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Antonopoulou I, Sapountzaki E, Rova U, Christakopoulos P. The Inhibitory Potential of Ferulic Acid Derivatives against the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease: Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics, and ADMET Evaluation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081787. [PMID: 35892687 PMCID: PMC9329733 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is an appealing target for the development of antiviral compounds, due to its critical role in the viral life cycle and its high conservation among different coronaviruses and the continuously emerging mutants of SARS-CoV-2. Ferulic acid (FA) is a phytochemical with several health benefits that is abundant in plant biomass and has been used as a basis for the enzymatic or chemical synthesis of derivatives with improved properties, including antiviral activity against a range of viruses. This study tested 54 reported FA derivatives for their inhibitory potential against Mpro by in silico simulations. Molecular docking was performed using Autodock Vina, resulting in comparable or better binding affinities for 14 compounds compared to the known inhibitors N3 and GC376. ADMET analysis showed limited bioavailability but significantly improved the solubility for the enzymatically synthesized hits while better bioavailability and druglikeness properties but higher toxicity were observed for the chemically synthesized ones. MD simulations confirmed the stability of the complexes of the most promising compounds with Mpro, highlighting FA rutinoside and compound e27 as the best candidates from each derivative category.
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Chen N, Chang B, Shi N, Yan W, Lu F, Liu F. Cross-linked enzyme aggregates immobilization: preparation, characterization, and applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:369-383. [PMID: 35430938 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2038073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are commonly used as biocatalysts for various biological and chemical processes. However, some major drawbacks of free enzymes (e.g. poor reusability and instability) significantly restrict their industrial practices. How to overcome these weaknesses remain considerable challenges. Enzyme immobilization is one of the most effective ways to improve the reusability and stability of enzymes. Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) has been known as a novel and versatile carrier-free immobilization method. CLEAs is attractive due to its simplicity and robustness, without purification. It generally shows: high catalytic specificity and selectivity, good operational and storage stabilities, and good reusability. Moreover, co-immobilization of different kinds of enzymes can be acquired. These CLEAs advantages provide opportunities for further industrial applications. Herein, the preparation parameters of CLEAs were first summarized. Next, characterization of structural and catalytic properties, stability and reusability are also proposed. Finally, some important applications of this technique in: environmental protection, industrial chemistry, food industry, and pharmaceutical synthesis and delivery are introduced. Potential challenges and future research directions, such as improving cross-linking efficiency and internal mass transfer efficiency, are also presented. This implies that CLEAs provide an efficient and feasible technique to improve the properties of enzymes for use in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Baogen Chang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Nian Shi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Wenxing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Fufeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
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Antonopoulou I, Sapountzaki E, Rova U, Christakopoulos P. Ferulic Acid From Plant Biomass: A Phytochemical With Promising Antiviral Properties. Front Nutr 2022; 8:777576. [PMID: 35198583 PMCID: PMC8860162 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.777576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant biomass is a magnificent renewable resource for phytochemicals that carry bioactive properties. Ferulic acid (FA) is a hydroxycinnamic acid that is found widespread in plant cell walls, mainly esterified to polysaccharides. It is well known of its strong antioxidant activity, together with numerous properties, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. This review article provides insights into the potential for valorization of FA as a potent antiviral agent. Its pharmacokinetic properties (absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion) and the proposed mechanisms that are purported to provide antiviral activity are presented. Novel strategies on extraction and derivatization routes, for enhancing even further the antiviral activity of FA and potentially favor its metabolism, distribution and residence time in the human body, are discussed. These routes may lead to novel high-added value biorefinery pathways to utilize plant biomass toward the production of nutraceuticals as functional foods with attractive bioactive properties, such as enhancing immunity toward viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Io Antonopoulou
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Eleftheria Sapountzaki
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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Quartinello F, Kremser K, Schoen H, Tesei D, Ploszczanski L, Nagler M, Podmirseg SM, Insam H, Piñar G, Sterflingler K, Ribitsch D, Guebitz GM. Together Is Better: The Rumen Microbial Community as Biological Toolbox for Degradation of Synthetic Polyesters. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.684459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphical AbstractIdentfication of plastics degradation and microbial community analysis of Rumen.
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Grajales-Hernández DA, Armendáriz-Ruiz MA, Gallego FL, Mateos-Díaz JC. Approaches for the enzymatic synthesis of alkyl hydroxycinnamates and applications thereof. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3901-3917. [PMID: 33928423 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl hydroxycinnamates (AHs) is a group of molecules of biotechnological interest due to their cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical applications. Among their most interesting uses are as UV protectants, skin depigmentation agents, and antioxidant ingredients which are often claimed for their antitumoral potential. Nowadays, many sustainable enzymatic approaches using low-cost starting materials are available and interesting immobilization techniques are helping to increase the reuse of the biocatalysts, allowing the intensification of the processes and increasing AHs accessibility. Here a convenient summary of AHs most interesting biological activities and possible applications is presented. A deeper analysis of the art state to obtain AHs, focusing on most employed enzymatic synthesis approaches, their sustainability, acyl donors relevance, and most interesting enzyme immobilization strategies is provided.Key points• Most interesting alkyl hydroxycinnamates applications are summarized.• Enzymatic approaches to obtain alkyl hydroxycinnamates are critically discussed.• Outlook of enzyme immobilization strategies to attain alkyl hydroxycinnamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Grajales-Hernández
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajio del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CICbiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paséo Miramón, 182, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Mariana A Armendáriz-Ruiz
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajio del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Fernando López Gallego
- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CICbiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paséo Miramón, 182, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Mateos-Díaz
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajio del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico.
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Chitosan-based CLEAs from Aspergillus niger type A feruloyl esterase: high-productivity biocatalyst for alkyl ferulate synthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10033-10045. [PMID: 33026494 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The enzymatic synthesis of alkyl ferulates is an important reaction in cosmetic and pharmaceutical chemistries, since it may allow to expand the biorefinery concept valorizing biomass wastes enriched in ferulic acid. However, robust biocatalysts for that purpose are scarce. Herein, we have immobilized the type A feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus niger (AnFaeA) as cross-linked enzyme aggregates, employing chitosan as co-feeder (ChCLEAs). High immobilization yields and relative activity recovery were attained in all assessed conditions (> 93%). Furthermore, we enhanced the thermal stability of the soluble enzyme 32-fold. AnFaeA-ChCLEAs were capable to quantitatively perform the solvent-free direct esterification of short- to medium-chain alkyl ferulates (C4-C12) in less than 24 h. By raising the operational temperature to 50 °C, AnFaeA-ChCLEAs transformed 350 mM ferulic acid into isopentyl ferulate with a space-time yield of 46.1 g of product × L-1 × day-1, 73-fold higher than previously reported. The overall sustainability of this alkyl ferulate production bioprocess is supported by the high total turnover number (TTN 7 × 105) and the calculated green metrics (E factor = 30). Therefore, we herein present a robust, efficient, and versatile heterogeneous biocatalyst useful for the synthesis of a wide diversity of alkyl ferulates. KEY POINTS: • CLEAs of feruloyl esterase A from A. niger using chitosan as co-feeder were obtained. • Microenvironment of the biocatalysts allowed to obtain C1 to C18 alkyl ferulates. • Biocatalyst at boundary conditions showed a high productivity of 46 g/L day. Graphical Abstract.
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Grajales-Hernández DA, Velasco-Lozano S, Armendáriz-Ruiz MA, Rodríguez-González JA, Camacho-Ruíz RM, Asaff-Torres A, López-Gallego F, Mateos-Díaz JC. Carrier-bound and carrier-free immobilization of type A feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus niger: Searching for an operationally stable heterogeneous biocatalyst for the synthesis of butyl hydroxycinnamates. J Biotechnol 2020; 316:6-16. [PMID: 32305629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Feruloyl esterases synthesize butyl hydroxycinnamates, molecules possessing interesting biological properties, nonetheless, they exhibit a low stability under synthesis conditions in organic solvents, restricting its use. To enhance its operational stability in synthesis, we immobilized type A feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus niger (AnFAEA) using several carrier-bound and carrier-free strategies. The most active biocatalysts were: 1) AnFAEA immobilized on epoxy-activated carriers (protein load of 0.6 mgenzyme x mg-1carrier) that recovered 91 % of the initial hydrolytic activity, and 2) AnFAEA aggregated and cross-linked in the presence of 5 mg of BSA and 15 mM of glutaraldehyde (AnFAEA-amino-CLEAs), which exhibited 385 % of its initial hydrolytic activity; both using 4-nitrophenyl butyrate as substrate. The AnFAEA-amino-CLEAs were 12.7 times more thermostable at 60 °C than the AnFAEA immobilized on epoxy-activated carrier, thus AnFAEA-amino-CLEAs were selected for further characterization. Interestingly, during methyl sinapate hydrolysis (pH 7.2 and 30 °C), AnFAEA-amino-CLEAs KM was 15 % higher, while during butyl sinapate synthesis the KM was reduced in 63 %, both compared with the soluble enzyme. The direct esterification of butyl sinapate at solvent free conditions using sinapic acid 50 mM, reached 95 % conversion after 24 h employing AnFAEA-amino-CLEAs, which could be used for 10 cycles without significant activity losses, demonstrating their outstanding operational stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Grajales-Hernández
- Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ, A.C.), Camino Arenero 1227 El Bajío del Arenal, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Susana Velasco-Lozano
- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Laboratory, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH-CSIC), University of Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mariana A Armendáriz-Ruiz
- Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ, A.C.), Camino Arenero 1227 El Bajío del Arenal, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jorge A Rodríguez-González
- Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ, A.C.), Camino Arenero 1227 El Bajío del Arenal, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Camacho-Ruíz
- Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ, A.C.), Camino Arenero 1227 El Bajío del Arenal, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ali Asaff-Torres
- Industrial biotechnology, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Carretera a La Victoria km 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Fernando López-Gallego
- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Laboratory, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH-CSIC), University of Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, Spain; ARAID, Aragon I+D Foundation, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Mateos-Díaz
- Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ, A.C.), Camino Arenero 1227 El Bajío del Arenal, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Ottone C, Romero O, Aburto C, Illanes A, Wilson L. Biocatalysis in the winemaking industry: Challenges and opportunities for immobilized enzymes. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:595-621. [PMID: 33325181 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are powerful catalysts already being used in a large number of industrial processes. Impressive advantages in enzyme catalysts improvement have occurred in recent years aiming to improve their performance under harsh operation conditions far away from those of their cellular habitat. Production levels of the winemaking industry have experienced a remarkable increase, and technological innovations have been introduced for increasing the efficiency at different process steps or for improving wine quality, which is a key issue in this industry. Enzymes, such as pectinases and proteases, have been traditionally used, and others, such as glycosidases, have been more recently introduced in the modern wine industry, and many dedicated studies refer to the improvement of enzyme performance under winemaking conditions. Within this framework, a thorough review on the role of enzymes in winemaking is presented, with special emphasis on the use of immobilized enzymes as a significant strategy for catalyst improvement within an industry in which enzymes play important roles that are to be reinforced paralleling innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carminna Ottone
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Oscar Romero
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carla Aburto
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Andrés Illanes
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Lorena Wilson
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Immobilization of Enzymes as Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates: General Strategy to Obtain Robust Biocatalysts. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2100:345-361. [PMID: 31939135 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0215-7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Among carrier-free immobilization techniques, cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) have been extensively described for a great number of diverse enzymes. During the last two decades, numerous efforts have been devoted to identify and understand the main variables involved in CLEA's preparation process leading to robust immobilized biocatalysts. Since every enzyme immobilized as CLEA requires specific conditions and protocols, herein we provide a general preparation strategy where main parameters are highlighted and correlated with a possible desired improved enzyme feature.
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Zerva A, Antonopoulou I, Enman J, Iancu L, Jütten P, Rova U, Christakopoulos P. Optimization of Transesterification Reactions with CLEA-Immobilized Feruloyl Esterases from Thermothelomyces thermophila and Talaromyces wortmannii. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092403. [PMID: 30235900 PMCID: PMC6225245 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Feruloyl esterases (FAEs, E.C. 3.1.1.73) are biotechnologically important enzymes with several applications in ferulic acid production from biomass, but also in synthesis of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. The use of such biocatalysts in commercial processes can become feasible by their immobilization, providing the advantages of isolation and recycling. In this work, eight feruloyl esterases, immobilized in cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) were tested in regard to their transesterification performance, towards the production of prenyl ferulate (PFA) and arabinose ferulate (AFA). After solvent screening, comparison with the activity of respective soluble enzymes, and operational stability tests, FAE125 was selected as the most promising biocatalyst. A central composite design revealed the optimum conditions for each transesterification product, in terms of water content, time, and substrate ratio for both products, and temperature and enzyme load additionally for prenyl ferulate. The optimum product yields obtained were 83.7% for PFA and 58.1% for AFA. FAE125 CLEAs are stable in the optimum conditions of transesterification reactions, maintaining 70% residual activity after five consecutive reactions. Overall, FAE125 CLEAs seem to be able to perform as a robust biocatalyst, offering satisfactory yields and stability, and thus showing significant potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Zerva
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Io Antonopoulou
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Josefine Enman
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Laura Iancu
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Nieuwe Kanaal 7-S, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter Jütten
- Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG, Emil Figge Str 76a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
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