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Ramirez-Velez I, Belardi B. Storming the gate: New approaches for targeting the dynamic tight junction for improved drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114905. [PMID: 37271282 PMCID: PMC10999255 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As biologics used in the clinic outpace the number of new small molecule drugs, an important challenge for their efficacy and widespread use has emerged, namely tissue penetrance. Macromolecular drugs - bulky, high-molecular weight, hydrophilic agents - exhibit low permeability across biological barriers. Epithelial and endothelial layers, for example within the gastrointestinal tract or at the blood-brain barrier, present the most significant obstacle to drug transport. Within epithelium, two subcellular structures are responsible for limiting absorption: cell membranes and intercellular tight junctions. Previously considered impenetrable to macromolecular drugs, tight junctions control paracellular flux and dictate drug transport between cells. Recent work, however, has shown tight junctions to be dynamic, anisotropic structures that can be targeted for delivery. This review aims to summarize new approaches for targeting tight junctions, both directly and indirectly, and to highlight how manipulation of tight junction interactions may help usher in a new era of precision drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Ramirez-Velez
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Brian Belardi
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
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2
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Nakashima M, Goda N, Tenno T, Kotake A, Inotsume Y, Amaya M, Hiroaki H. Pharmacologic Comparison of High-Dose Hesperetin and Quercetin on MDCK II Cell Viability, Tight Junction Integrity, and Cell Shape. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040952. [PMID: 37107328 PMCID: PMC10135814 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The modulation of tight junction (TJ) integrity with small molecules is important for drug delivery. High-dose baicalin (BLI), baicalein (BLE), quercetin (QUE), and hesperetin (HST) have been shown to open TJs in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II cells, but the mechanisms for HST and QUE remain unclear. In this study, we compared the effects of HST and QUE on cell proliferation, morphological changes, and TJ integrity. HST and QUE were found to have opposing effects on the MDCK II cell viability, promotion, and suppression, respectively. Only QUE, but not HST, induced a morphological change in MDCK II into a slenderer cell shape. Both HST and QUE downregulated the subcellular localization of claudin (CLD)-2. However, only QUE, but not HST, downregulated CLD-2 expression. Conversely, only HST was shown to directly bind to the first PDZ domain of ZO-1, a key molecule to promote TJ biogenesis. The TGFβ pathway partially contributed to the HST-induced cell proliferation, since SB431541 ameliorated the effect. In contrast, the MEK pathway was not involved by both the flavonoids, since U0126 did not revert their TJ-opening effect. The results offer insight for using HST or QUE as naturally occurring absorption enhancers through the paracellular route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Nakashima
- Laboratory of Structural Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
| | - Natsuko Goda
- Laboratory of Structural Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tenno
- Laboratory of Structural Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
- BeCerllBar, LLC, Business Incubation Building, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kotake
- Cosmetics Research Department, Nicca Chemical Co., Ltd., Fukui 910-8670, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yuko Inotsume
- Cosmetics Research Department, Nicca Chemical Co., Ltd., Fukui 910-8670, Fukui, Japan
| | - Minako Amaya
- Cosmetics Research Department, Nicca Chemical Co., Ltd., Fukui 910-8670, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Hiroaki
- Laboratory of Structural Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
- BeCerllBar, LLC, Business Incubation Building, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research, Gifu University Institute for Advanced Study, Yanagito, Gifu 501-1112, Gifu, Japan
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Hibino E, Goda N, Hisada M, Tenno T, Hiroaki H. Direct Inhibition of the First PDZ Domain of ZO-1 by Glycyrrhizin is a Possible Mechanism of Tight Junction Opening of Caco-2 Cells. Food Funct 2022; 13:1953-1964. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03062k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizin (GL) is known to exhibit a variety of useful pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-hepatotoxicity, and enhancement of intestinal drug absorption. GL has been reported to modify the assembly of...
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NMR-Guided Repositioning of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs into Tight Junction Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052583. [PMID: 33806674 PMCID: PMC7961873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioavailability is a major bottleneck in the clinical application of medium molecular weight therapeutics, including protein and peptide drugs. Paracellular transport of these molecules is hampered by intercellular tight junction (TJ) complexes. Therefore, safe chemical regulators for TJ loosening are desired. Here, we showed a potential application of select non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as TJ modulators. Based on our previous observation that diclofenac and flufenamic acid directly bound various PDZ domains with a broad specificity, we applied solution nuclear magnetic resonance techniques to examine the interaction of other NSAIDs and the first PDZ domain (PDZ1) of zonula occludens (ZO)-1, ZO-1(PDZ1). Inhibition of ZO-1(PDZ1) is expected to provide loosening of the epithelial barrier function because the domain plays a crucial role in maintaining TJ integrity. Accordingly, diclofenac and indomethacin were found to decrease the subcellular localization of claudin (CLD)-2 but not occludin and ZO-1 at the apicolateral intercellular compartment of Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II cells. These NSAIDs exhibited 125–155% improved paracellular efflux of fluorescein isothiocyanate insulin for the Caco-2 cell monolayer. We propose that these NSAIDs can be repurposed as drug absorption enhancers for peptide drugs.
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Shepley-McTaggart A, Sagum CA, Oliva I, Rybakovsky E, DiGuilio K, Liang J, Bedford MT, Cassel J, Sudol M, Mullin JM, Harty RN. SARS-CoV-2 Envelope (E) Protein Interacts with PDZ-Domain-2 of Host Tight Junction Protein ZO1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.12.22.422708. [PMID: 33398268 PMCID: PMC7781303 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.22.422708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of an ongoing global pandemic leading to severe respiratory disease in humans. SARS-CoV-2 targets epithelial cells in the respiratory tract and lungs, which can lead to amplified chloride secretion and increased leak across epithelial barriers, contributing to severe pneumonia and consolidation of the lungs as seen in many COVID-19 patients. There is an urgent need for a better understanding of the molecular aspects that contribute to SARS-CoV-2 induced pathogenesis and for the development of approaches to mitigate these damaging pathologies. The multifunctional SARS-CoV-2 Envelope (E) protein contributes to virus assembly/egress, and as a membrane protein, also possesses viroporin channel properties that may contribute to epithelial barrier damage, pathogenesis, and disease severity. The extreme C-terminal (ECT) sequence of E also contains a putative PDZ-domain binding motif (PBM), similar to that identified in the E protein of SARS-CoV-1. Here, we screened an array of GST-PDZ domain fusion proteins using either a biotin-labeled WT or mutant ECT peptide from the SARS-CoV-2 E protein. Notably, we identified a singular specific interaction between the WT E peptide and the second PDZ domain of human Zona Occludens-1 (ZO1), one of the key regulators of TJ formation/integrity in all epithelial tissues. We used homogenous time resolve fluorescence (HTRF) as a second complementary approach to further validate this novel modular E-ZO1 interaction. We postulate that SARS-CoV-2 E interacts with ZO1 in infected epithelial cells, and this interaction may contribute, in part, to tight junction damage and epithelial barrier compromise in these cell layers leading to enhanced virus spread and severe respiratory dysfunction that leads to morbidity. Prophylactic/therapeutic intervention targeting this virus-host interaction may effectively reduce airway barrier damage and mitigate virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Shepley-McTaggart
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cari A. Sagum
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Smithville, Texas, USA
| | - Isabela Oliva
- The Wistar Cancer Center for Molecular Screening, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Katie DiGuilio
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jingjing Liang
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark T. Bedford
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Smithville, Texas, USA
| | - Joel Cassel
- The Wistar Cancer Center for Molecular Screening, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marius Sudol
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - James M. Mullin
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald N. Harty
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Nakashima M, Hisada M, Goda N, Tenno T, Kotake A, Inotsume Y, Kameoka I, Hiroaki H. Opposing Effect of Naringenin and Quercetin on the Junctional Compartment of MDCK II Cells to Modulate the Tight Junction. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113285. [PMID: 33120983 PMCID: PMC7693399 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining tight junction (TJ) integrity is important for epithelial cell barriers. Previously, the enhancement of TJ integrity, induced by citrus-derived flavonoids, naringin (NRG) and hesperidin (HSD), was demonstrated, but the effects of their aglycones naringenin (NAR) and hesperetin (HST), and the mechanisms, have not been systematically investigated. Here we compared three series of flavonoids related to NAR, HST, quercetin (QUE) and their glycosides with the Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II cell monolayers. The effect of flavonoids on the protein expression level of claudin (CLD)-2 and its subcellular localization were investigated. NAR, NRG, and HSD increased the CLD-2 localization at the TJ compartment, and its protein expression level. QUE and HST showed TJ-mitigating activity. Narirutin (NRT), neohesperidin (NHD) and rutin (RUT) did not affect the TJ. In addition, NAR and QUE induced an increase or decrease of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values of the MDCK II monolayers. Two known signaling pathways, phosphatidyl-inositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), were further compared with NAR. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoresis (2D PAGE) analysis of whole-cell proteins treated with NAR, AICA-riboside (AMPK activator) and LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) showed in both a distinct pattern. This suggests the target of NAR’s CLD-2 or zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) modulation was unique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Nakashima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (M.N.); (M.H.); (N.G.); (T.T.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Misaki Hisada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (M.N.); (M.H.); (N.G.); (T.T.)
| | - Natsuko Goda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (M.N.); (M.H.); (N.G.); (T.T.)
| | - Takeshi Tenno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (M.N.); (M.H.); (N.G.); (T.T.)
- BeCerllBar, LLC., Business Incubation Building, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kotake
- Cosmetics Research Department, Nicca Chemical Co. Ltd., Fukui 910-8670, Japan; (A.K.); (Y.I.); (I.K.)
| | - Yuko Inotsume
- Cosmetics Research Department, Nicca Chemical Co. Ltd., Fukui 910-8670, Japan; (A.K.); (Y.I.); (I.K.)
| | - Ikuo Kameoka
- Cosmetics Research Department, Nicca Chemical Co. Ltd., Fukui 910-8670, Japan; (A.K.); (Y.I.); (I.K.)
| | - Hidekazu Hiroaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (M.N.); (M.H.); (N.G.); (T.T.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- BeCerllBar, LLC., Business Incubation Building, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-52-789-4535
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7
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Hisada M, Hiranuma M, Nakashima M, Goda N, Tenno T, Hiroaki H. High dose of baicalin or baicalein can reduce tight junction integrity by partly targeting the first PDZ domain of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 887:173436. [PMID: 32745606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tight junction (TJ) is the apical-most intercellular junction complex, serving as a biological barrier of intercellular spaces between epithelial cells. The TJ's integrity is maintained by a key protein-protein interaction between C-terminal motifs of claudins (CLDs) and the postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95)/discs large/zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1; PDZ) domains of ZO-1. Weak but direct interaction of baicalin and its aglycon, baicalein-which are pharmacologically active components of Chinese skullcap (Radix scutellariae)-with ZO-1(PDZ1) have been observed in NMR experiments. Next, we observed TJ-mitigating activity of these flavonoids against Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II cells with the downregulation of subcellular localization of CLD-2 at TJs. Meanwhile, baicalein-but not baicalin-induced a slender morphological change of MDCK cells' shape from their normal cobblestone-like shapes. Since baicalin and baicalein did not induce a localization change of occludin (OCLN), a "partial" epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by these flavonoids was considered. SB431542, an ALK-5 inhibitor, reversed the CLD-2 downregulation of both baicalin and baicalein, while SB431542 did not reverse the slender morphology. In contrast, the MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126 reversed the slender shape change. Thus, in addition to inhibition of the ZO-1-CLD interaction, activation of both transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and MEK/ERK signaling pathways have been suggested to be involved in TJ reduction by these flavonoids. Finally, we demonstrated that baicalin enhanced the permeability of fluorescence-labeled insulin via the paracellular pathway of the Caco-2 cell layer. We propose that baicalin, baicalein, and Radix scutellariae extract are useful as drug absorption enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Hisada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Minami Hiranuma
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mio Nakashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Japan
| | - Natsuko Goda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tenno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan; BeCerllBar, LLC., Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Hiroaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Japan; BeCerllBar, LLC., Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
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Heinemann U, Schuetz A. Structural Features of Tight-Junction Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6020. [PMID: 31795346 PMCID: PMC6928914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions are complex supramolecular entities composed of integral membrane proteins, membrane-associated and soluble cytoplasmic proteins engaging in an intricate and dynamic system of protein-protein interactions. Three-dimensional structures of several tight-junction proteins or their isolated domains have been determined by X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy. These structures provide direct insight into molecular interactions that contribute to the formation, integrity, or function of tight junctions. In addition, the known experimental structures have allowed the modeling of ligand-binding events involving tight-junction proteins. Here, we review the published structures of tight-junction proteins. We show that these proteins are composed of a limited set of structural motifs and highlight common types of interactions between tight-junction proteins and their ligands involving these motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Heinemann
- Macromolecular Structure and Interaction Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Schuetz
- Protein Production & Characterization Platform, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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