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Wen Y, Zhan Y, Chen T, Li J, Long Q, Zheng F, Tang S, Tang X. Total Flavonoids of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus Regulate miR-5100 to Improve Constipation by Targeting Fzd2 to Alleviate Calcium Balance and Autophagy in Interstitial Cells of Cajal. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5882-5900. [PMID: 38244148 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Aurantii Fructus Immaturus total flavonoids (AFIF) is the main effective fraction extracted from AFI, which has a good effect on promoting gastrointestinal motility. This study aimed to investigate AFIF which regulates miR-5100 to improve constipation symptoms in mice by targeting Frizzled-2 (Fzd2) to alleviate interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) calcium ion balance and autophagy apoptosis. The constipated mouse model was induced by an antibiotic suspension, and then treated with AFIF. RNA-seq sequencing, luciferase assay, immunofluorescence staining, transmission electron microscopy, ELISA, flow cytometry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and Western blot were applied in this study. The results showed that AFIF improved constipation symptoms in antibiotic-induced constipated mice, and decreased the autophagy-related protein Beclin1 levels and the LC3-II/I ratio in ICCs. miR-5100 and its target gene Fzd2 were screened as key miRNAs and regulator associated with autophagy. Downregulation of miR-5100 caused increased expression of Fzd2, decreased proliferation activity of ICCs, increased apoptotic cells, and enhanced calcium ion release and autophagy signals. After AFIF treatment, miR-5100 expression was upregulated and Fzd2 was downregulated, while autophagy-related protein levels and calcium ion concentration decreased. Furthermore, AFIF increased the levels of SP, 5-HT, and VIP, and increased the expression of PGP9.5, Sy, and Cx43, which alleviated constipation by improving the integrity of the enteric nervous system network. In conclusion, AFIF could attenuate constipation symptoms by upregulating the expression of miR-5100 and targeting inhibition of Fzd2, alleviating calcium overload and autophagic death of ICCs, regulating the content of neurotransmitters, and enhancing the integrity of the enteric nervous system network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yu Zhan
- Anorectal Department, Affiliated Hospital of Integrative Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, 610042, China
- Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610042, China
| | - Taiyu Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Anorectal, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, No. 1 Maoyuan South Road, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Qing Long
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Fan Zheng
- People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Shiyu Tang
- North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Xuegui Tang
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Anorectal, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, No. 1 Maoyuan South Road, Nanchong, Sichuan, China.
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2
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Chen L, Chang X, Wu C, Luo G, Zhang P, Tian W. Polysaccharide extracted from Atractylodes macrocephala improves the spleen deficiency constipation in mice by regulating the gut microbiota to affect the 5-HT synthesis. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024:e14875. [PMID: 39077771 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The traditional herbal medicine Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (A. macrocephala) is commonly utilized for alleviating symptoms associated with spleen deficiency, abdominal distension, diarrhea, and constipation. These pharmacological effects are attributed to a variety of active constituents. However, the specific bioactive compounds responsible for promoting defecation and gastrointestinal transit in A. macrocephala remain unidentified. METHODS The primary polysaccharide characteristics of PAMK was elucidated by HPLC, FT-IR, and HGPGC. Efficacy of PAMK (0.07, 0.14, and 0.28 mg/g) on mice was evaluated in a spleen deficiency constipation mouse model by analyzing stool parameters, constipation-related physiological indexes, and SCFAs. The expression levels of 5-HT3R, 5-HT4R, and related receptor genes were examined by RT-qPCR, and neurotransmitters were examined using ELISA. Finally, the diversity of gut microbiota was analyzed with 16S rDNA sequencing. KEY RESULTS The results showed that PAMK significantly reduced the gastrointestinal transport time and increased the number of fecal pellets and fecal water content in spleen deficiency constipation model mice. PAMK kept the balance of 5-HT, SCFAs, TPH-1, SERT, CgA, and neurotransmitter levels (VIP, SP, MTL) in mice colon. In addition, PAMK could regulate the abundance of gut microbiota such as Alistopes, Bacteroides, and Odoribacter in spleen deficiency constipation model mice gut. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES It can be concluded that PAMK effectively ameliorated the symptoms of spleen deficiency constipation in mice by modulating the expression of 5-HT and its associated receptors. The underlying mechanism was elucidated, providing a solid theoretical foundation for the therapeutic application of A. macrocephala in treating spleen deficiency constipation and offering potential for developing novel approaches to address this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangbing Chang
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuntao Wu
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guofu Luo
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peifeng Zhang
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Tian
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
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Li H, Guo X, Zhu X, Chen Y, Zhang L, Lu J, Qian Q. Effect of ultrahigh pressure processing (UHP) on physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity of insoluble dietary fiber from Pholiota nameko. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:453-464. [PMID: 38222903 PMCID: PMC10786768 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01342-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ultrahigh pressure processing (UHP) of 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 MPa for 20, 40 and 30 min on physicochemical and bioactive properties of the insoluble dietary fiber Pholiota nameko (PN-IDF). The results revealed that UHP were capable of decreasing the particle size of PN-IDF and binding phenolic content. Moreover, UHP technique had an improving effect on the bioaccessible phenolic content, the water-holding capacity, the oil-holding capacity and the nitrite ion adsorption capacity. Further, UHP technique presented a promoting effect on the antioxidant activity by scavenging ABTS or DPPH free radicals and increasing reducing power, and the anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting carrageenan-induced paw edema on PN-IDF. Overall, this study well proved that UHP technology could improve the physicochemical and functional quality of PN-IDF, which could be used as a promising green technique for functional food ingredients processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinqi Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yina Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134 People’s Republic of China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiuting Qian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134 People’s Republic of China
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Chen Y, Hu X, Shi Q, Lu Y, Yan J, Wu DT, Qin W. Changes in the Fruit Quality, Phenolic Compounds, and Antioxidant Potential of Red-Fleshed Kiwifruit during Postharvest Ripening. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071509. [PMID: 37048330 PMCID: PMC10094503 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kiwifruit is very popular for its unique flavor and nutritional value, and for its potential health benefits, which are closely related to its richness in a variety of natural antioxidant substances, in which polyphenolics play a non-negligible role. This study investigated changes in the fruit quality, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant potential of Chinese red-fleshed kiwifruit “Hongshi No. 2” during postharvest ripening at room temperature (20 ± 1 °C). Results showed that the weight loss rate slowly increased, the firmness rapidly decreased, and the soluble solid concentration gradually increased during the postharvest ripening of red-flesh kiwifruit. In addition, the total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), and total proanthocyanidin (TPAC) contents gradually increased during postharvest ripening. The most abundant phenolic compounds in kiwifruit throughout postharvest ripening were catechin (CC), proanthocyanidin B1 (PB1), and proanthocyanidin B2 (PB2). Furthermore, the methanolic extracts of red-flesh kiwifruit exhibited remarkable antioxidant activities throughout postharvest ripening stages. Indeed, some phenolic compounds showed good correlations with antioxidant activities; for instance, chlorogenic acid (CHL) showed a significantly positive correlation with ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and isoquercitrin (IS) showed a significantly negative correlation with DPPH free radical scavenging ability. The findings from this study are beneficial to better understanding the quality profile of red-flesh kiwifruit “Hongshi No. 2” during postharvest ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Xiaomin Hu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Qingke Shi
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Yue Lu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Jing Yan
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Wen Qin
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
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5
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Qi B, Zhang Y, Ren D, Qin X, Wang N, Yang X. Fu Brick Tea Alleviates Constipation via Regulating the Aquaporins-Mediated Water Transport System in Association with Gut Microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:3862-3875. [PMID: 36802556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the amendatory effects of Fu brick tea aqueous extract (FTE) on constipation and its underlying molecular mechanism. The administration of FTE by oral gavage (100 and 400 mg/kg·bw) for 5 weeks significantly increased fecal water content, improved difficult defecation, and enhanced intestinal propulsion in loperamide (LOP)-induced constipated mice. FTE also reduced colonic inflammatory factors, maintained the intestinal tight junction structure, and inhibited colonic Aquaporins (AQPs) expression, thus normalizing the intestinal barrier and colonic water transport system of constipated mice. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis results indicated that two doses of FTE increased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota (F/B) ratio at the phylum level and increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus from 5.6 ± 1.3 to 21.5 ± 3.4% and 28.5 ± 4.3% at the genus level, subsequently resulting in a significant elevation of colonic contents short-chain fatty acids levels. The metabolomic analysis demonstrated that FTE improved levels of 25 metabolites associated with constipation. These findings suggest that Fu brick tea has the potential to alleviate constipation by regulating gut microbiota and its metabolites, thereby improving the intestinal barrier and AQPs-mediated water transport system in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangran Qi
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Daoyuan Ren
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Xinshu Qin
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Xingbin Yang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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6
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Zhang L, Tang Z, Zheng H, Zhong C, Zhang Q. Comprehensive Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome in Fruits and Roots of Kiwifruit. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021299. [PMID: 36674815 PMCID: PMC9861564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) roots instead of fruits are widely used as Chinese medicine, but the functional metabolites remain unclear. In this study, we conducted comparative metabolome analysis between root and fruit in kiwifruit. A total of 410 metabolites were identified in the fruit and root tissues, and of them, 135 metabolites were annotated according to the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway. Moreover, 54 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were shared in root and fruit, with 17 DEMs involved in the flavonoid pathway. Of the 17 DEMs, three flavonols (kaempferol-3-rhamnoside, L-Epicatechin and trifolin) and one dihydrochalcone (phloretin) showed the highest differences in the content level, suggesting that flavonols and dihydrochalcones may act as functional components in kiwifruit root. Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes related to flavonols and dihydrochalcones were highly expressed in root. Moreover, two AP2 transcription factors (TFs), AcRAP2-4 and AcAP2-4, were highly expressed in root, while one bHLH TF AcbHLH62 showed extremely low expression in root. The expression profiles of these TFs were similar to those of the genes related to flavonols and dihydrochalcones, suggesting they are key candidate genes controlling the flavonoid accumulation in kiwifruit. Our results provided an insight into the functional metabolites and their regulatory mechanism in kiwifruit root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhengmin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Caihong Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Q.Z.)
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7
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The Effects of Bagging on Color Change and Chemical Composition in ‘Jinyan’ Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis). HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8060478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To explore the effect of bagging on the nutritional quality and color of kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.), the fruits of yellow-fleshed kiwifruit cultivars were analyzed after bagging treatment. Bagging treatment promoted the degreening of mesocarp and increased brightness. Bagging significantly reduced the accumulation of dry matter, titratable acids, starch, sucrose, fructose, and glucose during kiwifruit development. Additionally, bagging significantly reduced the accumulation of chlorophyll and carotenoids during development, whereas after debagging, the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were significantly increased. Gene expression analysis showed that during most of the fruit development periods, the chlorophyll biosynthesis genes AcRCBS, AcGLUTR, and AcCHLG, and degradation genes AcCBR, AcPAO, AcPPH, AcCLH, and AcSGR had significantly lower expression levels in bagged fruit. Bagging also inhibited the expression of carotenoid metabolism genes, especially AcSGR and AcLCYB, which may play a key role in the process of fruit development during bagging by decreasing the accumulation of chlorophyll and carotenoids in kiwifruit. Additionally, bagging significantly reduced the content of AsA. The expression of the AsA biosynthesis genes AcPMI2, AcGPP2, and AcGalDH in bagged fruit was significantly lower than in the control, indicating that these may be the key genes responsible for the difference in the accumulation of AsA after bagging.
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8
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Exploring Molecular Mechanisms of Aloe barbadmsis Miller on Diphenoxylate-Induced Constipation in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6225758. [PMID: 35571728 PMCID: PMC9106447 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6225758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aloe barbadensis Miller (Aloe) known as a common succulent perennial herb had been traditionally used in constipation for more than 1,000 years. Aloe contained anthraquinones and other active compounds which had laxative effect and could modulate constipation. However, the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of aloe in constipation were still unclear. To explore the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of aloe in treating constipation, we employed network pharmacology, molecular docking, and mice experiments in this study. Our network pharmacology indicated that beta-carotene, sitosterol, campest-5-en-3beta-ol, CLR, arachidonic acid, aloe-emodin, quercetin, and barbaloin were the main active ingredients of aloe in treating constipation. Besides, the MAPK signaling pathway was the principal pathway utilized by aloe in treating constipation. Molecular docking results revealed that beta-carotene and sitosterol were acting as interference factors in attenuating inflammation by binding to an accessory protein of ERK, JNK, AKT, and NF-κB p65. Otherwise, in vivo experiments, we used diphenoxylate-induced constipation mice model to explore the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of aloe. Results showed that aloe modulated the constipation mice by reducing the discharge time of first melena, improving the fecal conditions, increasing the gastric intestinal charcoal transit ratio, and improving the intestinal secretion in small intestine. Besides, aloe played an important regulation in promoting intestinal motility sufficiency and the levels of neurotransmitters balance with 5-HT, SP, and VIP on constipation mice. Moreover, aloe significantly inhibited the mRNA and proteins expressions of ERK, JNK, AKT and NF-κB p65 in colon. Our study proved that aloe could reverse diphenoxylate-induced changes relating to the intestinal motility, intestinal moisture, and inhibition of the MAPK (ERK, JNK)/AKT/NF-κB p65 inflammatory pathway. Our study provided experimental evidences of the laxative effect of aloe, which was beneficial to the further research and development of aloe.
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9
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Chamorro F, Carpena M, Fraga-Corral M, Echave J, Riaz Rajoka MS, Barba FJ, Cao H, Xiao J, Prieto MA, Simal-Gandara J. Valorization of kiwi agricultural waste and industry by-products by recovering bioactive compounds and applications as food additives: A circular economy model. Food Chem 2022; 370:131315. [PMID: 34788958 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Currently, agricultural production generates large amounts of organic waste, both from the maintenance of farms and crops (agricultural wastes) and from the industrialization of the product (food industry waste). In the case of Actinidia cultivation, agricultural waste groups together leaves, flowers, stems and roots while food industry by-products are represented by discarded fruits, skin and seeds. All these matrices are now underexploited and so, they can be revalued as a natural source of ingredients to be applied in food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical industries. Kiwifruit composition (phenolic compounds, volatile compounds, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, etc.) is an outstanding basis, especially for its high content in vitamin C and phenolic compounds. These compounds possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory or antimicrobial activities, among other beneficial properties for health, but stand out for their digestive enhancement and prebiotic role. Although the biological properties of kiwi fruit have been analyzed, few studies show the high content of compounds with biological functions present in these by-products. Therefore, agricultural and food industry wastes derived from processing kiwi are regarded as useful matrices for the development of innovative applications in the food (pectins, softeners, milk coagulants, and colorants), cosmetic (ecological pigments) and pharmaceutical industry (fortified, functional, nutraceutical, or prebiotic foods). This strategy will provide economic and environmental benefits, turning this industry into a sustainable and environmentally friendly production system, promoting a circular and sustainable economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chamorro
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - M Carpena
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - M Fraga-Corral
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - J Echave
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Muhammad Shahid Riaz Rajoka
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Francisco J Barba
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Fo-rensic Medicine Department, Universitat de València, Faculty of Pharmacy, Avda, Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, Burjassot 46100, València, Spain
| | - Hui Cao
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; International Reserch Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - M A Prieto
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - J Simal-Gandara
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E-32004 Ourense, Spain.
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10
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Kongdang P, Pruksakorn D, Koonrungsesomboon N. Preclinical experimental models for assessing laxative activities of substances/products under investigation: a scoping review of the literature. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:698-717. [PMID: 35273679 PMCID: PMC8902583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Constipation is a common gastrointestinal problem worldwide. Its impact on health can range from an unpleasant problem to being seriously troublesome. When lifestyle modification fails to deal with constipation, laxatives are the mainstay of therapy. There are several types of laxatives currently available; however, there still remains a need for better laxatives because certain currently available laxatives are not appropriate for or accessible to some patients. Preclinical experiments to study the laxative potential of substances/products of interest are vital to improving that situation. The selection of appropriate experimental models for assessing the laxative activities of substances/products under investigation is crucial to achieving valid and meaningful results. This article provides a scoping review of the literature, outlining, and summarizing models currently being used in preclinical experiments assessing the laxative activities of substances/products under investigation. The review includes both screening models, e.g., the isolated organ bath system, in vivo fecal assessment and intestinal transit assay, and confirmation models, e.g., in vivo constipation models. Chemical substances/drugs used to induce constipation in in vivo constipation models, e.g., loperamide, diphenoxylate, montmorillonite, and clonidine, as well as standard laxative agents used as a positive control in experimental models, e.g., bisacodyl, carbachol, lactulose, sodium picosulfate, castor oil, phenolphthalein, and yohimbine, are described in detail. The purpose of this article is to assist researchers in the design and implementation of preclinical experimental models for assessing laxative activities of substances/products under investigation to achieve valid and meaningful preclinical results prior to experimentation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patiwat Kongdang
- Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research (MSTR) Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Dumnoensun Pruksakorn
- Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research (MSTR) Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Multidisciplinary Technology for Advanced Medicine (CMUTEAM), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai, Thailand
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nut Koonrungsesomboon
- Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research (MSTR) Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai, Thailand
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11
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ZHAO X, MU J, YI R. Research progress of naturally fermented yogurt with lactic acid bacteria in Xinjiang: a review of anti-constipation probiotics. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.23722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin ZHAO
- Chongqing University of Education, China
| | - Jianfei MU
- Chongqing University of Education, China
| | - Ruokun YI
- Chongqing University of Education, China
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Xu L, Hai C, Yan S, Wang S, Du S, Chen H, Yang J, Fu H. Classification of organic and ordinary kiwifruit by chemometrics analysis of elemental fingerprint and stable isotopic ratios. J Food Sci 2021; 86:3447-3456. [PMID: 34289111 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Elemental fingerprint, stable isotopic analysis, and chemometrics were combined to identify organic kiwifruit from ordinarily cultivated kiwifruit. Samples of organic (n1 = 78) and ordinary kiwifruit (n2 = 85) were collected from neighboring areas. For elemental fingerprint, the contents of 15 elements in fresh fruits, including Al, Cr, Mg, Pb, Zn, Ca, Cu, Mn, Se, Cd, Fe, Na, Sr, Co, and K, were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Three stable isotopes, including δ13 C, δ15 N, and δ18 O, were analyzed using an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). Different classification methods including soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA), and least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM), were used to discriminate the organic and ordinary kiwifruits by fusion of elemental and stable isotopic. As a result, the sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of SIMCA model were 0.885, 0.857, and 0.864, respectively. PLSDA and LS-SVM obtained 0.950 and 0.983 classification accuracy of organic and ordinary kiwifruits, respectively. It was demonstrated that elemental fingerprint and stable isotopic analysis would provide useful chemical information for the identification of organic fruits, and the capacity of these methods could be enhanced by chemometrics. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The classification of kiwifruit usually relies on the label assigned by the merchant, which is prone to deceive consumers. This research has developed an accurate and effective classification method based on stable isotopes and mineral elements for the identification of ordinary kiwifruit and organic kiwifruit, providing a tool for the quality monitoring of organic food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Tongren University, Tongren, P.R. China
| | - Chengying Hai
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Simin Yan
- Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Wang
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Shijie Du
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Tongren University, Tongren, P.R. China
| | - Hengye Chen
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Fu
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, P.R. China
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Chai M, Wang L, Li X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Wang G, Chen W. Different Bifidobacterium bifidum strains change the intestinal flora composition of mice via different mechanisms to alleviate loperamide-induced constipation. Food Funct 2021; 12:6058-6069. [PMID: 34038494 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00559f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Constipation is a condition with a high prevalence rate worldwide and may occur in men and women of any age. Bifidobacterium bifidum has been shown to have a relieving effect on constipation, but the underlying mechanism is still unknown. This study explored the effects of gavage of three strains of B. bifidum (CCFM668, FHNFQ25M12 and FXJCJ32M2) from different sources in mice with loperamide-induced constipation. After 38 days of intervention, B. bifidum CCFM668, FHNFQ25M12 and FXJCJ32M2 showed the ability to modify the levels of gastrointestinal active peptides and promote the expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT or serotonin) receptor 4 (5-HT4R), thereby promoting small intestinal peristalsis. The strains could also effectively increase the thickness of the colonic mucosa. However, what was different from previous studies was that these results were independent of the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and 5-HT. Further analysis of the intestinal flora revealed that the relative abundances of the genera Faecalibaculum and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014 in the constipated mice increased significantly, whereas that of Erysipelatoclostridium decreased. A correlation analysis between the intestinal flora and evaluated gastrointestinal indicators demonstrated that the relative abundances of the genera Anaerotruncus, Angelakisella, Erysipelatoclostridium and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014 were negatively correlated with the levels of gastrointestinal active peptides. B. bifidum FXJCJ32M2 can increase the relative abundances of Turicibacter and Dubosiella, and this was positively correlated with the expression of aquaporin 8 and vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1 but could not effectively alleviate faecal dryness or promote colonic motility. These findings suggest that B. bifidum shows significant intraspecific differences in the remission mechanism and provides a theoretical basis for subsequent population experiments and personalised treatment for constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xinping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China and International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China and (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou 225004, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China and National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China and Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China and International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China and (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou 225004, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China and National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Production and characterization of palm date powder rich in dietary fiber. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-00825-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Extraction of dietary fibers from bagasse and date seed, and evaluation of their technological properties and antioxidant and prebiotic activity. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00774-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Jiang G, Ameer K, Eun JB. Encapsulation of hot air-dried asian pear powders using rice bran dietary fiber. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lee H, Choi EJ, Park S, Lee J. Laxative and antioxidant effects of ramie ( Boehmeria nivea L .) leaf extract in experimental constipated rats. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:3389-3401. [PMID: 32724603 PMCID: PMC7382170 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ramie leaf (Boehmeria nivea L.) is rich in cellulose, polyphenol compounds, vitamin C, and minerals. The leaves of this plant, which are used for medicinal purposes, have long been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticolitis, and antidiabetic effects. We investigated the protective effects of ramie leaf ethanol extract (RLE) against loperamide-induced constipation and oxidative stress in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 200 or 400 mg/kg body weight of RLE (RLEL and RLEH groups) by gavage, while normal (NOR) and control (CON) rats received saline. Loperamide (4.0 mg/kg, twice per day) was injected subcutaneously to induce constipation in RLEL, RLEH, and CON groups. Total fecal number, wet weight, and water content decreased, while the total number of loperamide-induced fecal pellets in the distal colon increased with administration of RLE in a dose-dependent manner. Gastrointestinal transit time was more greatly reduced in RLE-treated groups than in the CON group. Serum total cholesterol (TC) level, as well as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, was significantly lower in both RLEL and RLEH groups compared with the CON group. Intestinal mucosa malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner in the RLE-treated groups. Loperamide decreased the antioxidant enzyme activity, including that of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), while RLE administration increased the antioxidant activity. These results suggest that RLE exerts potent laxative and antioxidant effects in model rats with loperamide-induced constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun‐Joo Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Culinary ScienceHankyong National UniversityAnsungKorea
| | - Eun Joo Choi
- Department of PharmacyCollege of PharmacyChosun UniversityGwangjuKorea
| | - Sihoon Park
- Department of Food and NutritionChosun UniversityGwangjuKorea
| | - Jae‐Joon Lee
- Department of Food and NutritionChosun UniversityGwangjuKorea
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Laxative Effects of Yangyin Tongmi Capsule on a Model of Diphenoxylate-Induced Constipation in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:1471824. [PMID: 32148532 PMCID: PMC7056994 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1471824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Constipation is characterized by reduced number of bowel movements, dry stools, and difficult defecation. Yangyin Tongmi capsule (YTC), a traditional Chinese formula, is used in the treatment of constipation, while the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Herein, this work attempted to prove the effects of YTC on constipation treatment and its possible mechanisms. KM mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10/group) and treated with double distilled water (Control), diphenoxylate (Model: 10 mg/kg), or diphenoxylate plus low-dose YTC (L-YTC: 0.6 g/kg) or high-dose YTC (H-YTC: 1.2 g/kg). The data indicated that YTC can significantly shorten the discharge time of the first black stool, improve intestinal propulsion rate, and increase the water content and quantity of feces in mice. ELISA suggested that YTC regulate the content of intestinal hormones and neurotransmitters, such as motilin (MTL), gastrin (GT), somatostatin (SST), substance P (SP), acetylcholine (Ach), and nitric oxide (NO). The expression levels of aquaporin 3 (AQP3) and aquaporin 8 (AQP8) in the colon were examined by immunohistochemistry. In the meantime, the expression levels of P2X2, C-kit, and stem cell factor (SCF) in the colon were examined by western blot analysis. The results of this study suggest that YTC has mitigative effects on diphenoxylate-induced constipation by regulating the content of intestinal hormones and neurotransmitters and regulating the expression of related proteins in the colon.
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Mu J, Zhao X, Zalan Z, Hegyi F, Takács K, Du M. Lactobacillus plantarum KFY02 enhances the relieving effect of gardenoside on montmorillonite induced constipation in mice. RSC Adv 2020; 10:10368-10381. [PMID: 35498605 PMCID: PMC9050385 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10446a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus plantarum KFY02 (KFY02), isolated from naturally fermented milk yoghurt in Korla, Xinjiang, Northwest of China, showed gardenoside action for the intestinal regulation of constipated mice. Comparatively, the effects of KFY02 (0.5 × 108 CFU kg-1, by body weight (BW)), gardenoside (50 mg kg-1, BW), and KFY02 (0.5 × 108 CFU kg-1, BW) + gardenoside (50 mg kg-1, BW) on intestinal regulation in mice with montmorillonite-induced constipation were also studied. Enzyme linked immunoassay, hemotoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis were used for the study. Compared with the model group, KFY02 + genipin (combined group) increased the propelling rate of activated carbon in the small intestines of mice and accelerated the discharge of the first black stool in mice. At the same time, the combination group reduced the levels of motilin (MTL), substance P (SP) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the serum, and increased the somatostatin (SS), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and gastrin (Gastrin) levels in the serum, which made these parameters close to those of the normal group. Using qPCR analysis, it was observed that the combined group up-regulated the mRNA expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), stem cell factor (SCF), stem cell factor receptor (c-Kit), glutathione (GSH), catalase and manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and down-regulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1). The combination increased the Bacteroides and Akkermansia abundances and decreased the Firmicutes abundance in the feces of the constipated mice and decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio. The expression of the above genes was similar to that of the normal group. The results indicate that KFY02 produced β-glucosidase to hydrolyze the gardenoside glycosidic bond to produce genipin and can effectively promote the regulation of gastrointestinal hormones and intestinal peristalsis and reduce oxidative tissue damage in constipated mice. This study also confirmed that KFY02 has similar relieving effects to gardenoside for constipation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Mu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University Chongqing 400715 China +86-23-68250478
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
| | - Zsolt Zalan
- National Agricultural Research and Innovation Center, Food Science Research Institute Budapest H-1022 Hungary
| | - Ferenc Hegyi
- National Agricultural Research and Innovation Center, Food Science Research Institute Budapest H-1022 Hungary
| | - Krisztina Takács
- National Agricultural Research and Innovation Center, Food Science Research Institute Budapest H-1022 Hungary
| | - Muying Du
- College of Food Science, Southwest University Chongqing 400715 China +86-23-68250478
- Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Southwest University Chongqing 400715 China
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