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Gandhi J, Prakash H. Photo-disinfection Processes for Bacterial Inactivation and Underlying Principles for Water Constituents’ Impact: A Review. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2023.100482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
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Chaúque BJM, Benetti AD, Brittes Rott M. Epidemiological and Immunological Gains from Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS): Fact or Wishful Thinking? Trop Med Int Health 2022; 27:873-880. [PMID: 35922391 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is still no consensus on the impact of using solar disinfection (SODIS) to reduce the prevalence of waterborne gastrointestinal diseases. The reported reduction in diarrhea prevalence among SODIS users has been attributed to the consumption of water free of viable pathogens. However, it has also been suggested that ingestion of SODIS-inactivated pathogens may induce protective immunological changes that may also contribute to a reduction in the frequency of diarrhea. The present study aimed to critically review the epidemiological and immunological gains of using SODIS. METHODS We critically reviewed 22 articles published in English, selected from 2,118 records systematically retrieved from the databases. RESULTS All trials (except one) reported a significant reduction in diarrhea prevalence among children using SODIS, but some of the data from trials report contrary findings. All in vitro and in vivo assays indicate that SODIS-inactivated pathogenic bacteria have the potential to induce immunological alterations that may result in protective immunological effects. Studies with a low risk of bias are still awaited to confirm the ability of using SODIS to reduce the prevalence of diarrhea. CONCLUSION Reducing the prevalence of diarrhea depends on the success of SODIS delivery strategies in inducing behavioral changes in communities that result in the production of SODIS-compliant outcomes. The results of trials reporting a reduction in the prevalence of diarrhea due to the use of SODIS seem to support the hypothesis of the contribution of the protective immunological effect against diarrhea in SODIS users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beni Jequicene Mussengue Chaúque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Department of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Universidade Rovuma, Niassa Branch, Mozambique
| | | | - Marilise Brittes Rott
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Brockliss S, Luwe K, Ferrero G, Morse T. Assessment of the 20L SODIS bucket household water treatment technology under field conditions in rural Malawi. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 240:113913. [PMID: 34971863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two billion people worldwide consume unsafe drinking water. The problem is particularly pronounced in Sub-Saharan Africa, where more than a quarter of the population relies on unimproved surface water sources. Based on the principles of solar water disinfection (SODIS), a new household water treatment technology, the SODIS bucket, was developed to improve the microbial quality of water from these sources based on controlled tests in a laboratory setting. This study set out to evaluate the efficacy of the technology in a field setting, in rural communities in the Chikwawa District in southern Malawi. SODIS experiments were carried out in two different vessels (1-L PET bottles and 20-L polypropylene SODIS buckets), over three months using unprotected water sources normally used by community members. Vessels were exposed to direct sunlight for 8 h per day in a village setting and were sampled at regular intervals to determine total coliforms, E. coli, turbidity, UV transmittance and UV dose. In these experiments, the SODIS bucket reached inactivation targets for E. coli (<1 CFU/100 mL) in two of seven experiments and for total coliforms in one of seven for total coliforms (<50 CFU/100 mL), despite having greater UV doses than were seen in the evaluation carried out under controlled conditions during the bucket's development. PET bottles reached inactivation targets for both E. coli and total coliforms in five of seven experiments. There was no single factor that could be identified as preventing adequate inactivation, but the role of organic matter, inconsistent nature of the water source, and vessel size, when coupled with organic matter, were identified as contributing factors. This study highlights the need for further prototyping to provide a suitable pre-treatment step for unprotected water sources, and the importance of field testing with real-life parameters to ensure new technologies are context appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Brockliss
- UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, Netherlands; Mott MacDonald, 111 S Wood Ave, Iselin, NJ, 08830, USA
| | - Kondwani Luwe
- Centre for Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Appropriate Technology Development, Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Giuliana Ferrero
- UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, Netherlands; WASH Consulting, Achterom 80, 2611PS, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Tracy Morse
- Centre for Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Appropriate Technology Development, Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi; Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, James Weir Building, Glasgow, UK.
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Ballesteros M, Brindley C, Sánchez-Pérez JA, Fernández-Ibañez P. Worldwide Research Trends on Solar-Driven Water Disinfection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179396. [PMID: 34501986 PMCID: PMC8430867 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
“Ensure access to water for all”, states Goal 6 of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. This worldwide challenge requires identifying the best water disinfection method for each scenario. Traditional methods have limitations, which include low effectiveness towards certain pathogens and the formation of disinfection byproducts. Solar-driven methods, such as solar water disinfection (SODIS) or solar photocatalysis, are novel, effective, and financially and environmentally sustainable alternatives. We have conducted a critical study of publications in the field of water disinfection using solar energy and, hereby, present the first bibliometric analysis of scientific literature from Elsevier’s Scopus database within the last 20 years. Results show that in this area of growing interest USA, Spain, and China are the most productive countries in terms of publishing, yet Europe hosts the most highly recognized research groups, i.e., Spain, Switzerland, Ireland, and UK. We have also reviewed the journals in which researchers mostly publish and, using a systematic approach to determine the actual research trends and gaps, we have analyzed the capacity of these publications to answer key research questions, pinpointing six clusters of keywords in relation to the main research challenges, open areas, and new applications that lie ahead. Most publications focused on SODIS and photocatalytic nanomaterials, while a limited number focused on ensuring adequate water disinfection levels, testing regulated microbial indicators and emerging pathogens, and real-world applications, which include complex matrices, large scale processes, and exhaustive cost evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menta Ballesteros
- Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering Department, Experimental Sciences Faculty, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (P.F.-I.)
| | - Celeste Brindley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (C.B.); (J.A.S.-P.)
| | - José Antonio Sánchez-Pérez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (C.B.); (J.A.S.-P.)
- CIESOL, Joint Center of the Universidad de Almería-CIEMAT, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Pilar Fernández-Ibañez
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, School of Engineering, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (P.F.-I.)
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Morse T, Luwe K, Lungu K, Chiwaula L, Mulwafu W, Buck L, Harlow R, Fagan GH, McGuigan K. A Transdisciplinary Methodology for Introducing Solar Water Disinfection to Rural Communities in Malawi-Formative Research Findings. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2020; 16:871-884. [PMID: 32048797 PMCID: PMC7687190 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing volume of evidence demonstrating the efficacy of solar water disinfection (SODIS) as a household water treatment technology, there still appear to be significant barriers to uptake in developing countries. The potential of SODIS is often treated with skepticism in terms of effective treatment, volume, and safety, and is dismissed in preference for more accepted technologies such as ceramic filters and dose chlorination. As part of WATERSPOUTT (EU H2020 688928), our study used a transdisciplinary methodology to cocreate an innovative SODIS system in rural Malawi. The formative work focused on the design of 1) an appropriate and acceptable system and 2) a context-specific intervention delivery program using a behavior-centered design. Initial research identified specific water needs and challenges, which were discussed along with a cocreation process with potential end users, through a series of shared dialogue workshops (SDWs). Specifications from end users outlined a desire for higher volume systems (20 L) that were "familiar" and could be manufactured locally. Development of the "SODIS bucket" was then undertaken by design experts and local manufacturers, with input from end users and subject to controlled testing to ensure efficacy and safety. Concurrent data were collated using questionnaires (n = 777 households), water point mapping (n = 121), water quality testing (n = 46), and behavior change modeling (n = 100 households). These identified specific contextual issues (hydrogeology, water access, gender roles, social capital, and socioeconomic status), and behavioral determinants (normative, ability, and self-regulation factors) that informed the development and delivery mechanism for the implementation toolkit. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:871-884. © 2020 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Morse
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Appropriate Technology Development, University of Malawi (Polytechnic)BlantyreMalawi
| | - Kondwani Luwe
- Centre for Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Appropriate Technology Development, University of Malawi (Polytechnic)BlantyreMalawi
| | - Kingsley Lungu
- Centre for Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Appropriate Technology Development, University of Malawi (Polytechnic)BlantyreMalawi
- Department of Environmental HealthUniversity of Malawi (Polytechnic)BlantyreMalawi
| | - Levison Chiwaula
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Malawi (Chancellor College)ZombaMalawi
| | - Wapulumuka Mulwafu
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Malawi (Chancellor College)ZombaMalawi
| | - Lyndon Buck
- Department of Product DesignBuckinghamshire New UniversityLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard Harlow
- Department of Product DesignBuckinghamshire New UniversityLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - G Honor Fagan
- Department of Sociology and Social Science Institute (MUSSI)Maynooth UniversityMaynoothIreland
| | - Kevin McGuigan
- Department of Physiology and Medical PhysicsRoyal College of SurgeonsIrelandDublinIreland
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Ozores Diez P, Giannakis S, Rodríguez-Chueca J, Wang D, Quilty B, Devery R, McGuigan K, Pulgarin C. Enhancing solar disinfection (SODIS) with the photo-Fenton or the Fe 2+/peroxymonosulfate-activation process in large-scale plastic bottles leads to toxicologically safe drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 186:116387. [PMID: 32920335 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Solar disinfection (SODIS) in 2-L bottles is a well-established drinking water treatment technique, suitable for rural, peri‑urban, or isolated communities in tropical or sub-tropical climates. In this work, we assess the enlargement of the treatment volume by using cheap, large scale plastic vessels. The bactericidal performance of SODIS and two solar-Fe2+ based enhancements, namely photo-Fenton (light/H2O2/Fe2+) and peroxymonosulfate activation (light/PMS/Fe2+) were assessed in 19-L polycarbonate (PC) and 25-L polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, in ultrapure and real water matrices (tap water, lake Geneva water). Although SODIS always reached total (5-logU) inactivation, under solar light, enhancement by or both Fe2+/H2O2 or Fe2+/PMS was always beneficial and led to an increase in bacterial elimination kinetics, as high as 2-fold in PC and PET bottles with tap water for light/H2O2/Fe2+, and 8-fold in PET bottles with Lake Geneva water. The toxicological safety of the enhancements and their effects on the plastic container materials was assessed using the E-screen assay and the Ames test, after 1-day or 1-week exposure to SODIS, photo-Fenton and persulfate activation. Although the production of estrogenic compounds was observed, we report that no treatment method, duration of exposure or material resulted in estrogenicity risk for humans, and similarly, no mutagenicity risk was measured. In summary, we suggest that SODIS enhancement by either HO•- or SO4•--based advanced oxidation process is a suitable enhancement of bacterial inactivation in large scale plastic bottles, without any associated toxicity risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Ozores Diez
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University (DCU), Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Stefanos Giannakis
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), E.T.S. Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Hidráulica, Energía y Medio Ambiente, Unidad docente Ingeniería Sanitaria, c/ Profesor Aranguren, s/n, Madrid, ES-28040, Spain.
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Chueca
- School of Basic Sciences (SB), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering (ISIC), Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland; Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), E.T.S. de Ingenieros Industriales, Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y del Medio Ambiente, c/ de José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Da Wang
- School of Basic Sciences (SB), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering (ISIC), Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Bríd Quilty
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University (DCU), Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Rosaleen Devery
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University (DCU), Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Kevin McGuigan
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Cesar Pulgarin
- School of Basic Sciences (SB), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering (ISIC), Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
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Zeolite Cotton in Tube: A Simple Robust Household Water Treatment Filter for Heavy Metal Removal. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4719. [PMID: 32170205 PMCID: PMC7070062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is challenging to develop a low-cost household water treatment (HWT) that simultaneously deliver an effective and robust way for safe and reliable water supply. Here, we report a simple flow-through filter made by zeolite-cotton packing in a tube (ZCT) as low-cost HWT device to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water. The zeolite-cotton is fabricated by an on-site template-free growth route that tightly binds mesoporous single-crystal chabazite zeolite onto the surface of cotton fibers. As a result, the ZCT set-up with optimized diameter achieves both high adsorption efficiency, proper flow rate, reliable supply and strong stability at the same time. After flowed through the set up packed with 10 g of zeolite-cotton, 65 mL 1000 ppm Cu2+ solution was purified down to its safety limit (<1 ppm). Notably, their efficiency remains unaltered when filtering several ions simultaneously. In a simulated purification process, 8 L of water contaminated by Cu2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ could be transformed into drinking water and it enables the removal of heavy metals to concentrations of below 5 ppb (μg L−1). We also show that the ZCT can be used for disinfection by introducing Ag-exchanged zeolite-cotton without contaminating the water with Ag ions (<0.05 ppm).
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