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Wan L, Zhao X, Li K. Online Detection of Hydrogen Fluoride under Corona Discharge in Gas-Insulated Switchgear Based on Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2806. [PMID: 38732911 PMCID: PMC11086218 DOI: 10.3390/s24092806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Internal discharge and overheating faults in sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas-insulated electrical equipment will generate a series of characteristic gas products. Hydrogen fluoride (HF) is one of the main decomposition gases under discharge failure. Because of its extremely corrosive nature, it can react with other materials in gas-insulated switchgear (GIS), resulting in a short existence time, so it needs to be detected online. Resonant gas photoacoustic spectroscopy has the advantage of high sensitivity, fast response, and no sample gas consumption, and can be used for the online detection of flowing gas. In this paper, a simulated GIS corona discharge experimental platform was built, and the HF generated in the discharge was detected online by gas photoacoustic spectroscopy. The absorption peak of HF molecule near 1312.59 nm was selected as the absorption spectral line, and a resonant photoacoustic cell was designed. To improve the detection sensitivity of HF, wavelength modulation and second-harmonic detection technology were used. The online monitoring of HF in the simulated GIS corona discharge fault was successfully realized. The experimental results show that the sensitivity of the designed photoacoustic spectroscopy detection system for HF is 0.445 μV/(μL/L), and the limit of detection (LOD) is 0.611 μL/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujie Wan
- School of Cable Engineering, Henan Institute of Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cable Structure and Materials, Xinxiang 453003, China;
| | - Xiaohe Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cable Structure and Materials, Xinxiang 453003, China;
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Henan Institute of Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Kang Li
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
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2
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Dobrokhotov V, Larin A, Viugina E, Emberton A, Livchak A, Cremer JT, Gary CK. A Compact Monitor for Ethylene and Other Plant-Produced Volatile Organic Compounds for NASA Space Missions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9713. [PMID: 38139559 PMCID: PMC10747848 DOI: 10.3390/s23249713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we discuss the development of a compact analytical instrument for monitoring ethylene in compact greenhouses utilized by NASA to grow fresh vegetables in space. Traditionally, ethylene measurements are conducted by GC-MS systems. However, in space, they are not applicable due to their bulky size, heavy weight, special carrier gas requirement and high maintenance. Our group developed a compact and robust battery-powered ethylene monitor based on the principles of analytical gas chromatography. The device utilizes purified ambient air as a carrier gas and a metal oxide sensor as a GC detector. Implementation of a CarboWax 20 M packed column from Restek together with a Tenax TA pre-concentrator allowed us to achieve a 20 ppb limit of detection for ethylene. Full automation of measurements and reporting of concentrations was accomplished via the implementation of a Raspberry Pi 4 computer and a 7″ 720P LED capacitive touchscreen utilized for data output. Based on a feasibility study, a fully automated, industrial-grade ethylene monitoring and removal system for greenhouses was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Dobrokhotov
- Applied Physics Institute, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA;
| | | | - Elena Viugina
- Adelphi Technology LLC, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA; (E.V.); (J.T.C.J.); (C.K.G.)
| | - Adam Emberton
- Applied Physics Institute, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA;
| | - Andrey Livchak
- Halton Group, Scottsville, KY 42164, USA; (A.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Jay T. Cremer
- Adelphi Technology LLC, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA; (E.V.); (J.T.C.J.); (C.K.G.)
| | - Charles K. Gary
- Adelphi Technology LLC, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA; (E.V.); (J.T.C.J.); (C.K.G.)
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3
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Rasmussen AN, Thomsen BL, Christensen JB, Petersen JC, Lassen M. Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Assisted by Partial Least-Squares Regression for Multi-Gas Measurements. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7984. [PMID: 37766039 PMCID: PMC10537676 DOI: 10.3390/s23187984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
We report on the use of quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) for multi-gas detection. Photoacoustic (PA) spectra of mixtures of water (H2O), ammonia (NH3), and methane (CH4) were measured in the mid-infrared (MIR) wavelength range using a mid-infrared (MIR) optical parametric oscillator (OPO) light source. Highly overlapping absorption spectra are a common challenge for gas spectroscopy. To mitigate this, we used a partial least-squares regression (PLS) method to estimate the mixing ratio and concentrations of the individual gasses. The concentration range explored in the analysis varies from a few parts per million (ppm) to thousands of ppm. Spectra obtained from HITRAN and experimental single-molecule reference spectra of each of the molecular species were acquired and used as training data sets. These spectra were used to generate simulated spectra of the gas mixtures (linear combinations of the reference spectra). Here, in this proof-of-concept experiment, we demonstrate that after an absolute calibration of the QEPAS cell, the PLS analyses could be used to determine concentrations of single molecular species with a relative accuracy within a few % for mixtures of H2O, NH3, and CH4 and with an absolute sensitivity of approximately 300 (±50) ppm/V, 50 (±5) ppm/V, and 5 (±2) ppm/V for water, ammonia, and methane, respectively. This demonstrates that QEPAS assisted by PLS is a powerful approach to estimate concentrations of individual gas components with considerable spectral overlap, which is a typical scenario for real-life adoptions and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mikael Lassen
- Danish Fundamental Metrology, Kogle Allé 5, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark; (A.N.R.); (B.L.T.); (J.B.C.); (J.C.P.)
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4
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Kaniyala Melanthota S, Kistenev YV, Borisova E, Ivanov D, Zakharova O, Boyko A, Vrazhnov D, Gopal D, Chakrabarti S, K SP, Mazumder N. Types of spectroscopy and microscopy techniques for cancer diagnosis: a review. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37:3067-3084. [PMID: 35834141 PMCID: PMC9525344 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-022-03610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a life-threatening disease that has claimed the lives of many people worldwide. With the current diagnostic methods, it is hard to determine cancer at an early stage, due to its versatile nature and lack of genomic biomarkers. The rapid development of biophotonics has emerged as a potential tool in cancer detection and diagnosis. Using the fluorescence, scattering, and absorption characteristics of cells and tissues, it is possible to detect cancer at an early stage. The diagnostic techniques addressed in this review are highly sensitive to the chemical and morphological changes in the cell and tissue during disease progression. These changes alter the fluorescence signal of the cell/tissue and are detected using spectroscopy and microscopy techniques including confocal and two-photon fluorescence (TPF). Further, second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy reveals the morphological changes that occurred in non-centrosymmetric structures in the tissue, such as collagen. Again, Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive method that provides a fingerprinting technique to differentiate benign and malignant tissue based on Raman signal. Photoacoustic microscopy and spectroscopy of tissue allow molecule-specific detection with high spatial resolution and penetration depth. In addition, terahertz spectroscopic studies reveal the variation of tissue water content during disease progression. In this review, we address the applications of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques for cancer detection based on the optical properties of the tissue. The discussed state-of-the-art techniques successfully determines malignancy to its rapid diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhoora Kaniyala Melanthota
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, 576104, Manipal, India
| | - Yury V Kistenev
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
- Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Borisova
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Tsarigradsko Chaussee Blvd, 72, 1784, Sofia, Bulgaria.
- Biology Faculty, Saratov State University, 83, Astrakhanskaya Str, 410012, Saratov, Russia.
| | - Deyan Ivanov
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Tsarigradsko Chaussee Blvd, 72, 1784, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Olga Zakharova
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Andrey Boyko
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Denis Vrazhnov
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Dharshini Gopal
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, 576104, Manipal, India
| | - Shweta Chakrabarti
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, 576104, Manipal, India
| | - Shama Prasada K
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, 576104, Manipal, India
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, 576104, Manipal, India.
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Benvenutti L, Bortolini DG, Fischer TE, Zardo DM, Nogueira A, Zielinski AAF, Alberti A. Bioactive compounds recovered from apple pomace as ingredient in cider processing: monitoring of compounds during fermentation. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:3349-3358. [PMID: 35875229 PMCID: PMC9304537 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The apple pomace-industrial residue of apple beverages manufacture-presents 42-58% of the phenolic content of fresh fruit. As the phenolic composition influences the quality of ciders, it is very relevant to monitor the evolution of these compounds during the industrial process. Therefore, this research aim was to monitor the cider composition with the addition of phenolic extract from apple pomace during the fermentation. Two treatments, S1 (without extract) and S2 (with added extract), were evaluated during 15 days of fermentation. After 15 fermentation days, the sample S2 presented an increase of 23% in total phenolic compounds and 40% in flavonoids without harm to the fermentation kinetics. Concerning the evolution of monomeric phenolic compounds, the phenolic acids in S1 and S2 presented a similar trend during the fermentation period. Enzymatic hydrolysis reactions resulted in the chlorogenic acid content decreasing, in line with increased levels of caffeic acid. Phloridzin and quercetin glycosides content showed the greatest increase in S2. The final product S2 presented higher antioxidant activity and some sensorial characteristics (astringency, bitterness and colour) were accentuated. This work shows that phenolic compounds added were maintained during the process and it did not prejudice the fermentation reactions. Therefore, this is a good alternative to valorize apple pomace and improve the functional and sensorial quality of the cider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Benvenutti
- Food Science and Technology Graduate Program, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-900 Brazil
| | - Débora Gonçalves Bortolini
- Food Science and Technology Graduate Program, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-900 Brazil
| | - Thaís Estéfane Fischer
- Department of Food Engineering, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-900 Brazil
| | - Danianni Marinho Zardo
- Food Science and Technology Graduate Program, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-900 Brazil
| | - Alessandro Nogueira
- Food Science and Technology Graduate Program, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-900 Brazil
| | | | - Aline Alberti
- Food Science and Technology Graduate Program, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-900 Brazil
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Chen X, Wreyford R, Nasiri N. Recent Advances in Ethylene Gas Detection. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15175813. [PMID: 36079195 PMCID: PMC9457196 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The real-time detecting and monitoring of ethylene gas molecules could benefit the agricultural, horticultural and healthcare industries. In this regard, we comprehensively review the current state-of-the-art ethylene gas sensors and detecting technologies, covering from preconcentrator-equipped gas chromatographic systems, Fourier transform infrared technology, photonic crystal fiber-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, surface acoustic wave and photoacoustic sensors, printable optically colorimetric sensor arrays to a wide range of nanostructured chemiresistive gas sensors (including the potentiometric and amperometric-type FET-, CNT- and metal oxide-based sensors). The nanofabrication approaches, working conditions and sensing performance of these sensors/technologies are carefully discussed, and a possible roadmap for the development of ethylene detection in the near future is proposed.
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Effect of Wearing Surgical Face Masks on Gas Detection from Respiration Using Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113618. [PMID: 35684554 PMCID: PMC9182023 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wearing surgical face masks is among the measures taken to mitigate coronavirus disease (COVID-19) transmission and deaths. Lately, concern was expressed about the possibility that gases from respiration could build up in the mask over time, causing medical issues related to the respiratory system. In this research study, the carbon dioxide concentration and ethylene in the breathing zone were measured before and immediately after wearing surgical face masks using the photoacoustic spectroscopy method. From the determinations of this study, the C2H4 was established to be increased by 1.5% after one hour of wearing the surgical face mask, while CO2 was established to be at a higher concentration of 1.2% after one hour of wearing the surgical face mask, when the values were correlated with the baseline (control).
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Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa) Sprouts Respiratory Responses to Cadmium Stress Using IR LPAS. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061891. [PMID: 35335255 PMCID: PMC8951020 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is not considered a fundamental element for plants inducing general growth disturbances and inhibition in many species of plants. The purpose of our research was to examine the ethylene (C2H4) and ammonia (NH3), emissions in alfalfa sprouts with or without Cd, using infrared laser photoacoustic spectroscopy (IR LPAS), in order to suggest new markers that may add a better knowledge of Cd effect. The responses of alfalfa sprouts to C2H4 and NH3 may fluctuate, depending on tissue sensitivity and the phase of plant development. From the determinations of this study, the C2H4 was established to be inhibited, while NH3 was established to be in a higher concentration with the amount of Cd added to the alfalfa seeds for growth when the values were correlated to the control and BIOalfalfa sprouts (Sonnentor).
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9
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Non-intrusive prediction of fruit spoilage and storage time via detecting volatiles in sealed packaging using laser spectroscopy. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Calibration of Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Sensors for Real-Life Adaptation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030609. [PMID: 33503854 PMCID: PMC7865643 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the use of quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy for continuous carbon-dioxide measurements in humid air over a period of six days. The presence of water molecules alters the relaxation rate of the target molecules and thus the amplitude of the photoacoustic signal. Prior to the measurements, the photoacoustic sensor system was pre-calibrated using CO2 mole fractions in the range of 0–10−3 (0–1000 ppm) and at different relative humidities between 0% and 45%, while assuming a model hypothesis that allowed the photoacoustic signal to be perturbed linearly by H2O content. This calibration technique was compared against an alternative learning-based method, where sensor data from the first two days of the six-day period were used for self-calibration. A commercial non-dispersive infrared sensor was used as a CO2 reference sensor and provided the benchmark for the two calibration procedures. In our case, the self-calibrated method proved to be both more accurate and precise.
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Monitoring of Post-Harvest Maturation Processes inside Stored Fruit Using Photoacoustic Gas Sensing Spectroscopy. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13122694. [PMID: 32545671 PMCID: PMC7344503 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gases produced inside harvested fruit sensitively influence the continuing quality of the stored fruit and its maximum time of storability. In this work, the evolution of gaseous volatiles inside “Golden Delicious” apples were studied using CO2 laser photoacoustic spectroscopy with the aim of developing new methods for in-storage fruit quality monitoring. Studying the concentrations of volatile organic compounds generated inside “Golden Delicious” apples during storage, it was found that the concentrations of these compounds depended on the stage of maturity reached during fruit maturation and on the conditions of preservation. Numerical simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics software were used to study the conversion of ethylene to ethanol in the course of respiration processes occurring inside stored food. Experimental data obtained by means of photoacoustic spectroscopy were used to critically assess the simulation results. Using the combination of both techniques, new prospects for the development and implementation of advanced schemes of fruit storage and preservation have emerged.
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Popa C, Bratu AM, Petrus M, Bacalum M. The Analysis of Lead Phytotoxicity in Seeds Using CO 2 Laser Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. Molecules 2020; 25:E1637. [PMID: 32252370 PMCID: PMC7181042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is the most prevalent heavy metal pollutant in the natural environment. Pb is not a fundamental element for plants, but they absorb it when it is present in their environment, having no known physiological activity. The aim of our research was to evaluate the efficacy of laser photoacoustic spectroscopy as a tool to monitor changes induced by Pb in plant respiration by highlighting two molecular markers (C2H4 and CO2). To better understand Pb phytotoxicity, we monitored the plantlets evolution as well as the morphology of the root cells. Firstly, we showed that the treatment hinders the plantlet's development. Furthermore, using laser photoacoustic spectroscopy, we found a decrease in the concentration of C2H4 and CO2 vapors measured in the respiration of treated plants. Finally, fluorescence microscopy results showed that in Pb treated plantlets, the cell roots morphology is clearly altered as compared with the untreated ones. All the results are well correlated and can help further in understanding Pb phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Popa
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physic, Laser Department, 409 Atomistilor St., P.O. Box MG-36, Magurele 077125, Romania; (A.M.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Ana Maria Bratu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physic, Laser Department, 409 Atomistilor St., P.O. Box MG-36, Magurele 077125, Romania; (A.M.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Mioara Petrus
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physic, Laser Department, 409 Atomistilor St., P.O. Box MG-36, Magurele 077125, Romania; (A.M.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Mihaela Bacalum
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (DFVM), Magurele 077125, Romania;
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Lv G, Du C, Ma F, Shen Y, Zhou J. In situ detection of rice leaf cuticle responses to nitrogen supplies by depth-profiling Fourier transform photoacoustic spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 228:117759. [PMID: 31708462 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant cuticle is an important interface on the outmost region of plant and will make the response to environmental changes. However, research about how the variable nutritional status affect plant cuticle is limited. This was the first report about the manners of rice leaf cuticle in answer to different nutritional circumstances of nitrogen detected by the Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) which with a main superiority for in situ and depth-profiling in mid-infrared range. Rice leaves from the seedlings treated with three nitrogen levels designed as low (22N1), medium (N2) and high (N3) concentration were scanned by three moving mirror velocities (0.32 cm s-1, 0.47 cm s-1, and 0.63 cm s-1) at 900-4000 cm-1 to acquire the spectra of leaf surfaces. Well-resolved peaks had been detected at 3400, 2800, 1650, 1520 and 1050 cm-1. Combining with the structures and compositions of cuticle, the spectra recorded with 0.63 cm s-1 were identified to be from cuticle, and were used to analyze the responses of cuticle. Through curve-fitting, the absorption ratio of the peaks at (cm-1) 1050/3400, 1050/2800 and 1650/2800 shown regular changes,which were suggested to corresponded with ν(CO)/ν(OH), ν(CO)/ν(CH) and ν(C=C)/ν(CH) mainly. These ratios were supported to reflect the amount or variation of cuticle components, such as cutin, fatty alcohols, acids and unsaturated compounds. It provided insights about how nitrogen affected cuticles and showed great potentials to utilized FTIR-PAS for detecting cuticle variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoqiang Lv
- The State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changwen Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Fei Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yazhen Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jianmin Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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The Effects of Endogenous Hormones on the Flowering and Fruiting of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8110519. [PMID: 31744255 PMCID: PMC6918285 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although endogenous hormones play an important role in flower bud differentiation and seed-filling, their effects on the flowering and fruiting of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. remain unknown. In the present study, we investigate the differences in the levels of endogenous hormones gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), zeatin riboside (ZR), and indoleacetic acid (IAA) between the fruiting and seedless plants of G. uralensis Fisch. at different growth stages. We also determine the correlations of the endogenous hormone with the rates of flower and fruit falling, rate of empty seeds, rate of shrunken grains, and thousand kernel weight (TKW). The results demonstrate that the IAA and ZR levels of the flowering plants are significantly higher than those of the nonflowering plants at the flower bud differentiation stage. The GA and ABA levels of exfoliated inflorescence plants are considerably higher than those of the flowering and fruiting plants; the rates of falling flowers and fruit are negatively correlated with the IAA level and positively correlated with the ABA level. The ABA content of nonflowering plants is significantly higher than that of fruiting plants. The ZR:GA and IAA:ABA ratios are significantly positively correlated with TKW. The IAA:GA and IAA:ABA ratios are significantly negatively correlated with the rates of empty and shrunken seeds. Thus, we speculate that high IAA and ZR contents are good for flower bud differentiation and seed-filling, and low ABA and ZR contents are beneficial to flower bud development and seed-filling.
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