1
|
Cho AJ, Han S, Nahar S, Her E, Kang JG, Ha SD. Synergistic effects of ε-poly-l-lysine and lysozyme against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Listeria monocytogenes biofilms on beef and food contact surfaces. Meat Sci 2024; 214:109534. [PMID: 38749270 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the synergistic effects of ε-poly- L -lysine (ε-PL) and lysozyme against P. aeruginosa and L. monocytogenes biofilms. Single-culture biofilms of two bacteria were formed on silicone rubber (SR), stainless steel (SS), and beef surfaces and then treated with lysozyme (0.05-5 mg/mL) and ε-PL at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1 to 4 separately or in combination. On the SR surface, P. aeruginosa biofilm was reduced by 1.4 and 1.9 log CFU/cm2 within 2 h when treated with lysozyme (5 mg/mL) and ε-PL (4 MIC), respectively, but this reduction increased significantly to 4.1 log CFU/cm2 (P < 0.05) with the combined treatment. On beef surface, P. aeruginosa and L. monocytogenes biofilm was reduced by 4.2-5.0, and 3.3-4.2 log CFU/g when lysozyme was combined with 1, 2, and 4 MIC of ε-PL at 25 °C, respectively. Compared to 5 mg/mL lysozyme alone, the combined treatment with 1, 2, and 4 MIC of ε-PL on beef surface achieved additional reduction against P. aeruginosa biofilm of 0.5, 0.8, and 0.7 log CFU/g, respectively, at 25 °C. In addition, 0.25 mg/mL lysozyme and 0.5 MIC of ε-PL significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed the quorum-sensing (agrA) and virulence-associated (hlyA and prfA) genes of L. monocytogenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ah Jin Cho
- Department of Food Safety and Regulatory Science, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangha Han
- Department of Food Safety and Regulatory Science, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Shamsun Nahar
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
| | - Eun Her
- Department of Food Safety and Regulatory Science, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - June Gu Kang
- Department of Food Safety and Regulatory Science, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Department of Food Safety and Regulatory Science, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shu J, Cao K, Fei C, Dai H, Li Y, Cao Y, Zhou T, Yu M, Xia Z, An M, Wu Y. Antiviral Mechanisms of Anisomycin Produced by Streptomyces albulus SN40 on Potato Virus Y. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3506-3519. [PMID: 38346922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Microbial secondary metabolites produced by Streptomyces have diverse application prospects in the control of plant diseases. Herein, the fermentation filtrate of Streptomyces SN40 effectively inhibited the infection of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in Nicotiana glutinosa and systemic infection of potato virus Y (PVY) in Nicotiana benthamiana. Additionally, metabolomic analysis indicated that anisomycin (C14H19NO4) and trans-3-indoleacrylic acid (C11H9NO2) were highly abundant in the crude extract and that anisomycin effectively suppressed the infection of TMV as well as PVY. Subsequently, transcriptomic analysis was conducted to elucidate its mechanisms on the induction of host defense responses. Furthermore, the results of molecular docking suggested that anisomycin can potentially bind with the helicase domain (Hel) of TMV replicase, TMV coat protein (CP), and PVY helper component proteinase (HC-Pro). This study demonstrates new functions of anisomycin in virus inhibition and provides important theoretical significance for the development of new biological pesticides to control diverse plant viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Kexin Cao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Chuanjiang Fei
- Guizhou Qianxinan Prefectural Tobacco Company, Xingyi 562400, China
| | - Hui Dai
- Guizhou Qianxinan Prefectural Tobacco Company, Xingyi 562400, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Guizhou Qianxinan Prefectural Tobacco Company, Xingyi 562400, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zihao Xia
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Mengnan An
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling, Shenyang 110866, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hagh Ranjbar H, Hosseini-Abari A, Ghasemi SM, Hafezi Birgani Z. Antibacterial activity of epsilon-poly-l-lysine produced by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia HS4 and Paenibacillus polymyxa HS5, alone and in combination with bacteriophages. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001363. [PMID: 37477972 PMCID: PMC10433424 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, antibiotic resistance has become a major clinical problem, and searching for new therapeutic strategies seems to be necessary. Using novel natural compounds, antimicrobial peptides, and bacteriophages is the most promising solution. In this study, various cationic metabolite-producer bacteria were isolated from different soil samples. Two isolates were identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia HS4 (accession number: MW791428) and Paenibacillus polymyxa HS5 (accession number: MW791430) based on biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequences. The cationic compound in the fermentation broth was precipitated and purified with sodium tetraphenylborate salt. The purified cationic peptide was confirmed to be epsilon-poly-l-lysine by structural and molecular analysis using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Sodium dodecyl-sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of epsilon-poly-l-lysine was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Serratia marcescens ATCC 13880, and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 by microdilution method. Furthermore, the antibacterial effects of purified epsilon-poly-l-lysine in combination with two long non-contractile tail bacteriophages against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae were investigated. The results indicated great antibacterial activity of epsilon-poly-l-lysine which was produced by two novel bacteria. The epsilon-poly-l-lysine as a potent cationic antimicrobial peptide is demonstrated to possess great antimicrobial activity against pathogenic and also antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Hagh Ranjbar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Afrouzossadat Hosseini-Abari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Ghasemi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Ashrafi Esfahani University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Hafezi Birgani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Ashrafi Esfahani University, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Manjunatha L, Rajashekara H, Uppala LS, Ambika DS, Patil B, Shankarappa KS, Nath VS, Kavitha TR, Mishra AK. Mechanisms of Microbial Plant Protection and Control of Plant Viruses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3449. [PMID: 36559558 PMCID: PMC9785281 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant viral diseases are major constraints causing significant yield losses worldwide in agricultural and horticultural crops. The commonly used methods cannot eliminate viral load in infected plants. Many unconventional methods are presently being employed to prevent viral infection; however, every time, these methods are not found promising. As a result, it is critical to identify the most promising and sustainable management strategies for economically important plant viral diseases. The genetic makeup of 90 percent of viral diseases constitutes a single-stranded RNA; the most promising way for management of any RNA viruses is through use ribonucleases. The scope of involving beneficial microbial organisms in the integrated management of viral diseases is of the utmost importance and is highly imperative. This review highlights the importance of prokaryotic plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria/endophytic bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungal organisms, as well as their possible mechanisms for suppressing viral infection in plants via cross-protection, ISR, and the accumulation of defensive enzymes, phenolic compounds, lipopeptides, protease, and RNase activity against plant virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmaiah Manjunatha
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bengaluru 560089, Karnataka, India
| | - Hosahatti Rajashekara
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Directorate of Cashew Research (DCR), Dakshina Kannada 574202, Karnataka, India
| | - Leela Saisree Uppala
- Cranberry Station, East Wareham, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 02538, USA
| | - Dasannanamalige Siddesh Ambika
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, University of Horticultural Sciences (Bagalkot), Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Balanagouda Patil
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga 577255, Karnataka, India
| | - Kodegandlu Subbanna Shankarappa
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, University of Horticultural Sciences (Bagalkot), Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Tiptur Rooplanaik Kavitha
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Mishra
- Khalifa Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Antioxidant and Anticancer Effects of Epsilon-Poly-L-lysine Produced by Two Novel Strains of Paenibacillus polymyxa HS6 and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia YS8. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-022-0065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
6
|
Li S, Mao Y, Zhang L, Wang M, Meng J, Liu X, Bai Y, Guo Y. Recent advances in microbial ε-poly-L-lysine fermentation and its diverse applications. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:65. [PMID: 35710433 PMCID: PMC9205021 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The naturally occurring homo-polyamide biopolymer, ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) consists of 25-35 L-lysine residues with amide linkages between α-carboxyl groups and ε-amino groups. ɛ-PL exhibits several useful properties because of its unusual structure, such as biodegradability, water solubility, no human toxicity, and broad-spectrum antibacterial activities; it is widely applied in the fields of food, medicine, clinical chemistry and electronics. However, current industrial production of ε-PL is only performed in a few countries. Based on an analysis of the physiological characteristics of ε-PL fermentation, current advances that enhance ε-PL fermentation, from strain improvement to product isolation are systematically reviewed, focusing on: (1) elucidating the metabolic pathway and regulatory mechanism of ε-PL synthesis; (2) enhancing biosynthetic performance through mutagenesis, fermentation optimization and metabolic engineering; and (3) understanding and improving the biological activity and functional properties of ε-PL. Finally, perspectives on engineering and exploiting ε-PL as a source material for the production of various advanced materials are also discussed, providing scientific guidelines for researchers to further improve the ε-PL fermentation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yunren Mao
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Lifei Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Miao Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jinhao Meng
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yunxia Bai
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Effect of crosslinking strategy on the biological, antibacterial and physicochemical performance of hyaluronic acid and ɛ-polylysine based hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:995-1008. [PMID: 35378161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The design of multifunctional hydrogels based on bioactive hyaluronic acid (HA) and antibacterial cationic polymer ɛ-poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) is a promising tool in tissue engineering applications. In the current study, we have designed hyaluronic acid and ɛ-polylysine composite hydrogel systems with antibacterial and cell attractive properties. Two distinct crosslinking approaches were used: the physical crosslinking based on electrostatic attractions and the chemical crosslinking of charged functional groups (-NH2 and -COOH). The impact of the crosslinking strategy on fabricated hydrogel molecular structure, swelling behavior, gel fraction, morphology, porosity, viscoelastic properties, antibacterial activity, and in vitro biocompatibility was evaluated. Both chemically and physically crosslinked HA/ԑ-PL hydrogels demonstrated fast swelling behavior and long-term stability for at least 28 days, as well as similar order of stiffness (10-30 kPa). We demonstrated that physically crosslinked hydrogels inhibited over 99.999% of Gram-negative E. coli, while chemically crosslinking strategy led to the antibacterial efficiency decrease. However, cell viability was significantly improved, confirming the importance of the applied crosslinking approach to the antibacterial activity and in vitro biocompatibility. The distinct differences in the physicochemical and biological properties of the developed materials provide new opportunities to design next-generation functional composite hydrogel systems.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou T, Liu H, Huang Y, Wang Z, Shan Y, Yue Y, Xia Z, Liang Y, An M, Wu Y. ε-poly- L-lysine Affects the Vegetative Growth, Pathogenicity and Expression Regulation of Necrotrophic Pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100821. [PMID: 34682242 PMCID: PMC8540936 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial secondary metabolites produced by Streptomyces are applied to control plant diseases. The metabolite, ε-poly-l-lysine (ε-PL), is a non-toxic food preservative, but the potential application of this compound as a microbial fungicide in agriculture is rarely reported. In this study, the effect and mode of action of ε-PL on two necrotrophic pathogenic fungi, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea, were investigated. The results showed that ε-PL effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea with EC50 values of 283 μg/mL and 281 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, ε-PL at the dose of 150 and 300 μg/mL reduced S. sclerotiorum sclerotia formation. The results of the RNA-seq and RT-qPCR validation indicated that ε-PL significantly regulated the gene expression of critical differential expressed genes (DEGs) involved in fungal growth, metabolism, pathogenicity, and induced an increase in the expression of the fungal stress responses and the detoxification genes. These results provided new insights for understanding the modes of action of ε-PL on S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea and improved the sustainable management of these plant diseases.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang L, Zhang C, Zhang J, Rao Z, Xu X, Mao Z, Chen X. Epsilon-poly-L-lysine: Recent Advances in Biomanufacturing and Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:748976. [PMID: 34650962 PMCID: PMC8506220 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.748976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) is a naturally occurring poly(amino acid) of varying polymerization degree, which possesses excellent antimicrobial activity and has been widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. To provide new perspectives from recent advances, this review compares several conventional and advanced strategies for the discovery of wild strains and development of high-producing strains, including isolation and culture-based traditional methods as well as genome mining and directed evolution. We also summarize process engineering approaches for improving production, including optimization of environmental conditions and utilization of industrial waste. Then, efficient downstream purification methods are described, including their drawbacks, followed by the brief introductions of proposed antimicrobial mechanisms of ε-PL and its recent applications. Finally, we discuss persistent challenges and future perspectives for the commercialization of ε-PL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chongyang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xueming Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhonggui Mao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xusheng Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kociołek-Balawejder E, Stanisławska E, Jacukowicz-Sobala I, Mucha I. Copper Rich Composite Materials Based on Carboxylic Cation Exchangers and Their Thermal Transformation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3199. [PMID: 34578100 PMCID: PMC8469408 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of a cupric deposit (Cu2+, CuO) on the thermal decomposition of carboxylic cation exchangers (CCEs) is not known, and such studies may have practical significance. CCEs have a very high ion exchange capacity, so an exceptionally large amount of CuO (which is a catalyst) can be precipitated inside them. Two CCEs, macroreticular (Amberlite IRC50) and gel-like (Amberlite IRC86), served as a polymeric support to obtain copper-rich hybrid ion exchangers. Composites with CuO particles inside a polyacrylic matrix (up to 35.0 wt% Cu) were obtained. Thermal analyses under air and under N2 were performed for CCEs in the H+ and Cu2+ form with and without a CuO deposit. The results of sixteen experiments are discussed based on the TG/DTG curves and XRD patterns of the solid residues. Under air, the cupric deposit shifted the particular transformations and the ultimate polymeric matter decomposition (combustion) toward lower temperatures (even about 100-150 °C). Under N2, the reduction of the cupric deposit to metallic copper took place. Unique composite materials enriched in carbonaceous matter were obtained, as the products of polymeric matrix decomposition (free radicals and hydrogen) created an additional amount of carbon char due to the utilization of a certain amount of hydrogen to reduce Cu (II) to Cu0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Kociołek-Balawejder
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland; (E.S.); (I.J.-S.)
| | - Ewa Stanisławska
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland; (E.S.); (I.J.-S.)
| | - Irena Jacukowicz-Sobala
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland; (E.S.); (I.J.-S.)
| | - Igor Mucha
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Soil Streptomyces Isolates for Induction of Plant Resistance Against Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3032-3043. [PMID: 34125272 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02567-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of various Streptomyces isolates obtained from soil to induce systemic resistance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Supra) plant against Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) was characterized in current study. Importantly, of nine Streptomyces isolates tested herein, the culture filtrate (CF) of one isolate, designated as Streptomyces ovatisporus LC597360, was the most effective. It exhibited 93.9% biocontrol efficacy and induced a significant decrease (17.6 ± 0.8%) of symptoms severity compared with infected control plants. These finding were confirmed using I-ELISA showing that ToMV concentration was significantly reduced in plants treated with S. ovatisporus LC597360 CF as compared with plants inoculated with ToMV. Moreover, treatment with CF of S. ovatisporus LC597360 not only increased activity of defense-related enzymes such as ascorbate oxidase, catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase, but also induced plant growth promotion. The present study is the first one that demonstrates the potential of S. ovatisporus LC597360 in biocontrol of ToMV and investigated its antiviral mechanisms.
Collapse
|
12
|
Chou DL, Mao JY, Anand A, Lin HJ, Lin JHY, Tseng CP, Huang CC, Wang HY. Carbonized Lysine-Nanogels Protect against Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5415. [PMID: 34063782 PMCID: PMC8196573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the synthesis of carbonized nanogels (CNGs) from an amino acid (lysine hydrochloride) using a simple pyrolysis method, resulting in effective viral inhibition properties against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The viral inhibition of CNGs was studied using both in vitro (bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) and pseudorabies virus (PRV)) and in ovo (IBV) models, which indicated that the CNGs were able to prevent virus attachment on the cell membrane and penetration into the cell. A very low concentration of 30 μg mL-1 was found to be effective (>98% inhibition) in IBV-infected chicken embryos. The hatching rate and pathology of IBV-infected chicken embryos were greatly improved in the presence of CNGs. CNGs with distinctive virus-neutralizing activities show great potential as a virostatic agent to prevent the spread of avian viruses and to alleviate the pathology of infected avian species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Li Chou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (D.-L.C.); (C.-P.T.)
| | - Ju-Yi Mao
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (J.-Y.M.); (A.A.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Anisha Anand
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (J.-Y.M.); (A.A.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Han-Jia Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (J.-Y.M.); (A.A.); (C.-C.H.)
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - John Han-You Lin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Ping Tseng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (D.-L.C.); (C.-P.T.)
| | - Chih-Ching Huang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (J.-Y.M.); (A.A.); (C.-C.H.)
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hsian-Yu Wang
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen S, Huang S, Li Y, Zhou C. Recent Advances in Epsilon-Poly-L-Lysine and L-Lysine-Based Dendrimer Synthesis, Modification, and Biomedical Applications. Front Chem 2021; 9:659304. [PMID: 33869146 PMCID: PMC8044885 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.659304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advantages in biocompatibility, antimicrobial ability, and comparative facile synthesis technology, poly-L-lysine (PLL) has received considerable attention in recent years. Different arrangement forms and structures of the backbone endow lysine-based polymers with versatile applications, especially for ε-poly-L-lysine (EPL) and lysine-based dendrimer (LBD) compounds. This review summarized the advanced development of the synthesis and modification strategies of EPL and LBD, focus on the modification of bio-synthesis and artificial synthesis, respectively. Meanwhile, biomedical fields, where EPL and LBD are mainly utilized, such as agents, adjuvants, or carriers to anti-pathogen or used in tumor or gene therapies, are also introduced. With the deeper of knowledge of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the drug system, the design and synthesis of these drugs can be further optimized. Furthermore, the performances of combination with other advanced methodologies and technologies demonstrated that challenges, such as scale production and high expenses, will not hinder the prospective future of lysine-based polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yan Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuncai Zhou
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu H, Zhao X, Yu M, Meng L, Zhou T, Shan Y, Liu X, Xia Z, An M, Wu Y. Transcriptomic and Functional Analyses Indicate Novel Anti-viral Mode of Actions on Tobacco Mosaic Virus of a Microbial Natural Product ε-Poly-l-lysine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2076-2086. [PMID: 33586965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Novel anti-viral natural product ε-poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) produced by Streptomyces is a homopolymer of l-lysine, of which the underlying molecular mode of action remains to be further elucidated. In this study, ε-PL induced significant fragmentation of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) virions and delayed the systemic infection of TMV-GFP as well as wild-type TMV in plants. ε-PL treatment also markedly inhibited RNA accumulation of TMV in tobacco BY-2 protoplasts. The results of RNA-seq indicated that the agent induced significantly differential expression of genes that are associated with defense response, stress response, autophagy, and ubiquitination. Among them, 15 critical differential expressed genes were selected for real-time quantitative PCR validation. We further demonstrated that ε-PL can induce host defense responses by assessing the activity of several defense-related enzymes in plants. Our results provided valuable insights into molecular anti-viral mode of action for ε-PL, which is expected to be applied as a novel microbial natural product against plant virus diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiuxiang Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Miao Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Lingxue Meng
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuhang Shan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Zihao Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Mengnan An
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li X, Zhao H, Chen X. Screening of Marine Bioactive Antimicrobial Compounds for Plant Pathogens. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:69. [PMID: 33525648 PMCID: PMC7912171 DOI: 10.3390/md19020069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant diseases have been threatening food production. Controlling plant pathogens has become an important strategy to ensure food security. Although chemical control is an effective disease control strategy, its application is limited by many problems, such as environmental impact and pathogen resistance. In order to overcome these problems, it is necessary to develop more chemical reagents with new functional mechanisms. Due to their special living environment, marine organisms have produced a variety of bioactive compounds with novel structures, which have the potential to develop new fungicides. In the past two decades, screening marine bioactive compounds to inhibit plant pathogens has been a hot topic. In this review, we summarize the screening methods of marine active substances from plant pathogens, the identification of marine active substances from different sources, and the structure and antibacterial mechanism of marine active natural products. Finally, the application prospect of marine bioactive substances in plant disease control was prospected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China; (X.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hejing Zhao
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China; (X.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lin SH, Luo P, Yuan E, Zhu X, Zhang B, Wu X. Physiological and Proteomic Analysis of Penicillium digitatum in Response to X33 Antifungal Extract Treatment. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:584331. [PMID: 33240238 PMCID: PMC7677231 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.584331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium digitatum is a widespread pathogen among Rutaceae species that causes severe fruit decay symptoms on infected citrus fruit (known as citrus green mold). The employment of fungicides can effectively control the citrus green mold, significantly reducing agricultural economic loss. In this study, we found that the X33 antifungal extract produced by Streptomyces lavendulae strain X33 inhibited the hyphae polarization of P. digitatum. Additionally, physiological and proteomic analysis strategies were applied to explore the inhibitory mechanism of the X33 antifungal extract of the S. lavendulae strain X33 on the mycelial growth of P. digitatum. A total of 277 differentially expressed proteins, consisting of 207 upregulated and 70 downregulated, were identified from the comparative proteomics analysis. The results indicated that the X33 antifungal extract induced mitochondrial membrane dysfunction and cellular integrity impairment, which can affect energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and transmembrane transport. The improved alkaline phosphatase activity and extracellular conductivity, increased H2O2 and malondialdehyde contents, and inhibition of energy, amino acid, and sugar metabolism indicated that the oxidative stress of P. digitatum is induced by the X33 antifungal extract. These findings provided insight into the antifungal mechanism of the X33 antifungal extract against P. digitatum by suggesting that it may be an effective fungicide for controlling citrus postharvest green mold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hua Lin
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Pan Luo
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - En Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen X, Diao W, Ma Y, Mao Z. Extraction and purification of ε-poly-l-lysine from fermentation broth using an ethanol/ammonium sulfate aqueous two-phase system combined with ultrafiltration. RSC Adv 2020; 10:29587-29593. [PMID: 35521107 PMCID: PMC9055990 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04245e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ε-Poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) serves as a natural food preservative and is manufactured mainly by extraction from microbial fermentation broth using ion-exchange chromatography. In order to develop an alternative purification strategy, an environmentally friendly alcohol/salt aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) was explored in this study for ε-PL extraction. A study of the separation of ε-PL in different alcohol/salt systems showed that ethanol/ammonium sulfate ATPS exhibited the highest ε-PL partition coefficient and recovery ratio. Based on the phase diagram, the effect of phase composition on partition, and the removal of pigment and protein, an ATPS that was composed of 20% (w/w) ethanol and 20% (w/w) ammonium sulfate, with a feedstock at pH 9.5, was developed to extract ε-PL from the fermentation broth. This achieved an ε-PL recovery ratio of 96.15% with an ε-PL purity of 40.23% after triplicate extractions. Subsequently, desalting by ultrafiltration led to a final ε-PL product of 92.39% purity and 87.72% recovery. The ethanol/ammonium sulfate ATPS provides a new possibility for ε-PL purification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China +86 510 85918296 +86 510 85918296
| | - Wenjiao Diao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China +86 510 85918296 +86 510 85918296
| | - Yu Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China +86 510 85918296 +86 510 85918296
| | - Zhonggui Mao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China +86 510 85918296 +86 510 85918296
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Guo Y, Dong Y, Xu C, Xie Q, Xie Y, Xia Z, An M, Wu Y. Novel combined biological antiviral agents Cytosinpeptidemycin and Chitosan oligosaccharide induced host resistance and changed movement protein subcellular localization of tobacco mosaic virus. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 164:40-46. [PMID: 32284135 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant viral diseases cause severe economic losses in agricultural production. Development of microorganism-derived antiviral agents provides an alternative strategy to efficiently control plant viral diseases. In this study, the antiviral effect and mechanism of a combined biological agent Cytosinpeptidemycin and Chitosan oligosaccharide (CytPM-COS) were investigated. CytPM-COS effectively inhibited tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in Nicotiana glutinosa, suppressed viral RNA and CP accumulation in BY-2 protoplast and affected the subcellular localization as well as punctate formation of TMV MP in N. benthamiana leaves. In addition, CytPM-COS triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and induced up-regulation of various defense responsive genes including PR-1, PR-5, FLS2, Hsp70. Our results indicated that CytPM-COS can potentially act as a pesticide for integrated control of plant viruses in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yunqi Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; High-tech Park for Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Chuantao Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; Sichuan Tobacco Company Luzhou City Company, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Qiang Xie
- Sichuan Tobacco Company Luzhou City Company, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yunbo Xie
- Sichuan Province Company of China Tobacco Corporation, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zihao Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Mengnan An
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu JN, Chang SL, Xu PW, Tan MH, Zhao B, Wang XD, Zhao QS. Structural Changes and Antibacterial Activity of Epsilon-poly-l-lysine in Response to pH and Phase Transition and Their Mechanisms. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1101-1109. [PMID: 31904947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ε-Poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) consists of 25-35 lysine residues which are linked by an isopeptide bond formed by dehydration condensation of α-carboxyl and ε-amino groups and has good antibacterial activity and broad-spectrum inhibition range. However, there is no clear conclusion about the structure and antibacterial mechanism of ε-PL in aqueous solution. Herein, a high purity of ε-PL was prepared using Amberlite IRC-50 ion-exchange resin. Membrane filtration and dynamic light scattering were used to study the variations of ε-PL aggregation in aqueous solution with pH value. The conformational changes and antibacterial activities of ε-PL and carbamoylated ε-PL in different water environments were studied with circular dichroism (CD) and inhibition zone. The structural changes during the spray-drying process were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated that the side chain amino charge played a decisive role in the ε-PL conformation and aggregation. ε-PL exhibited the properties of a β-sheet during spray drying from acidic liquids to solids. The cation enhanced the antibacterial activity of ε-PL but did not play a key role. Instead, the backbone of ε-PL might determine the mechanism of ε-PL antibacterial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering , Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R.China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Sen-Lin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering , Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R.China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Peng-Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering , Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R.China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Ming-Hui Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering , Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R.China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering , Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R.China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering , Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R.China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Qing-Sheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering , Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R.China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|