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Zhao G, Pei Y, Yang R, Xiang L, Fang Z, Wang Y, Yin D, Wu J, Gao D, Yu D, Li X. A non-destructive testing method for early detection of ginseng root diseases using machine learning technologies based on leaf hyperspectral reflectance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1031030. [PMID: 36466253 PMCID: PMC9714554 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1031030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng is an important medicinal plant benefiting human health for thousands of years. Root disease is the main cause of ginseng yield loss. It is difficult to detect ginseng root disease by manual observation on the changes of leaves, as it takes a long time until symptoms appear on leaves after the infection on roots. In order to detect root diseases at early stages and limit their further spread, an efficient and non-destructive testing (NDT) method is urgently needed. Hyperspectral remote sensing technology was performed in this study to discern whether ginseng roots were diseased. Hyperspectral reflectance of leaves at 325-1,075 nm were collected from the ginsengs with no symptoms on leaves at visual. These spectra were divided into healthy and diseased groups according to the symptoms on roots after harvest. The hyperspectral data were used to construct machine learning classification models including random forest, extreme random tree (ET), adaptive boosting and gradient boosting decision tree respectively to identify diseased ginsengs, while calculating the vegetation indices and analyzing the region of specific spectral bands. The precision rates of the ET model preprocessed by savitzky golay method for the identification of healthy and diseased ginsengs reached 99% and 98%, respectively. Combined with the preliminary analysis of band importance, vegetation indices and physiological characteristics, 690-726 nm was screened out as a specific band for early detection of ginseng root diseases. Therefore, underground root diseases can be effectively detected at an early stage by leaf hyperspectral reflectance. The NDT method for early detection of ginsengs root diseases is proposed in this study. The method is helpful in the prevention and control of root diseases of ginsengs to prevent the reduction of ginseng yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yifei Pei
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoqi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Fang
- TCM Department, China National Center for Biotechnology Development, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dou Yin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Dan Gao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dade Yu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiwen Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Li L, Zhao Y, Li Z, Wang Y. Multi-information based on ATR-FTIR and FT-NIR for identification and evaluation for different parts and harvest time of Dendrobium officinale with chemometrics. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Su F, Ye L, Zhou Z, Su A, Gu J, Guo Z, Zhu P, Su W. Study of Chemical Compositions and Anticancer Effects of Paris polyphylla var. Chinensis Leaves. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092724. [PMID: 35566077 PMCID: PMC9100081 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paris polyphylla var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara is a perennial herb belonging to the Trilliaceae family. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q–TOF MS) was used to detect the composition of different fractions of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis leaves. Meanwhile, the extracts of different fractions were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against four selected human cancer cell lines and one human normal epithelial cell line based on the MTT assay method. Multivariate statistical analysis was performed to screen differential compounds and to analyze the distributions between different fractions. Finally, more than 60 compounds were obtained and identified from the different fractions of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis leaves, and the chloroform and n−butanol extracts showed significant cytotoxic effects on these four cancer cells. Several compounds were preliminarily identified from different fractions, including 36 steroidal saponins, 11 flavonoids, 10 ceramides, 8 lipids, 6 organic acids, and 8 other compounds. Various compounds were screened out as different chemical components of different fractions, which were considered as a potential substance basis for the cytotoxicity of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Su
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (F.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.); (Z.G.)
- Zhejiang Yangtze Delta Region Pharmaceutical Technology Research Park, Hangzhou 310014, China;
| | - Lv Ye
- Zhejiang Yangtze Delta Region Pharmaceutical Technology Research Park, Hangzhou 310014, China;
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zilin Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (F.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.); (Z.G.)
| | - An Su
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China;
| | - Jinping Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (F.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zili Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (F.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.); (Z.G.)
| | - Peixi Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (F.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.); (Z.G.)
- Zhejiang Yangtze Delta Region Pharmaceutical Technology Research Park, Hangzhou 310014, China;
- Correspondence: (P.Z.); (W.S.)
| | - Weike Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Correspondence: (P.Z.); (W.S.)
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Chen H, He Y. Machine Learning Approaches in Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Systematic Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 50:91-131. [PMID: 34931589 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x22500045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Machine learning (ML), as a branch of artificial intelligence, acquires the potential and meaningful rules from the mass of data via diverse algorithms. Owing to all research of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) belonging to the digitalization of clinical records or experimental works, a massive and complex amount of data has become an inextricable part of the related studies. It is thus not surprising that ML approaches, as novel and efficient tools to mine the useful knowledge from data, have created inroads in a diversity of scopes of TCM over the past decade of years. However, by browsing lots of literature, we find that not all of the ML approaches perform well in the same field. Upon further consideration, we infer that the specificity may inhere between the ML approaches and their applied fields. This systematic review focuses its attention on the four categories of ML approaches and their eight application scopes in TCM. According to the function, ML approaches are classified into four categories, including classification, regression, clustering, and dimensionality reduction, and into 14 models as follows in more detail: support vector machine, least square-support vector machine, logistic regression, partial least squares regression, k-means clustering, hierarchical cluster analysis, artificial neural network, back propagation neural network, convolutional neural network, decision tree, random forest, principal component analysis, partial least squares-discriminant analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis. The eight common applied fields are divided into two parts: one for TCM, such as the diagnosis of diseases, the determination of syndromes, and the analysis of prescription, and the other for the related researches of Chinese herbal medicine, such as the quality control, the identification of geographic origins, the pharmacodynamic material basis, the medicinal properties, and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Additionally, this paper discusses the function and feature difference among ML approaches when they are applied to the corresponding fields via comparing their principles. The specificity of each approach to its applied fields has also been affirmed, whereby laying a foundation for subsequent studies applying ML approaches to TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, P. R. China
| | - Yu He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, P. R. China
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Yue JQ, Huang HY, Wang YZ. Extended application of deep learning combined with 2DCOS: Study on origin identification in the medicinal plant of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2022; 33:136-150. [PMID: 34231268 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants are very important to human health, and ensuring their quality and rapid evaluation are the current research concerns. Deep learning has a strong ability in recognition. This study extended it to the identification of medicinal plants from the perspective of spectrum. OBJECTIVE In order to realise the rapid identification and provide a reference for the selection of high-quality resources of medicinal plants, a combination of deep learning and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) was proposed. METHODS For the first time, Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy 2DCOS images combined with residual neural network (ResNet) was used for the origin identification of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. In total 1593 samples were collected and 12821 2DCOS images were drawn. The climate of different origins was briefly analysed. RESULTS The xishuangbanna, puer, lincang, honghe and wenshan are the five regions with more ecological advantages. The synchronous 2DCOS models of FT-MIR and NIR could realise origin identification with the accuracy of 100%. The synchronous images were suitable for the identification of medicinal plants with complex systems. The full band, feature band and different contour models had no big difference in distinguishing ability, so they were not the key factors affecting the discrimination results. CONCLUSION The ResNet models established were stable, reliable, and robust, which not only solved the problem of origin identification, expanded the application field of deep learning, but also provided practical reference for the related research of other medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Qi Yue
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Heng Yu Huang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan Zhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
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Yue J, Li W, Wang Y. Superiority Verification of Deep Learning in the Identification of Medicinal Plants: Taking Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis as an Example. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:752863. [PMID: 34630496 PMCID: PMC8493076 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.752863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have a variety of values and are an important source of new drugs and their lead compounds. They have played an important role in the treatment of cancer, AIDS, COVID-19 and other major and unconquered diseases. However, there are problems such as uneven quality and adulteration. Therefore, it is of great significance to find comprehensive, efficient and modern technology for its identification and evaluation to ensure quality and efficacy. In this study, deep learning, which is superior to conventional identification techniques, was extended to the identification of the part and region of the medicinal plant Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis from the perspective of spectroscopy. Two pattern recognition models, partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and support vector machine (SVM), were established, and the overall discrimination performance of the three types of models was compared. In addition, we also compared the effects of different sample sizes on the discriminant performance of the models for the first time to explore whether the three models had sample size dependence. The results showed that the deep learning model had absolute superiority in the identification of medicinal plant. It was almost unaffected by factors such as data type and sample size. The overall identification ability was significantly better than the PLS-DA and SVM models. This study verified the superiority of the deep learning from examples, and provided a practical reference for related research on other medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaQi Yue
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - WanYi Li
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - YuanZhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
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Identification and evaluation of Polygonatum kingianum with different growth ages based on data fusion strategy. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Cai Z, Liao H, Wang C, Chen J, Tan M, Mei Y, Wei L, Chen H, Yang R, Liu X. A comprehensive study of the aerial parts of Lonicera japonica Thunb. based on metabolite profiling coupled with PLS-DA. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2020; 31:786-800. [PMID: 32342594 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lonicera japonica Thunb. is an economically important species of honeysuckle belonging to the Caprifoliaceae family. All aerial parts of L. japonica (leaf, flower bud, flower, and caulis) are used as herbal remedies in traditional Chinese medicine. The application of plant metabolomics to the study of L. japonica provides the potential for identifying the phytochemical composition and useful chemical markers of the plant. OBJECTIVE To develop a strategy integrating metabolic profiling and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to separate the aerial parts of L. japonica based on the occurrence of chemical markers. METHODOLOGY The two-part strategy consisted of (1) ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole-time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-triple TOF-MS/MS), (2) PLS-DA, which was applied to distinguish between the different aerial parts and reveal their differential characteristic metabolites. RESULTS A total of 71 metabolites were identified from samples, and eight candidate compounds were identified (lonicerin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, loganin, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid C, secologanic acid, luteoloside, astragalin) as optimal chemical markers based on variable importance in projection (VIP) and p-value. The relative contents of eight candidate compounds were compared based on their peak intensities. CONCLUSION This study established an efficient strategy for exploring metabolite profiling and defining chemical markers among the different aerial parts of L. japonica, and laid the foundation for elucidating the phytochemical differences in efficacy between Lonicerae Japonicae Flos (LJF) and Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis (LJC). Our findings also indicate that the leaves of L. japonica leaf could be used as an alternative medicinal resource for LJF and provide a reference for comprehensive exploitation and utilisation of L. japonica resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichen Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiying Liao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengcheng Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiali Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengxia Tan
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqi Mei
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lifang Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xunhong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Multi-source information fusion strategies of aerial parts in FTIR-ATR spectroscopic characterization and classification of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Pei Y, Zhang Q, Wang Y. Application of Authentication Evaluation Techniques of Ethnobotanical Medicinal Plant Genus Paris: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:405-423. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1642734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Pei
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Qingzhi Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanzhong Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
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Shen T, Yu H, Wang YZ. Assessing Geographical Origin of Gentiana Rigescens Using Untargeted Chromatographic Fingerprint, Data Fusion and Chemometrics. Molecules 2019; 24:E2562. [PMID: 31337159 PMCID: PMC6680800 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gentiana rigescens Franchet, which is famous for its bitter properties, is a traditional drug of chronic hepatitis and important raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry in China. In the study, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), coupled with diode array detector (DAD) and chemometrics, were used to investigate the chemical geographical variation of G. rigescens and to classify medicinal materials, according to their grown latitudes. The chromatographic fingerprints of 280 individuals and 840 samples from rhizomes, stems, and leaves of four different latitude areas were recorded and analyzed for tracing the geographical origin of medicinal materials. At first, HPLC fingerprints of underground and aerial parts were generated while using reversed-phase liquid chromatography. After the preliminary data exploration, two supervised pattern recognition techniques, random forest (RF) and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), were applied to the three HPLC fingerprint data sets of rhizomes, stems, and leaves, respectively. Furthermore, fingerprint data sets of aerial and underground parts were separately processed and joined while using two data fusion strategies ("low-level" and "mid-level"). The results showed that classification models that are based OPLS-DA were more efficient than RF models. The classification models using low-level data fusion method built showed considerably good recognition and prediction abilities (the accuracy is higher than 99% and sensibility, specificity, Matthews correlation coefficient, and efficiency range from 0.95 to 1.00). Low-level data fusion strategy combined with OPLS-DA could provide the best discrimination result. In summary, this study explored the latitude variation of phytochemical of G. rigescens and developed a reliable and accurate identification method for G. rigescens that were grown at different latitudes based on untargeted HPLC fingerprint, data fusion, and chemometrics. The study results are meaningful for authentication and the quality control of Chinese medicinal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shen
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, Institute of Herb Biotic Resources, School of Life and Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- The International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresouces in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- College of Chemistry, Biological and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yu'xi 653100, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, Institute of Herb Biotic Resources, School of Life and Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
- The International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresouces in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Yuan-Zhong Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
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Pei YF, Zuo ZT, Zhang QZ, Wang YZ. Data Fusion of Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared (MIR) and Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopies to Identify Geographical Origin of Wild Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142559. [PMID: 31337084 PMCID: PMC6680555 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Origin traceability is important for controlling the effect of Chinese medicinal materials and Chinese patent medicines. Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis is widely distributed and well-known all over the world. In our study, two spectroscopic techniques (Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) and near-infrared (NIR)) were applied for the geographical origin traceability of 196 wild P. yunnanensis samples combined with low-, mid-, and high-level data fusion strategies. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and random forest (RF) were used to establish classification models. Feature variables extraction (principal component analysis—PCA) and important variables selection models (recursive feature elimination and Boruta) were applied for geographical origin traceability, while the classification ability of models with the former model is better than with the latter. FT-MIR spectra are considered to contribute more than NIR spectra. Besides, the result of high-level data fusion based on principal components (PCs) feature variables extraction is satisfactory with an accuracy of 100%. Hence, data fusion of FT-MIR and NIR signals can effectively identify the geographical origin of wild P. yunnanensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei Pei
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhi-Tian Zuo
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China
| | - Qing-Zhi Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Yuan-Zhong Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China.
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