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Gajek M, Pawlaczyk A, Maćkiewicz E, Albińska J, Wysocki P, Jóźwik K, Szynkowska-Jóźwik MI. Assessment of the Authenticity of Whisky Samples Based on the Multi-Elemental and Multivariate Analysis. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182810. [PMID: 36140938 PMCID: PMC9498178 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two hundred and five samples of whisky, including 170 authentic and 35 fake products, were analyzed in terms of their elemental profiles in order to distinguish them according to the parameter of their authenticity. The study of 31 elements (Ag, Al, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Te, Tl, U, V, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, P, S, Ti and Zn) was performed using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and Cold Vapor-Atomic Absorption (CVAAS) techniques. Additionally, the pH values of all samples were determined by pH-meter, and their isotopic ratios of 88Sr/86Sr, 84Sr/86Sr, 87Sr/86Sr and 63Cu/65Cu were assessed, based on the number of counts by ICP-MS. As a result of conducted research, elements, such as Mn, K, P and S, were identified as markers of whisky adulteration related to the age of alcohol. The concentrations of manganese, potassium and phosphorus were significantly lower in the fake samples (which were not aged, or the aging period was much shorter than legally required), compared to the original samples (in all cases subjected to the aging process). The observed differences were related to the migration of these elements from wooden barrels to the alcohol contained in them. On the other hand, the sulfur concentration in the processed samples was much higher in the counterfeit samples than in the authentic ones. The total sulfur content, such as that of alkyl sulfides, decreases in alcohol with aging in the barrels. Furthermore, counterfeit samples can be of variable origin and composition, so they cannot be characterized as one group with identical or comparable features. Repeatedly, the element of randomness dominates in the production of these kinds of alcohols. However, as indicated in this work, the extensive elemental analysis supported by statistical tools can be helpful, especially in the context of detecting age-related adulteration of whisky. The results presented in this paper are the final part of a comprehensive study on the influence of selected factors on the elemental composition of whisky.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gajek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-631-30-95
| | - Aleksandra Pawlaczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Maćkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Albińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Wysocki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jóźwik
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Turbomachinery, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 219/223, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Iwona Szynkowska-Jóźwik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Tomczyk M, Bocian A, Sidor E, Miłek M, Zaguła G, Dżugan M. The Use of HPTLC and SDS-PAGE Methods for Coniferous Honeydew Honey Fingerprinting Compiled with Mineral Content and Antioxidant Activity. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030720. [PMID: 35163985 PMCID: PMC8838849 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fir honeydew honey is a uniquely beneficial product which is often subjected to adulteration; however, pollen analysis is not useful to verify this honey type. Fourteen samples of EU protected designation of origin fir honeydew honey gathered directly from apiaries were studied. Standards of legal requirements and additional parameters, i.e., specific optical rotation, mineral content, and antioxidant activity, were tested. Five nectar honeys of different varieties were used as a comparative material. HPTLC and SDS-PAGE methods were used to fingerprint the honey types. All honeys tested fulfilled the quality requirements in terms of water content, pH, total acidity, conductivity, HMF, and diastase number. They were defined as dark amber on the Pfund scale and exhibited positive specific rotation (+2.5 to 25). Honeydew honey surpassed the tested nectar honeys in terms of mineral content and antioxidant activity as well as total polyphenolic content, except for buckwheat honey. The sugar and polyphenolic profile obtained by HPTLC allowed to distinguish honeydew from nectar honeys. The same was achieved by SDS-PAGE protein profiling. Both techniques seem to be cheap and quick tools for precisely distinguishing honeydew honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Tomczyk
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35–601 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-17872-17-21
| | - Aleksandra Bocian
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35–601 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (M.D.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35–959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Sidor
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35–601 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (M.D.)
- Doctoral School, University of Rzeszow, Poland, 35–959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Michał Miłek
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35–601 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Grzegorz Zaguła
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35–601 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Dżugan
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35–601 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (M.D.)
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McLoone P, Zhumbayeva A, Yunussova S, Kaliyev Y, Yevstafeva L, Verrall S, Sungurtas J, Austin C, Allwood JW, McDougall GJ. Identification of components in Kazakhstan honeys that correlate with antimicrobial activity against wound and skin infecting microorganisms. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:300. [PMID: 34930218 PMCID: PMC8690519 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial drug resistance is a major public health threat that can render infections including wound and skin infections untreatable. The discovery of new antimicrobials is critical. Approaches to discover novel antimicrobial therapies have included investigating the antimicrobial activity of natural sources such as honey. In this study, the anti-microbial activity and chemical composition of 12 honeys from Kazakhstan and medical grade manuka honey were investigated. Methods Agar well diffusion and broth culture assays were used to determine anti-microbial activity against a range of skin and wound infecting micro-organisms. Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to determine the total phenol content of the honeys and non-targeted liquid chromatography analysis was performed to identify components that correlated with antimicrobial activity. Results In the well diffusion assay, the most susceptible micro-organisms were a clinical isolate of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433). Buckwheat & multi-floral honey from Kazakhstan demonstrated the highest antimicrobial activity against these two micro-organisms. Kazakhstan honeys with a buckwheat floral source, and manuka honey had the highest total phenol content. Non-targeted liquid chromatography analysis identified components that correlated with anti-microbial activity as hydroxyphenyl acetic acid, p-coumaric acid, (1H)–quinolinone, and abscisic acid. Conclusions The Kazakhstan honeys selected in this study demonstrated antimicrobial activity against wound and skin infecting micro-organisms. Compounds identified as correlating with antimicrobial activity could be considered as potential bioactive agents for the treatment of wound and skin infections. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-021-03466-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline McLoone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr 53, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, 0100000.
| | - Aizhan Zhumbayeva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr 53, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, 0100000
| | - Sofiya Yunussova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr 53, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, 0100000
| | - Yerkhat Kaliyev
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr 53, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, 0100000
| | - Ludmila Yevstafeva
- Medical Microbiology, Republican Diagnostic Center, University Medical Center, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Susan Verrall
- Information and Computational Sciences Department, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Julie Sungurtas
- Plant Biochemistry and Food Quality Group, Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Department, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Ceri Austin
- Plant Biochemistry and Food Quality Group, Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Department, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - J Will Allwood
- Plant Biochemistry and Food Quality Group, Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Department, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Gordon J McDougall
- Plant Biochemistry and Food Quality Group, Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Department, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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Milojković-Opsenica DM, Trifković JÐ, Ristivojević PM, Andrić FL. Thin-layer chromatography in the authenticity testing of bee-products. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1188:123068. [PMID: 34864425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Quality control, nutritional value and the monitoring of hazardous residues in honey bee- products have become major topics for both producers and consumers. Due to its potential role in human health, bee-products rich in bioactive compounds are becoming increasingly popular. This review aims to provide an overview of thin-layer chromatography methods used in quality control,authenticity testing and chemical profiling of bee-products in order to help scientists engaged in the field of bee-products chemistry to utilize the advantages of this technique in the detection and elimination of fraudulent practices in bee-product manufacturing. Recently, hyphenation of thin-layer chromatography, image analysis and chemometrics support bee-products analysisbysimultaneousdeterminationofanalytes with different detection principles, identification of individual bioactive compounds as well as structure elucidation of compounds. Highlighted opportunities of thin-layer chromatography could encourage further investigations that would lead to improvements in the detection and elimination of marketing fraudulent practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jelena Ð Trifković
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Petar M Ristivojević
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Filip Lj Andrić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
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Response to Letter to the Editor regarding "Comparison of phytochemical composition of Ginkgo biloba extracts using a combination of non-targeted and targeted analytical approaches". Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:7627-7629. [PMID: 34689227 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Islam MK, Sostaric T, Lim LY, Hammer K, Locher C. Development of an HPTLC-based dynamic reference standard for the analysis of complex natural products using Jarrah honey as test sample. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254857. [PMID: 34283881 PMCID: PMC8291655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we describe a novel approach to the development of a reference standard for the quality control of complex natural products, which will assist in the assessment of their authenticity and purity. The proposed method provides a template for the selection of samples, which can be pooled to obtain a reference standard. A shortfall of such an approach is, however, that the pooled sample is static in nature and therefore unable to capture difference in processing conditions or natural variations triggered by geographical or climatic impacts over time. To address this, the paper also outlines the development of a dynamic reference standard, which allows for ongoing adjustments to future variations. The method employs High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) derived extract profiles processed by multivariate analysis. The development of the dynamic reference standard is illustrated using honey, a complex natural matrix, as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Khairul Islam
- Cooperative Research Centre for Honey Bee Products Limited (CRC HBP), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tomislav Sostaric
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lee Yong Lim
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Katherine Hammer
- Cooperative Research Centre for Honey Bee Products Limited (CRC HBP), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cornelia Locher
- Cooperative Research Centre for Honey Bee Products Limited (CRC HBP), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Phytochemical Profiling and Quality Control of Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC. Using HPTLC Metabolomics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020432. [PMID: 33467662 PMCID: PMC7830210 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Terminalia sericea is used throughout Africa for the treatment of a variety of conditions and has been identified as a potential commercial plant. The study was aimed at establishing a high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) chemical fingerprint for T. sericea root bark as a reference for quality control and exploring chemical variation within the species using HPTLC metabo3lomics. Forty-two root bark samples were collected from ten populations in South Africa and extracted with dichloromethane: methanol (1:1). An HPTLC method was optimized to resolve the major compounds from other sample components. Dichloromethane: ethyl acetate: methanol: formic acid (90:10:30:1) was used as the developing solvent and the plates were visualized using 10% sulfuric acid in methanol as derivatizing agent. The concentrations of three major bioactive compounds, sericic acid, sericoside and resveratrol-3-O-β-rutinoside, in the extracts were determined using a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (UPLC-PDA) detection method. The rTLC software (written in the R-programming language) was used to select the most informative retardation factor (Rf) ranges from the images of the analysed sample extracts. Further chemometric models, including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), were constructed using the web-based high throughput metabolomic software. The rTLC chemometric models were compared with the models previously obtained from ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). A characteristic fingerprint containing clear bands for the three bioactive compounds was established. All three bioactive compounds were present in all the samples, although their corresponding band intensities varied. The intensities correlated with the UPLC-PDA results, in that samples containing a high concentration of a particular compound, displayed a more intense band. Chemometric analysis using HCA revealed two chemotypes, and the subsequent construction of a loadings plot indicated that sericic acid and sericoside were responsible for the chemotypic variation; with sericoside concentrated in Chemotype 1, while sericic acid was more abundant in Chemotype 2. A characteristic chemical fingerprint with clearly distinguishable features was established for T. sericea root bark that can be used for species authentication, and to select samples with high concentrations of a particular marker compound(s). Different chemotypes, potentially differing in their therapeutic potency towards a particular target, could be distinguished. The models revealed the three analytes as biomarkers, corresponding to results reported for UPLC-MS profiling and thereby indicating that HPTLC is a suitable technique for the quality control of T. sericea root bark.
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Makowicz E, Jasicka-Misiak I, Teper D, Kafarski P. Botanical Origin Authentication of Polish Phacelia Honey Using the Combination of Volatile Fraction Profiling by HS-SPME and Lipophilic Fraction Profiling by HPTLC. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03778-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Stanek N, Kafarski P, Jasicka-Misiak I. Development of a high performance thin layer chromatography method for the rapid qualification and quantification of phenolic compounds and abscisic acid in honeys. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1598:209-215. [PMID: 31023479 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Honey is a natural product with a complex chemical composition consisting of sugars and other bioactive compounds. It is important in many traditional systems of medicine, exhibiting interesting bioactivities, in particular antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Authentication of botanical origin of honeys is particularly important in this context. Therefore, methods for quality control of honey and detection of its adulteration are very important. A HPTLC method for the quantitative determination of phenolic compounds in honey was developed for the first time. Seven phenolic compounds were detected and determined quantitatively in lime and acacia honey samples. The obtained results show that the HPTLC profiles of phenolic compounds and abscisic acid can be useful for determining the floral origin of honeys. Chromatographic tests were supplemented by statistical analysis (PCA and HCA) led to the successful separation of acacia and lime honey samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Stanek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Opole University, Oleska 48, 45-052, Opole, Poland.
| | - Paweł Kafarski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, ul. Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
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