumers and the food industry. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a portable, low-cost, and efficient detection method to determine the freshness. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used as polymer carrier to prepare electrospinning film containing curcumin (Cur) and gardenia blue (GB) as intelligent indicator label on food packaging for real-time nondestructive detection of freshness of shrimp. The detection limit of ammonia response is less than or equal to 20 ppm, and the detection time is about 1 min, indicating that it has a sensitive response effect. At the same time, a smartphone application that can identify amines in response to color changes has been developed, and consumers can understand freshness by scanning the label. This study demonstrates the huge potential of smart indicator labels for food freshness monitoring.

Study the key biogenic amines in luncheon meat by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection

In this work, a simple, accurate and rapid capillary electrophoresis with indirect ultraviolet detection method was developed to simultaneous separate 10 biogenic amines. It was found that β-cyclodextrin and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid facilitated the separation of tryptamine and tyramine, spermidine and spermine, respectively. The optimized background electrolytes were consisted of 20.0 mmol/L imidazole, 8.0 mmol/L β-cyclodextrin, 0.5 mmol/L ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid and 6.0% methanol (at pH 4.50 adjusted with acetic acid). The total analysis time of this method was less than 11 min with limits of detection in the range of 0.14-1.98 mg/L. The interday relative standard deviation of migration time and peak area were less than 1.36% and 4.44% (n = 6), respectively. To verify the applicability, this method was carried out to analyze biogenic amines in commercial luncheon meat samples. Due to the complex composition of luncheon meat, the real samples were rinsed with deionized water to reduce the influence of matrices. It was found that both storage temperature and protein content of the luncheon meat samples affected the biogenic amines content during storage. The results of this study are instructive for the storage of high-protein meat products. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Applications of capillary electrophoresis in the fields of environmental, pharmaceutical, clinical and food analysis (2019-2021)

So far, the potential of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in the application fields has been increasingly excavated due to the advantages of simple operation, short analysis time, high-resolution, less sample consumption and low cost. This review examines the implementations and advancements of CE in different application fields (environmental, pharmaceutical, clinical and food analysis) covering the literature from 2019 to 2021. In addition, ultrasmall sample injection volume (nanoliter range) and short optical path lead to relatively low concentration sensitivity of the most frequently used UV-absorption spectrophotometric detection, so the pretreatment technology being developed has been gradually utilized to overcome this problem. Despite the review is focused on the development of CE in the fields of environmental, pharmaceutical, clinical and food analysis, the new sample pretreatment techniques of microextraction and enrichment which fit excellently to CE in recent three years are also described briefly. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Differential Inductive Sensing System for Truly Contactless Measuring of Liquids' Electromagnetic Properties in Tubing

Certain applications require a contactless measurement to eliminate the risk of sensor-induced sample contamination. Examples can be found in chemical process control, biotechnology or medical technology. For instance, in critically ill patients requiring renal replacement therapy, continuous in-line monitoring of blood conductivity as a measure for sodium should be considered. A differential inductive sensing system based on a differential transformer using a specific flow chamber has already proven suitable for this application. However, since the blood in renal replacement therapy is carried in plastic tubing, a direct measurement through the tubing offers a contactless method. Therefore, in this work we present a differential transformer for measuring directly through electrically non-conductive tubing by winding the tube around the ferrite core of the transformer. Here, the dependence of the winding type and the number of turns of the tubing on the sensitivity has been analyzed by using a mathematical model, simulations and experimental validation. A maximum sensitivity of 364.9 mV/mol/L is measured for radial winding around the core. A longitudinal winding turns out to be less effective with 92.8 mV/mol/L. However, the findings prove the ability to use the differential transformer as a truly contactless sensing system.

How Geometry Affects Sensitivity of a Differential Transformer for Contactless Characterization of Liquids

The electrical and dielectric properties of liquids can be used for sensing. Specific applications, e.g., the continuous in-line monitoring of blood conductivity as a measure of the sodium concentration during dialysis treatment, require contactless measuring methods to avoid any contamination of the medium. The differential transformer is one promising approach for such applications, since its principle is based on a contactless, magnetically induced conductivity measurement. The objective of this work is to investigate the impact of the geometric parameters of the sample or medium under test on the sensitivity and the noise of the differential transformer to derive design rules for an optimized setup. By fundamental investigations, an equation for the field penetration depth of a differential transformer is derived. Furthermore, it is found that increasing height and radius of the medium is accompanied by an enhancement in sensitivity and precision.

Determination of biogenic amines in alcoholic beverages using a novel fluorogenic compound as derivatizing reagent

Biogenic amines (BAs) are organic nitrogenous compounds that are responsible for several biological events. If their concentration reaches the threshold level, it can cause mild to serious health problems in human. A novel bis-styrylphenyl Meldrum's acid derivative (BSMAD) was synthesized and served as a fluorescent turn-on pre-column derivatizing reagent for the quantitative analysis of BAs. A method for the determination of BA by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was established, which has a low detection limit (0.4 nmol L⁻¹), excellent linearity (R² ≥ 0.9946) and repeatability (RSD ≤ 3.7% intra-day, RSD ≤ 5.8% inter-day). The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of BAs in several alcoholic beverages, including yellow wine, red wine, cooking wine, and beer. Satisfactory recoveries were obtained in the range of 94.6–100.5%. Compared with other methods, this pre-column derivatization method using BSMAD is simple, reliable, highly sensitive, and of low interference, providing an effective method for future studies of BAs in different matrices.

A novel fluorescent turn-on probe was synthesized and served as a pre-column derivatizing reagent for quantitative analysis of biogenic amines, then a method was established and used in their quantification in several alcoholic beverages.

Occurrence of Biogenic Amines Producers in the Wastewater of the Dairy Industry

Out of six samples of wastewater produced in the dairy industry, taken in 2017 at various places of dairy operations, 86 bacterial strains showing decarboxylase activity were isolated. From the wastewater samples, the species of genera Staphylococcus, Lactococcus, Enterococcus, Microbacterium, Kocuria, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Klebsiella and Enterobacter were identified by the MALDI-TOF MS and biochemical methods. The in vitro produced quantity of eight biogenic amines (BAs) was detected by the HPLC/UV–Vis method. All the isolated bacteria were able to produce four to eight BAs. Tyramine, putrescine and cadaverine belonged to the most frequently produced BAs. Of the isolated bacteria, 41% were able to produce BAs in amounts >100 mg L⁻¹. Therefore, wastewater embodies a potential vector of transmission of decarboxylase positive microorganisms, which should be taken into consideration in hazard analyses within foodstuff safety control. The parameters of this wastewater (contents of nitrites, nitrates, phosphates, and proteins) were also monitored.

Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection for analytical techniques - Developments from 2018 to 2020

The developments of analytical contactless conductivity measurements based on capacitive coupling over the two years from mid-2018 to mid-2020 are covered. This mostly concerns applications of the technique in zone electrophoresis employing conventional capillaries and to a lesser extent lab-on-chip devices. However, its use for the detection in several other flow-based analytical methods has also been reported. Detection of bubbles and measurements of flow rates in two-phase flows are also recurring themes. A few new applications in stagnant aqueous samples, e.g. endpoint detection in titrations and measurement on paper-based devices, have been reported. Some variations of the design of the measuring cells and their read-out electronics have also been described.

Application of Capillary Electrophoresis with Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection (CE-C4D): 2017-2020

Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C⁴D) has emerged as influential to detect analytes that do not have chromogenic or fluorogenic functional group. Since our last review several new capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods coupled with (CE-C⁴D) have been communicated. The aim of this review is to give an update of the almost all the new applications of CE-C⁴D in the field of pharmaceutical, food and biomedical analysis covering the period from 2017 to April 2020. The utilization of CE with C⁴D in the areas of pharmaceutical, food and biomedical analysis is presented. Finally, concluding remarks and outlooks are discussed.

Selection and application of ssDNA aptamers against spermine based on Capture-SELEX

Spermine contamination ranks as one of the food safety issues, it will cause some adverse reactions if the intake of spermine is excessive in human body. So it is of great significance to establish fast and efficient analysis method to detect spermine in foods. In this study, the spermine aptamers with high affinity and specificity were obtained by the capture systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (Capture-SELEX) technique. Forty-one aptamer sequences were obtained by cloning and sequencing, and were divided into eight families based on homology and secondary structure analysis. The affinity and specificity of candidate aptamers was analyzed by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and fluorescence assay. The aptamers named APJ-6 was picked out as the optimal aptamer that recognizes spermine specifically with the Kd value of 9.648 ± 0.896 nM. In order to verify the practicability of the selected aptamers, the sensitive aptamer-based fluorescene assay was designed. Under optimized conditions, this aptasensor exhibited a low detection limit of 0.052 nM, as well as a linear within the range of 0.1-20 nM. Besides, it has been further applied for the determination of spermine in pork samples and the recoveries ranged from 86.45% to 98.15%, showing its great potential for sensitive analysis in food safety control.

Recent developments of capillary electrophoresis in seawater analysis

Recent applications of capillary electrophoresis (CE) to the determination of various seawater analytes are critically examined, with the aim to reveal method's state-of-the-art and possible future research trends in the area. Given highly developed separation and detection methodology, emphasis is given to the most advantageous sample preconcentration strategies used to evolve the method's practical utility, particularly to low-level analytes. Analytical performance of CE applied to seawater analysis is illustrated with a selection of real-world applications published from 2006, from which it appears that the primary developmental tendency is presently confined to a transit from inorganic to organic seawater analytes.

Electrophoretic analysis of polyamines in exhaled breath condensate based on gold-nanoparticles microextraction coupled with field-amplified sample stacking

In this work, citrate-capped gold-nanoparticles (citrate-AuNPs) have been firstly used for selective extraction of trace polyamines, putrescine (Put) and cadaverine (Cad), followed by field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) coupled with capillary electrophoresis and capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (FASS-CE-C⁴D). Put and Cad were extracted by electrostatic attractions between the amine group of the polyamines and the citrate ligands adsorbed on the surfaces of AuNPs. AuNPs microextraction (AuNPs-ME) effectively shortened preparation time (50 min) by introducing ultrasound, and the required sample extraction volume was only 1 mL. Furthermore, a synergistic enrichment strategy based on off-line AuNPs-ME and on-line FASS significantly improved the detection sensitivity, making the enrichment factors up to 1726-1887 times. Under the optimum conditions, Put and Cad could be well separated from the potential coexisting substances and then directly determined by CE-C⁴D without derivatization. Due to its low sample consumption, high sensitivity (LODs: 0.070-0.17 ng mL^-1), and acceptable recoveries (90-105%), this AuNPs-ME/FASS-CE-C⁴D method provides a rapid, economical and eco-friendly approach for direct determination of polyamines in human exhaled breath condensate, and has potential application prospects in preliminary noninvasive diagnosis of oral and respiratory inflammation.

Bacterial Concentration Detection using a PCB-based Contactless Conductivity Sensor

Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C⁴D) is an improved approach to avoid the problems of labor-intensive, time-consuming and insufficient accuracy of plate count as well as the high-cost apparatus of flow cytometry (FCM) in bacterial counting. This article describes a novel electrode-integrated printed-circuit-board (PCB)-based C⁴D device, which supports the simple and safe exchange of capillaries and improves the sensitivity and repeatability of the contactless detection. Furthermore, no syringe pump is needed in the detection, it reduces the system size, and, more importantly, avoids the effect on the bacteria due to high pressure. The recovered bacteria after C⁴D detection at excitation of 25 Vpp and 60⁻120 kHz were analyzed by flow cytometry, and a survival rate higher than 96% was given. It was verified that C⁴D detection did not influence the bacterial viability. Moreover, bacteria concentrations from 10⁶ cells/mL to 10⁸ cells/mL were measured in a linear range, and relative standard deviation (RSD) is below 0.2%. In addition, the effects on bacteria and C⁴D from background solutions were discussed. In contrast to common methods used in most laboratories, this method may provide a simple solution to in situ detection of bacterial cultures.