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Wang K, Xue Y, Liu Y, Su X, Wei L, Lv C, Zhang X, Zhang L, Jia L, Zheng S, Ma Y, Yan H, Jiang G, Song H, Wang F, Lin Q, Hou Y. The detoxification ability of sex-role reversed seahorses determines the sexual dimorphism in immune responses to benzo[a]pyrene exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:173088. [PMID: 38735333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in immune responses is an essential factor in environmental adaptation. However, the mechanisms involved remain obscure owing to the scarcity of data from sex-role-reversed species in stressed conditions. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is one of the most pervasive and carcinogenic organic pollutants in coastal environments. In this study, we evaluated the potential effects on renal immunotoxicity of the sex-role-reversed lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) toward environmental concentrations BaP exposure. Our results discovered the presence of different energy-immunity trade-off strategies adopted by female and male seahorses during BaP exposure. BaP induced more severe renal damage in female seahorses in a concentration-dependent manner. BaP biotransformation and detoxification in seahorses resemble those in mammals. Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-oxide (BPDE) and 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (9-OH-BaP) formed DNA adducts and disrupted Ca2+ homeostasis may together attribute the renal immunotoxicity. Sexual dimorphisms in detoxification of both BPDE and 9-OH-BaP, and in regulation of Ca2+, autophagy and inflammation, mainly determined the extent of renal damage. Moreover, the mechanism of sex hormones regulated sexual dimorphism in immune responses needs to be further elucidated. Collectively, these findings contribute to the understanding of sexual dimorphism in the immunotoxicity induced by BaP exposure in seahorses, which may attribute to the dramatic decline in the biodiversity of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Xue
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Yali Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Xiaolei Su
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Chunhui Lv
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Longwu Jia
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Shiyi Zheng
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Yicong Ma
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Hansheng Yan
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Guangjun Jiang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Hongce Song
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yuping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
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Lao ZL, Wu D, Li HR, Feng YF, Zhang LW, Jiang XY, Liu YS, Wu DW, Hu JJ. Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in plants and health perspective for human: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 249:118431. [PMID: 38346481 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Plant uptake, accumulation, and transformation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) play vital roles in their geochemical cycles and exposure risks. Here we reviewed the recent research advances in OPEs in plants. The mean OPE concentrations based on dry/wet/lipid weight varied in 4.80-3,620/0.287-26.8/12,000-315,000 ng g-1 in field plants, and generally showed positive correlations with those in plant habitats. OPEs with short-chain substituents and high hydrophilicity, particularly the commonly used chlorinated OPEs, showed dominance in most plant samples, whereas some tree barks, fruits, seeds, and roots demonstrated dominance of hydrophobic OPEs. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic OPEs can enter plants via root and foliar uptake, and the former pathway is mainly passively mediated by various membrane proteins. After entry, different OPEs undergo diverse subcellular distributions and acropetal/basipetal/intergenerational translocations, depending on their physicochemical properties. Hydrophilic OPEs mainly exist in cell sap and show strong transferability, hydrophobic OPEs demonstrate dominant distributions in cell wall and limited migrations owing to the interception of Casparian strips and cell wall. Additionally, plant species, transpiration capacity, growth stages, commensal microorganisms, and habitats also affect OPE uptake and transfer in plants. OPE metabolites derived from various Phase I transformations and Phase II conjugations are increasingly identified in plants, and hydrolysis and hydroxylation are the most common metabolic processes. The metabolisms and products of OPEs are closely associated with their structures and degradation resistance and plant species. In contrast, plant-derived food consumption contributes considerably to the total dietary intakes of OPEs by human, particularly the cereals, and merits specifical attention. Based on the current research limitations, we proposed the research perspectives regarding OPEs in plants, with the emphases on their behavior and fate in field plants, interactions with plant-related microorganisms, multiple uptake pathways and mechanisms, and comprehensive screening analysis and risk evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Lang Lao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Research Groups Microbiology and Plant Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hui-Ru Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yu-Fei Feng
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Long-Wei Zhang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xue-Yi Jiang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yi-Shan Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dong-Wei Wu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jun-Jie Hu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
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Escobar-Montaño F, Macías-Sánchez AJ, Botubol-Ares JM, Durán-Patrón R, Hernández-Galán R. A Biomimetic Approach to Premyrsinane-Type Diterpenoids: Exploring Microbial Transformation to Enhance Their Chemical Diversity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:842. [PMID: 38592850 PMCID: PMC10975351 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Premyrsinane-type diterpenoids have been considered to originate from the cyclization of a suitable 5,6- or 6,17-epoxylathyrane precursor. Their biological activities have not been sufficiently explored to date, so the development of synthetic or microbial approaches for the preparation of new derivatives would be desirable. Epoxyboetirane A (4) is an 6,17-epoxylathyrane isolated from Euphorbia boetica in a large enough amount to be used in semi-synthesis. Transannular cyclization of 4 mediated by Cp2TiIIICl afforded premyrsinane 5 in good yield as an only diasteroisomer. To enhance the structural diversity of premyrsinanes so their potential use in neurodegenerative disorders could be explored, compound 5 was biotransformed by Mucor circinelloides NRRL3631 to give rise to hydroxylated derivatives at non-activated carbons (6-7), all of which were reported here for the first time. The structures and absolute configurations of all compounds were determined through extensive NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Escobar-Montaño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (F.E.-M.); (A.J.M.-S.); (R.H.-G.)
| | - Antonio J. Macías-Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (F.E.-M.); (A.J.M.-S.); (R.H.-G.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - José M. Botubol-Ares
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (F.E.-M.); (A.J.M.-S.); (R.H.-G.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Vitivinícola y Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rosa Durán-Patrón
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (F.E.-M.); (A.J.M.-S.); (R.H.-G.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rosario Hernández-Galán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (F.E.-M.); (A.J.M.-S.); (R.H.-G.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
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4
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Teixeira MVS, Fernandes LM, de Paula VS, Ferreira AG, Pires LM, Santos RA, Furtado NAJC. Production of new ent-hardwickiic acid derivatives by microbial transformation and their antifungal activity. Fitoterapia 2024; 173:105810. [PMID: 38163448 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Ent-hardwickiic acid is the major compound of Copaifera pubiflora Benth oleoresin traditionally used in Brazilian folk medicine as an antimicrobial agent. Microbial transformation of ent-hardwickiic by Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 10028b resulted in two and five antifungal derivatives (four new ones) produced in the Czapek modified and Koch's K1 media, respectively. The derivatives were isolated and their structures were determined by spectral analysis, namely 1D/2D NMR and HR-ESIMS. All compounds were tested for cytotoxic and antifungal activities and they were not cytotoxic to the tested cell lines, but all derivatives showed fungicidal activity against Candida glabrata and Candida krusei, which have emerged as resistant to fluconazole. One of the yet unreported biotransformation products displayed the strongest activity with minimum fungicidal concentration values smaller than the other compounds, including fluconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V S Teixeira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Lívia M Fernandes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinícius S de Paula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio G Ferreira
- Laboratory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Loren M Pires
- Nucleus of Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Franca 14404-600, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel A Santos
- Nucleus of Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Franca 14404-600, SP, Brazil
| | - Niege A J C Furtado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil.
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5
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Ibrahim ARS, Mansour MK, Ahmed MMA, Ulber R, Zayed A. Metabolism of natural and synthetic bioactive compounds in Cunninghamella fungi and their applications in drug discovery. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106801. [PMID: 37643568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of xenobiotic metabolism is a key step for drug discovery. Since the in vivo investigations may be associated with harmful effects attributed to production of toxic metabolites, it is deemed necessary to predict their structure especially at the preliminary clinical studies. Furthermore, the application of microorganisms that are capable of metabolizing drugs mimic human metabolism and consequently may predict possible metabolites. The genus Cunninghamella has been proven to be a potential candidate, which mimics xenobiotic metabolism occurring inside the human body, including phase I and II metabolic reactions. Moreover, biotransformation with Cunninghamella showed chemical diversity, where a lot of products were detected in relation to the initial substrates after being modified by oxidation, hydroxylation, and conjugation reactions. Some of these products are more bioactive than the parent compounds. The current review presents a comprehensive literature overview regarding the Cunninghamella organisms as biocatalysts, which simulate mammalian metabolism of natural secondary and synthetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Rahim S Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Tanta University, Faculty of Pharmacy, El-Geish Street, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Mai K Mansour
- Department of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products, Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza 11553, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Roland Ulber
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau, Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 49, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Ahmed Zayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Tanta University, Faculty of Pharmacy, El-Geish Street, Tanta 31527, Egypt; Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau, Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 49, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany.
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6
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Lower Concentrations of Amphotericin B Combined with Ent-Hardwickiic Acid Are Effective against Candida Strains. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030509. [PMID: 36978378 PMCID: PMC10044661 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Life-threatening Candida infections have increased with the COVID-19 pandemic, and the already limited arsenal of antifungal drugs has become even more restricted due to its side effects associated with complications after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Drug combination strategies have the potential to reduce the risk of side effects without loss of therapeutic efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combination of ent-hardwickiic acid with low concentrations of amphotericin B against Candida strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for amphotericin B and ent-hardwickiic acid as isolated compounds and for 77 combinations of amphotericin B and ent-hardwickiic acid concentrations that were assessed by using the checkerboard microdilution method. Time–kill assays were performed in order to assess the fungistatic or fungicidal nature of the different combinations. The strategy of combining both compounds markedly reduced the MIC values from 16 µg/mL to 1 µg/mL of amphotericin B and from 12.5 µg/mL to 6.25 µg/mL of ent-hardwickiic acid, from isolated to combined, against C. albicans resistant to azoles. The combination of 1 µg/mL of amphotericin B with 6.25 µg/mL of ent-hardwickiic acid killed all the cells of the same strain within four hours of incubation.
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, Del Mazo J, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Leblanc JC, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Dusemund B, Hart A, Mulder P, Viviani B, Anastassiadou M, Cascio C, Riolo F, Wallace H. Risks for human health related to the presence of grayanotoxins in certain honey. EFSA J 2023; 21:e07866. [PMID: 36875862 PMCID: PMC9978999 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for human health of the presence of grayanotoxins (GTXs) in 'certain honey' from Ericaceae plants. The risk assessment included all structurally related grayananes occurring with GTXs in 'certain' honey. Oral exposure is associated with acute intoxication in humans. Acute symptoms affect the muscles, nervous and cardiovascular systems. These may lead to complete atrioventricular block, convulsions, mental confusion, agitation, syncope and respiratory depression. For acute effects, the CONTAM Panel derived a reference point (RP) of 15.3 μg/kg body weight for the sum of GTX I and III based on a BMDL10 for reduced heart rate in rats. A similar relative potency was considered for GTX I. Without chronic toxicity studies, an RP for long-term effects could not be derived. There is evidence for genotoxicity in mice exposed to GTX III or honey containing GTX I and III, showing increased levels of chromosomal damage. The mechanism of genotoxicity is unknown. Without representative occurrence data for the sum of GTX I and III and consumption data from Ericaceae honey, acute dietary exposure was estimated based on selected concentrations for GTX I and III reflecting concentrations measured in 'certain' honeys. Applying a margin of exposure (MOE) approach, the estimated MOEs raised health concerns for acute toxicity. The Panel calculated the highest concentrations for GTX I and III below which no acute effects would be expected following 'certain honey' consumption. The Panel is 75% or more certain that the calculated highest concentration of 0.05 mg for the sum of GTX I and III per kg honey is protective for all age groups regarding acute intoxications. This value does not consider other grayananes in 'certain honey' and does not cover the identified genotoxicity.
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Lima JDR, Ferreira MKA, Sales KVB, da Silva AW, Marinho EM, Magalhães FEA, Marinho ES, Marinho MM, da Rocha MN, Bandeira PN, Teixeira AMR, de Menezes JESA, Dos Santos HS. Diterpene Sonderianin isolated from Croton blanchetianus exhibits acetylcholinesterase inhibitory action and anxiolytic effect in adult zebrafish ( Danio rerio) by 5-HT system. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:13625-13640. [PMID: 34696690 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1991477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Croton blanchetianus is known as 'marmeleiro preto', a very widespread shrub in Northeast Brazil. Terpenoids, steroids and phenolic compounds are among the reported secondary metabolites of the Croton genus that are a potential source of bioactive compounds. This study evaluated the anxiolytic potential of clerodine-type diterpene, sonderianin (CBWS) isolated from the stem bark of C. blanchetianus and its mechanism of action in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) (ZFa). The anticonvulsant and anti-acetylcholinesterase effects have also been explored. ZFa (n = 6/group) were treated intraperitoneally (ip; 20 µL) with CBWS (4, 12 and 40 mg/kg) and vehicle (3% DMSO; 20 µL) and subjected to locomotor activity tests, as well as toxicity acute 96 h. CBWS was also administered for analysis in the light/dark test. The involvement of the serotonergic system (5-HT) was investigated using 5-HTR1, 5-HTR2A/2C and 5-HTR3A/3B receptor antagonists. Anxiolytic doses were tested for pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure in ZFa. The inhibitory activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was measured. CBWS was not considered toxic and reduced locomotor activity. The results of the present study identified for the first time the interaction of the diterpene sonderianina in the CNS. This study provides evidence that CBWS has an anxiolytic effect mediated by serotonergic (5-HT) involvement and anti-acetylcholinesterase action. The 5-HTR1 and 5-HTR2A/2C receptors may be implicated in the low anticonvulsant effect in CBWS.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Dos Reis Lima
- State University of Ceará, Science and Technology, Graduate Program in Natural Sciences, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Antônio Wlisses da Silva
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Emanuelle Machado Marinho
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco Ernani Alves Magalhães
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Natural Products Bioprospecting and Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, CECITEC Campus, Tauá, CE, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Silva Marinho
- State University of Ceará, Faculty of Philosophy Dom Aureliano Matos, Limoeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil
| | - Márcia Machado Marinho
- Faculty of Education, Science and Letters of Iguatu, State University of Ceará, Iguatu, CE, Brazil
| | - Matheus Nunes da Rocha
- State University of Ceará, Faculty of Philosophy Dom Aureliano Matos, Limoeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Hélcio Silva Dos Santos
- State University of Ceará, Science and Technology, Graduate Program in Natural Sciences, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil.,Chemistry Course, State University of Vale do Acaraú, Sobral, CE, Brazil
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9
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Structural Investigation of Betulinic Acid Plasma Metabolites by Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217359. [PMID: 36364186 PMCID: PMC9656950 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA) has been extensively studied in recent years mainly for its antiproliferative and antitumor effect in various types of cancers. Limited data are available regarding the pharmacokinetic profile of BA, particularly its metabolic transformation in vivo. In this study, we present the screening and structural investigations by ESI Orbitrap MS in the negative ion mode and CID MS/MS of phase I and phase II metabolites detected in mouse plasma after the intraperitoneal administration of a nanoemulsion containing BA in SKH 1 female mice. Obtained results indicate that the main phase I metabolic reactions that BA undergoes are monohydroxylation, dihydroxylation, oxidation and hydrogenation, while phase II reactions involved sulfation, glucuronidation and methylation. The fragmentation pathway for BA and its plasma metabolites were elucidated by sequencing of the precursor ions by CID MS MS experiments.
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Biologically Active Diterpenoids in the Clerodendrum Genus—A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911001. [PMID: 36232298 PMCID: PMC9569547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key areas of interest in pharmacognosy is that of the diterpenoids; many studies have been performed to identify new sources, their optimal isolation and biological properties. An important source of abietane-, pimarane-, clerodane-type diterpenoids and their derivatives are the members of the genus Clerodendrum, of the Lamiaceae. Due to their diverse chemical nature, and the type of plant material, a range of extraction techniques are needed with various temperatures, solvent types and extraction times, as well as the use of an ultrasound bath. The diterpenoids isolated from Clerodendrum demonstrate a range of cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, antibacterial, anti-parasitic and anti-inflammatory activities. This review describes the various biological activities of the diterpenoids isolated so far from species of Clerodendrum with the indication of the most active ones, as well as those from other plant sources, taking into account their structure in terms of their activity, and summarises the methods for their extraction.
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11
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Comprehensive Metabolic Profiling of Euphorbiasteroid in Rats by Integrating UPLC-Q/TOF-MS and NMR as Well as Microbial Biotransformation. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090830. [PMID: 36144234 PMCID: PMC9504842 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Euphorbiasteroid, a lathyrane-type diterpene from Euphorbiae semen (the seeds of Euphorbia lathyris L.), has been shown to have a variety of pharmacological effects such as anti-tumor and anti-obesity. This study aims to investigate the metabolic profiles of euphorbiasteroid in rats and rat liver microsomes (RLMs) and Cunninghamella elegans bio-110930 by integrating ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS), UNIFI software, and NMR techniques. A total of 31 metabolites were identified in rats. Twelve metabolites (M1–M5, M8, M12–M13, M16, M24–M25, and M29) were matched to the metabolites obtained by RLMs incubation and the microbial transformation of C. elegans bio-110930 and their structures were exactly determined through analysis of NMR spectroscopic data. In addition, the metabolic pathways of euphorbiasteroid were then clarified, mainly including hydroxylation, hydrolysis, oxygenation, sulfonation, and glycosylation. Finally, three metabolites, M3 (20-hydroxyl euphorbiasteroid), M24 (epoxylathyrol) and M25 (15-deacetyl euphorbiasteroid), showed significant cytotoxicity against four human cell lines with IC50 values from 3.60 μM to 40.74 μM. This is the first systematic investigation into the in vivo metabolic pathways of euphorbiasteroid and the cytotoxicity of its metabolites, which will be beneficial for better predicting the metabolism profile of euphorbiasteroid in humans and understanding its possible toxic material basis.
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12
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Forzato C, Nitti P. New Diterpenes with Potential Antitumoral Activity Isolated from Plants in the Years 2017-2022. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2240. [PMID: 36079622 PMCID: PMC9460660 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diterpenes represent a wider class of isoprenoids, with more than 18,000 isolated compounds, and are present in plants, fungi, bacteria, and animals in both terrestrial and marine environments. Here, we report on the fully characterised structures of 251 new diterpenes, isolated from higher plants and published from 2017, which are shown to have antitumoral activity. An overview on the most active compounds, showing IC50 < 20 μM, is provided for diterpenes of different classes. The most active compounds were extracted from 29 different plant families; particularly, Euphorbiaceae (69 compounds) and Lamiaceae (54 compounds) were the richest sources of active compounds. A better activity than the positive control was obtained with 33 compounds against the A549 cell line, 28 compounds against the MCF-7 cell line, 9 compounds against the HepG2 cell line, 8 compounds against the Hep3B cell line, 19 compounds against the SMMC-7721 cell line, 9 compounds against the HL-60 cell line, 24 compounds against the SW480 cell line, and 19 compounds against HeLa.
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13
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Plant-derived tormentic acid alters the gut microbiota of the silkworm (Bombyx mori). Sci Rep 2022; 12:13005. [PMID: 35906393 PMCID: PMC9338012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, phytochemicals have started to attract more attention due to their contribution to health and bioactivity. Microorganisms in the intestines of organisms contribute to the processing, function, and biotransformation of these substances. The silkworm (Bombyx mori) is one of the organisms used for the biotransformation of phytochemicals due to its controlled reproduction and liability to microbial manipulation. In this study, a bioactive compound, tormentic acid (TA), extracted from Sarcopoterium spinosum was used in the silkworm diet, and the alterations of intestinal microbiota of the silkworm were assessed. To do this, silkworms were fed on a diet with various tormentic acid content, and 16S metagenomic analysis was performed to determine the alterations in the gut microbiota profile of these organisms. Diet with different TA content did not cause a change in the bacterial diversity of the samples. A more detailed comparison between different feeding groups indicated increased abundance of bacteria associated with health, i.e., Intestinibacter spp., Flavonifractor spp., Senegalimassilia spp., through the utilization of bioactive substances such as flavonoids. In conclusion, it might be said that using TA as a supplementary product might help ameliorate the infected gut, promote the healthy gut, and relieve the undesirable effects of medicines on the gastrointestinal system.
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14
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Alves ALV, da Silva LS, Faleiros CA, Silva VAO, Reis RM. The Role of Ingenane Diterpenes in Cancer Therapy: From Bioactive Secondary Compounds to Small Molecules. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221105691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diterpenes are a class of critical taxonomic markers of the Euphorbiaceae family, representing small compounds (eg, molecules) with a wide range of biological activities and multi-target therapeutic potential. Diterpenes can exert different activities, including antitumor and multi-drug resistance-reversing activities, and antiviral, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects, mainly due to their great structural diversity. In particular, one polycyclic skeleton has been highlighted: ingenane. Besides this natural diterpene, promising polycyclic skeletons may be submitted to chemical modification—by in silico approaches, chemical reactions, or biotransformation—putatively providing more active analogs (eg, ingenol derivatives), which are currently under pre-clinical investigation. This review outlines the current mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic implications of ingenol diterpenes as small cancer molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura V. Alves
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Luciane S. da Silva
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Camila A. Faleiros
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Viviane A. O. Silva
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Rui M. Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
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15
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Cera G, Risdian C, Pira H, Wink J. Antimicrobial potential of culturable actinobacteria isolated from the Pacific oyster
Crassostrea gigas
(Bivalvia, Ostreidae). J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1099-1114. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.15635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Cera
- Microbial Strain Collection (MISG), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 38124 Braunschweig Germany
- Marine Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano Santa Marta Colombia
| | - Chandra Risdian
- Microbial Strain Collection (MISG), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 38124 Braunschweig Germany
- Research Unit for Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), 40135 Bandung Indonesia
| | - Hani Pira
- Microbial Strain Collection (MISG), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 38124 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Joachim Wink
- Microbial Strain Collection (MISG), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 38124 Braunschweig Germany
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16
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Chai XN, Ludwig FA, Müglitz A, Gong Y, Schaefer M, Regenthal R, Krügel U. A Pharmacokinetic and Metabolism Study of the TRPC6 Inhibitor SH045 in Mice by LC-MS/MS. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073635. [PMID: 35408998 PMCID: PMC8998618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
TRPC6, the sixth member of the family of canonical transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, contributes to a variety of physiological processes and human pathologies. This study extends the knowledge on the newly developed TRPC6 blocker SH045 with respect to its main target organs beyond the description of plasma kinetics. According to the plasma concentration-time course in mice, SH045 is measurable up to 24 h after administration of 20 mg/kg BW (i.v.) and up to 6 h orally. The short plasma half-life and rather low oral bioavailability are contrasted by its reported high potency. Dosage limits were not worked out, but absence of safety concerns for 20 mg/kg BW supports further dose exploration. The disposition of SH045 is described. In particular, a high extravascular distribution, most prominent in lung, and a considerable renal elimination of SH045 were observed. SH045 is a substrate of CYP3A4 and CYP2A6. Hydroxylated and glucuronidated metabolites were identified under optimized LC-MS/MS conditions. The results guide a reasonable selection of dose and application route of SH045 for target-directed preclinical studies in vivo with one of the rare high potent and subtype-selective TRPC6 inhibitors available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ning Chai
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (X.-N.C.); (A.M.); (Y.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Friedrich-Alexander Ludwig
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Anne Müglitz
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (X.-N.C.); (A.M.); (Y.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Yuanyuan Gong
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (X.-N.C.); (A.M.); (Y.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Michael Schaefer
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (X.-N.C.); (A.M.); (Y.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Ralf Regenthal
- Clinical Pharmacology, Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Ute Krügel
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (X.-N.C.); (A.M.); (Y.G.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Sousa IP, de Sousa Teixeira MV, Freitas JA, Ferreira AG, Pires LM, dos Santos RA, Constantino Gomes Heleno V, Furtado NAJC. Production of more potent anti‐Candida labdane diterpenes by biotransformation using Cunninghamella elegans. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202100757. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid P. Sousa
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Avenida do Café, s/n FCFRP-USPBrasil 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto BRAZIL
| | - Maria V. de Sousa Teixeira
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Avenida do Café, s/n FCFRP-USPBrasil 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto BRAZIL
| | - Jolindo A. Freitas
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Av. do Café, s/n - School of Pharmaceutical Sciences 14040903 Ribeirão Preto BRAZIL
| | - Antônio G. Ferreira
- Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos Chemistry Rodovia Washington Luis s/n Km 235 13565-905 São Carlos BRAZIL
| | - Loren M. Pires
- Universidade de Franca Nucleus of Research in Sciences and Technology Av. Dr. Armando de Sáles Oliveira, 201 14404-600 Franca BRAZIL
| | - Raquel A. dos Santos
- Universidade de Franca Nucleus of Research in Science and Technology Av. Dr. Armando de Sáles Oliveira, 201 14404-600 Franca BRAZIL
| | - Vladimir Constantino Gomes Heleno
- Franca University: Universidade de Franca Nucleus of Research in Sciences and Technology Av. Dr. Armando de Sáles Oliveira, 201 14404-600 Franca BRAZIL
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18
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Lu CW, Huang YC, Chiu KM, Lee MY, Lin TY, Wang SJ. Enmein Decreases Synaptic Glutamate Release and Protects against Kainic Acid-Induced Brain Injury in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312966. [PMID: 34884781 PMCID: PMC8657722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of enmein, an active constituent of Isodon japonicus Hara, on glutamate release in rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes) and evaluated its neuroprotective potential in a rat model of kainic acid (KA)-induced glutamate excitotoxicity. Enmein inhibited depolarization-induced glutamate release, FM1-43 release, and Ca2+ elevation in cortical nerve terminals but had no effect on the membrane potential. Removing extracellular Ca2+ and blocking vesicular glutamate transporters, N- and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels, or protein kinase C (PKC) prevented the inhibition of glutamate release by enmein. Enmein also decreased the phosphorylation of PKC, PKC-α, and myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrates in synaptosomes. In the KA rat model, intraperitoneal administration of enmein 30 min before intraperitoneal injection of KA reduced neuronal cell death, glial cell activation, and glutamate elevation in the hippocampus. Furthermore, in the hippocampi of KA rats, enmein increased the expression of synaptic markers (synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein 95) and excitatory amino acid transporters 2 and 3, which are responsible for glutamate clearance, whereas enmein decreased the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and CD11b. These results indicate that enmein not only inhibited glutamate release from cortical synaptosomes by suppressing Ca2+ influx and PKC but also increased KA-induced hippocampal neuronal death by suppressing gliosis and decreasing glutamate levels by increasing glutamate uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 22060, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (Y.-C.H.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 22060, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Kuan-Ming Chiu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 22060, Taiwan; (K.-M.C.); (M.-Y.L.)
- Department of Nursing, Asia Eastern University of Science and Technology, New Taipei City 22060, Taiwan
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yi Lee
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 22060, Taiwan; (K.-M.C.); (M.-Y.L.)
| | - Tzu-Yu Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 22060, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (Y.-C.H.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (T.-Y.L.); (S.-J.W.)
| | - Su-Jane Wang
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (T.-Y.L.); (S.-J.W.)
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19
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Xiao SJ, Li SS, Xie B, Chen W, Xu XK, Zu XP, Shen YH. Systematic characterization of metabolic profiles of ingenol in rats by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS and NMR in combination with microbial biotransformation. RSC Adv 2021; 11:37752-37759. [PMID: 35498090 PMCID: PMC9043799 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07915h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ingenol, as the precursor of the marketed drug ingenol mebutate, has been proven to have a variety of bioactivities. The purpose of this study was to identify the metabolites of ingenol using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) combined with UNIFI software. Plasma, urine and fecal samples of rats were obtained and analyzed. A total of 18 metabolites were detected and identified in rat, including five phase II metabolites (M14-M18). Moreover, as microbial biotransformation is helpful to obtain sufficient reference standards of metabolites, the co-culture of ingenol with the fungus Cunninghamella elegans bio-110930 was also studied and yielded 4 phase I metabolites, in which reference standards of three metabolites were further obtained by preparative scale biotransformation. By matching their retention times, accurate masses, and fragment ions with metabolites in rat, the structures of three metabolites (M2, M3 and M4) were unambiguously confirmed by NMR technology. The results revealed that C. elegans bio-110930 functioned as an appropriate model to mimic and prepare phase I metabolism of ingenol in vivo to a certain extent. It also revealed that hydroxylation, oxygenation, sulfonation, and glucuronidation were the major metabolic pathways of ingenol. Furthermore, the first systematic metabolic study of ingenol is of great significance to elucidate the metabolites and metabolic pathways in vivo, which is helpful to predict metabolites of ingenol in humans, understand the elimination mechanism of ingenol, and clarify its effectiveness and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jia Xiao
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Shan-Shan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University Kunming 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Bin Xie
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xi-Ke Xu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xian-Peng Zu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yun-Heng Shen
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
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20
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Metabolism of Diterpenoids Derived from the Bark of Cinnamomum cassia in Human Liver Microsomes. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081316. [PMID: 34452277 PMCID: PMC8400920 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamomum cassia L. is used as a spice and flavoring agent as well as a traditional medicine worldwide. Diterpenoids, a class of compounds present in C. cassia, have various pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antibacterial activities; however, there are insufficient studies on the metabolism of diterpenoids. In this study, the metabolism of seven diterpenoids, namely, anhydrocinnzeylanol, anhydrocinnzeylanine (AHC), cinncassiol A, cinncassiol B, cinnzeylanol, cinnzeylanone, and cinnzeylanine, obtained from the bark of C. cassia was studied in human liver microsomes (HLMs). All studied diterpenoids, except for AHC, exhibited strong metabolic stability; however, AHC was rapidly metabolized to 3% in HLMs in the presence of β-NADPH. Using a high-resolution quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer, 20 metabolites were identified as dehydrogenated metabolites (M1–M3), dehydrogenated and oxidated metabolites (M4–M10), mono-oxidated metabolites (M11–M13), or dioxidated metabolites (M14–M20). In addition, CYP isoforms involved in AHC metabolism were determined by profiling metabolites produced after incubation in 11 recombinant cDNA-expressed CYP isoforms. Thus, the diterpenoid compound AHC was identified in a metabolic pathway involving CYP3A4 in HLMs.
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21
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Ribeiro VP, Arruda C, Aldana-Mejia JA, Bastos JK, Tripathi SK, Khan SI, Khan IA, Ali Z. Phytochemical, Antiplasmodial, Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Evaluation of a Southeast Brazilian Brown Propolis Produced by Apis mellifera Bees. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100288. [PMID: 34227213 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Seven phenolic compounds (ferulic acid, caffeic acid, 4-methoxycinnamic acid, 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxypropiophenone and 1-O,2-O-digalloyl-6-O-trans-p-coumaroyl-β-D-glucopyranoside), a flavanonol (7-O-methylaromadendrin), two lignans (pinoresinol and matairesinol) and six diterpenic acids/alcohol (19-acetoxy-13-hydroxyabda-8(17),14-diene, totarol, 7-oxodehydroabietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, communic acid and isopimaric acid) were isolated from the hydroalcoholic extract of a Brazilian Brown Propolis and characterized by NMR spectral data analysis. The volatile fraction of brown propolis was characterized by CG-MS, composed mainly of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, being the major α-pinene (18.4 %) and β-pinene (10.3 %). This propolis chemical profile indicates that Pinus spp., Eucalyptus spp. and Araucaria angustifolia might be its primary plants source. The brown propolis displayed significant activity against Plasmodium falciparum D6 and W2 strains with IC50 of 5.3 and 9.7 μg/mL, respectively. The volatile fraction was also active with IC50 of 22.5 and 41.8 μg/mL, respectively. Among the compounds, 1-O,2-O-digalloyl-6-O-trans-p-coumaroyl-β-D-glucopyranoside showed IC50 of 3.1 and 1.0 μg/mL against D6 and W2 strains, respectively, while communic acid showed an IC50 of 4.0 μg/mL against W2 strain. Cytotoxicity was determined on four tumor cell lines (SK-MEL, KB, BT-549, and SK-OV-3) and two normal renal cell lines (LLC-PK1 and VERO). Matairesinol, 7-O-methylaromadendrin, and isopimaric acid showed an IC50 range of 1.8-0.78 μg/mL, 7.3-100 μg/mL, and 17-18 μg/mL, respectively, against the tumor cell lines but they were not cytotoxic against normal cell lines. The crude extract of brown propolis displayed antimicrobial activity against C. neoformans, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and P. aeruginosa at 29.9 μg/mL, 178.9 μg/mL, and 160.7 μg/mL, respectively. The volatile fraction inhibited the growth of C. neoformans at 53.0 μg/mL. The compounds 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxypropiophenone and 7-oxodehydroabietic acid were active against C. neoformans, and caffeic and communic acids were active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Pena Ribeiro
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-930, Brazil
| | - Caroline Arruda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-930, Brazil
| | - Jennyfer Andrea Aldana-Mejia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-930, Brazil
| | - Jairo Kenupp Bastos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-930, Brazil
| | - Siddharth K Tripathi
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, USA
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22
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Biochemistry of Terpenes and Recent Advances in Plant Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115710. [PMID: 34071919 PMCID: PMC8199371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity is adversely affected by the growing levels of synthetic chemicals released into the environment due to agricultural activities. This has been the driving force for embracing sustainable agriculture. Plant secondary metabolites offer promising alternatives for protecting plants against microbes, feeding herbivores, and weeds. Terpenes are the largest among PSMs and have been extensively studied for their potential as antimicrobial, insecticidal, and weed control agents. They also attract natural enemies of pests and beneficial insects, such as pollinators and dispersers. However, most of these research findings are shelved and fail to pass beyond the laboratory and greenhouse stages. This review provides an overview of terpenes, types, biosynthesis, and their roles in protecting plants against microbial pathogens, insect pests, and weeds to rekindle the debate on using terpenes for the development of environmentally friendly biopesticides and herbicides.
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23
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Dehydroabietic Acid Is a Novel Survivin Inhibitor for Gastric Cancer. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061047. [PMID: 34067279 PMCID: PMC8224772 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a malignant tumor with a high incidence and mortality rate worldwide. Nevertheless, anticancer drugs that can be used for gastric cancer treatment are limited. Therefore, it is important to develop targeted anticancer drugs for the treatment of gastric cancer. Dehydroabietic acid (DAA) is a diterpene found in tree pine. Previous studies have demonstrated that DAA inhibits gastric cancer cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis. However, we did not know how DAA inhibits the proliferation of gastric cancer cells through apoptosis. In this study, we attempted to identify the genes that induce cell cycle arrest and cell death, as well as those which are altered by DAA treatment. DAA-regulated genes were screened using RNA-Seq and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis in AGS cells. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that the expression of survivin, an apoptosis inhibitor, was significantly reduced by DAA treatment. We also confirmed that DAA decreased survivin expression by RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis. In addition, the ability of DAA to inhibit survivin was compared to that of YM-155, a known survivin inhibitor. DAA was found to have a stronger inhibitory effect in comparison with YM-155. DAA also caused an increase in cleaved caspase-3, an apoptosis-activating protein. In conclusion, DAA is a potential anticancer agent for gastric cancer that inhibits survivin expression.
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Zhang D, Tao X, Gu G, Wang Y, Zhao W, Zhao W, Ren Y, Dai S, Yu L. Microbial Transformation of neo-Clerodane Diterpenoid, Scutebarbatine F, by Streptomyces sp. CPCC 205437. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:662321. [PMID: 33936019 PMCID: PMC8079804 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.662321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotransformation of the neo-clerodane diterpene, scutebarbatine F (1), by Streptomyces sp. CPCC 205437 was investigated for the first time, which led to the isolation of nine new metabolites, scutebarbatine F1–F9 (2–10). Their structures were determined by extensive high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS) and NMR data analyses. The reactions that occurred included hydroxylation, acetylation, and deacetylation. Compounds 2–4 and 8–10 possess 18-OAc fragment, which were the first examples of 13-spiro neo-clerodanes with 18-OAc group. Compounds 7–10 were the first report of 13-spiro neo-clerodanes with 2-OH. Compounds 1–10 were biologically evaluated for the cytotoxic, antiviral, and antibacterial activities. Compounds 5, 7, and 9 exhibited cytotoxic activities against H460 cancer cell line with inhibitory ratios of 46.0, 42.2, and 51.1%, respectively, at 0.3 μM. Compound 5 displayed a significant anti-influenza A virus activity with inhibitory ratio of 54.8% at 20 μM, close to the positive control, ribavirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewu Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guowei Gu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxia Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wuli Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Shengjun Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Liyan Yu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Gallon ME, Gobbo-Neto L. Plant Metabolites Involved in the Differential Development of a Heliantheae-Specialist Insect. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11030134. [PMID: 33669112 PMCID: PMC7996590 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Balanced nutritional intake is essential to ensure that insects undergo adequate larval development and metamorphosis. Integrative multidisciplinary approaches have contributed valuable insights regarding the ecological and evolutionary outcomes of plant–insect interactions. To address the plant metabolites involved in the larval development of a specialist insect, we investigated the development of Chlosyne lacinia caterpillars fed on Heliantheae species (Tithonia diversifolia, Tridax procumbens and Aldama robusta) leaves and determined the chemical profile of plants and insects using a metabolomic approach. By means of LC-MS and GC-MS combined analyses, 51 metabolites were putatively identified in Heliantheae species and C. lacinia caterpillars and frass; these metabolites included flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenes, triterpenes, oxygenated terpene derivatives, steroids and lipid derivatives. The leading discriminant metabolites were diterpenes, which were detected only in A. robusta leaves and insects that were fed on this plant-based diet. Additionally, caterpillars fed on A. robusta leaves took longer to complete their development to the adult phase and exhibited a greater diapause rate. Hence, we hypothesized that diterpenes may be involved in the differential larval development. Our findings shed light on the plant metabolites that play roles in insect development and metabolism, opening new research avenues for integrative studies of insect nutritional ecology.
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Cumulative Production of Bioactive Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, and CK from Fermented Black Ginseng Using Novel Aspergillus niger KHNT-1 Strain Isolated from Korean Traditional Food. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is an ancient herb widely consumed due to its healing property of active ginsenosides. Recent researchers were explored to increase its absorption and bioavailability of ginsenosides at the metabolic sites, due to its pharmacological activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the isolation and characteristics of components obtained by a shorter steaming cycle (seven cycles) of white ginseng to fermented black ginseng, using a novel strain of Aspergillus niger KHNT-1 isolated from fermented soybean. The degree of bioactive of Rg3 increased effectively during the steaming process, and biotransformation converted the color towards black along active ginsenosides. Glycol moiety associated with C-3, C-6, or C-20 underwent rapid biotransformation and hydrolysis, such as Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd → Rg3, F2, and was converted to CK. Dehydration produces Rg3 → Rk1, Rg5. Rh2 → Rk2; thus, converted fermented black ginseng was solvent-extracted, and the isolated components were identified by TLC, HPLC, and quantification by LCMS. The unique composition obtained during this process with Rk1, Rg3, Rg5, and CK is nontoxic to HaCaT cell line up to 200 ug/mL for 24 h and was found to be effective in B16BL6 cell lines, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Thus, it is a suitable candidate for nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals.
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Fungal biocatalysts for labdane diterpene hydroxylation. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 43:1051-1059. [PMID: 32020446 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-020-02303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Labdane diterpenes and their derivatives have shown remarkable biological activities and are useful as chiral building blocks for the synthesis of a variety of bioactive compounds. There is great interest in developing biocatalyst technology to achieve regio- and stereoselective hydroxylation of unactivated C-H bonds in complex natural products, since the functionalization of unactivated C-H bonds generally requires hard reaction conditions and highly reactive oxidizing agents, which are limited regarding the control of regio- and stereoselectivity. Filamentous fungi are efficient biocatalysts capable of catalyzing a wide variety of hydroxylation reactions, and the use of whole cell biocatalysts provides advantages regarding cofactor regeneration and is much less expensive. Therefore, the goal of this study was to select biocatalysts to develop biotransformation processes that can be scalable under mild reaction conditions for hydroxylation of a labdane diterpene, 3β-acetoxy-copalic acid, which contains the trans-decalin moiety and a side chain dienic system appropriate for the preparation of a variety of compounds. Biotransformation processes were carried out and five filamentous fungi were selected as capable of producing hydroxylated diterpenes at positions C-3, C-6, C-7 and C-18 of the trans-decalin moiety and C-13 of the side chain dienic system. Hydroxylation reactions occurred with regio- and stereoselectivity by using some fungi that produced only the 6α, 7α and 13α-hydroxyl derivatives. The chemical structures of the hydroxylated diterpenes were determined from spectrometric and spectroscopic data, and the relative stereochemistry of stereogenic centers was established from coupling constants, by NOE-diff experiments and/or by computational calculations.
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Quantum chemical studies, vibrational analysis, molecular dynamics and docking calculations of some ent-kaurane diterpenes from Annona vepretorum: a theoretical approach to promising anti-tumor molecules. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01491-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pontes de Sousa I, Ferreira AG, Miller Crotti AE, Alves Dos Santos R, Kiermaier J, Kraus B, Heilmann J, Jacometti Cardoso Furtado NA. New antifungal ent-labdane diterpenes against Candida glabrata produced by microbial transformation of ent-polyalthic acid. Bioorg Chem 2020; 95:103560. [PMID: 31918399 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Candida glabrata, the most common non-albicans Candida species and one of the primary causes of candidemia, exhibits decreased susceptibility to azoles and more recently to echinocandins. Polyalthic acid 1, a furan diterpene, has been shown promising biological potential and in this study ent-polyalthic acid derivatives with antifungal activity against Candida glabrata were produced by microbial transformation. Incubation of 1 with Aspergillus brasiliensis afforded two known (compounds 5 and 10) and eight new derivatives (compounds 2-4, 6-9 and 11). The most common reaction was hydroxylation, but isomerization of the double bond and acetylation were also detected. None of the tested compounds showed cytotoxicity against HeLa, MCF-7 and MCF-10A cell lines showing IC50 values ranging from 62.6 µM to > 500 µM. Compounds 1, 5, 6, 8 and 11 showed fungistatic effects (ranging from 34.1 µM to 39.5 µM) on C. glabrata at lower concentrations than fluconazole (163.2 µM). Compounds 1, 6 and 8 were more potent fungicides (ranging from 79.0 to 143.6 µM) than fluconazole, which showed fungicidal effect at concentrations higher than 163.2 µM. These results suggest that ent-polyalthic acid and some of its derivatives could be used as lead compounds to develop new antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Pontes de Sousa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Antônio Gilberto Ferreira
- Laboratory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio Eduardo Miller Crotti
- Department of Chemistry, School of Philosophy, Sciences and Languages of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Josef Kiermaier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Birgit Kraus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Jörg Heilmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Niege Araçari Jacometti Cardoso Furtado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Islam MT, Mubarak MS. Diterpenes and their derivatives as promising agents against dengue virus and dengue vectors: A literature‐based review. Phytother Res 2019; 34:674-684. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department for Management of Science and Technology DevelopmentTon Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of PharmacyTon Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
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