1
|
Gu H, Qin J, Wen J, Lin Y, Jia X, Wang W, Yin H. Unveiling the structural properties and induced resistance activity in rice of Chitin/Chitosan-Glucan Complex of Rhizoctonia solani AG1 IA inner cell wall. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 337:122149. [PMID: 38710571 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Phytopathogen cell wall polysaccharides have important physiological functions. In this study, we isolated and characterized the alkali-insoluble residue on the inner layers of the Rhizoctonia solani AG1 IA cell wall (RsCW-AIR). Through chemical composition and structural analysis, RsCW-AIR was mainly identified as a complex of chitin/chitosan and glucan (ChCsGC), with glucose and glucosamine were present in a molar ratio of 2.7:1.0. The predominant glycosidic bond linkage of glucan in ChCsGC was β-1,3-linked Glcp, both the α and β-polymorphic forms of chitin were presented in it by IR, XRD, and solid-state NMR, and the ChCsGC exhibited a degree of deacetylation measuring 67.08 %. RsCW-AIR pretreatment effectively reduced the incidence of rice sheath blight, and its induced resistance activity in rice was evaluated, such as inducing a reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, leading to the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and the up-regulation of SA-related gene expression. The recognition of RsCW-AIR in rice is partially dependent on CERK1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gu
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Qin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinxuan Wen
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yudie Lin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaochen Jia
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Wenxia Wang
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhong C, Nidetzky B. Bottom-Up Synthesized Glucan Materials: Opportunities from Applied Biocatalysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2400436. [PMID: 38514194 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Linear d-glucans are natural polysaccharides of simple chemical structure. They are comprised of d-glucosyl units linked by a single type of glycosidic bond. Noncovalent interactions within, and between, the d-glucan chains give rise to a broad variety of macromolecular nanostructures that can assemble into crystalline-organized materials of tunable morphology. Structure design and functionalization of d-glucans for diverse material applications largely relies on top-down processing and chemical derivatization of naturally derived starting materials. The top-down approach encounters critical limitations in efficiency, selectivity, and flexibility. Bottom-up approaches of d-glucan synthesis offer different, and often more precise, ways of polymer structure control and provide means of functional diversification widely inaccessible to top-down routes of polysaccharide material processing. Here the natural and engineered enzymes (glycosyltransferases, glycoside hydrolases and phosphorylases, glycosynthases) for d-glucan polymerization are described and the use of applied biocatalysis for the bottom-up assembly of specific d-glucan structures is shown. Advanced material applications of the resulting polymeric products are further shown and their important role in the development of sustainable macromolecular materials in a bio-based circular economy is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz, 8010, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, Graz, 8010, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Reis NF, de Jesus MCS, de Souza LCDSV, Alcântara LM, Rodrigues JADC, Brito SCP, Penna PDA, Vieira CS, Silva JRS, Penna BDA, Machado RLD, Mora-Montes HM, Baptista ARDS. Sporothrix brasiliensis Infection Modulates Antimicrobial Peptides and Stress Management Gene Expression in the Invertebrate Biomodel Galleria mellonella. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1053. [PMID: 37998858 PMCID: PMC10672515 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix brasiliensis is the most pathogenic species, responsible for the Brazilian cat-transmitted sporotrichosis hyperendemic. In this scenario, an investigation of the pathogen-host interaction can provide relevant information for future treatment strategies. To this end, the invertebrate Galleria mellonella has proven to be a suitable alternative for evaluating the virulence of pathogenic fungi, since the insect immune system is similar to the mammalian innate immune response. The aim of this work was to investigate phenotypic and molecular aspects of the immune response of G. mellonella throughout the S. brasiliensis infection. Hemocyte density and the evolution of the fungal load were evaluated. In parallel, RT-qPCR expression analysis of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides (Gallerimycin and Galiomycin) and stress management genes (C7 Contig 15362 and C8 Contig 19101) was conducted. The fungal load and hemocyte densities increased simultaneously and proportionally to the deleterious morphological events and larvae mortality. Gallerimycin, C7 Contig 15362 and C8 Contig 19101 genes were positively regulated (p < 0.05) at distinct moments of S. brasiliensis infection, characterizing a time-dependent and alternately modulated profile. Galiomycin gene expression remained unchanged. Our results contribute to the future proposal of potential alternative pathways for treating and consequently controlling S. brasiliensis zoonosis, a major public health issue in Latin America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Faria Reis
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (N.F.R.); (M.C.S.d.J.); (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (J.A.d.C.R.); (S.C.P.B.); (R.L.D.M.)
| | - Myrela Conceição Santos de Jesus
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (N.F.R.); (M.C.S.d.J.); (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (J.A.d.C.R.); (S.C.P.B.); (R.L.D.M.)
| | - Lais Cavalcanti dos Santos Velasco de Souza
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (N.F.R.); (M.C.S.d.J.); (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (J.A.d.C.R.); (S.C.P.B.); (R.L.D.M.)
| | - Lucas Martins Alcântara
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (N.F.R.); (M.C.S.d.J.); (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (J.A.d.C.R.); (S.C.P.B.); (R.L.D.M.)
| | - Julia Andrade de Castro Rodrigues
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (N.F.R.); (M.C.S.d.J.); (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (J.A.d.C.R.); (S.C.P.B.); (R.L.D.M.)
| | - Simone Cristina Pereira Brito
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (N.F.R.); (M.C.S.d.J.); (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (J.A.d.C.R.); (S.C.P.B.); (R.L.D.M.)
| | - Patrícia de Azambuja Penna
- Laboratory of Insect Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24220-900, RJ, Brazil; (P.d.A.P.); (C.S.V.)
| | - Cecília Stahl Vieira
- Laboratory of Insect Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24220-900, RJ, Brazil; (P.d.A.P.); (C.S.V.)
| | - José Rodrigo Santos Silva
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49107-230, SE, Brazil;
| | - Bruno de Araújo Penna
- Laboratory of Gram-Positive Cocci, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Ricardo Luiz Dantas Machado
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (N.F.R.); (M.C.S.d.J.); (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (J.A.d.C.R.); (S.C.P.B.); (R.L.D.M.)
| | - Hector M. Mora-Montes
- Department of Biology, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, Campus Guanajuato, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico;
| | - Andréa Regina de Souza Baptista
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (N.F.R.); (M.C.S.d.J.); (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (J.A.d.C.R.); (S.C.P.B.); (R.L.D.M.)
- Rede Micologia RJ—Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-630, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xiong H, Han X, Cai L, Zheng H. Natural polysaccharides exert anti-tumor effects as dendritic cell immune enhancers. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1274048. [PMID: 37876967 PMCID: PMC10593453 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1274048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of immunotherapy, the process of tumor treatment is also moving forward. Polysaccharides are biological response modifiers widely found in plants, animals, fungi, and algae and are mainly composed of monosaccharides covalently linked by glycosidic bonds. For a long time, polysaccharides have been widely used clinically to enhance the body's immunity. However, their mechanisms of action in tumor immunotherapy have not been thoroughly explored. Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous population of antigen presenting cells (APCs) that play a crucial role in the regulation and maintenance of the immune response. There is growing evidence that polysaccharides can enhance the essential functions of DCs to intervene the immune response. This paper describes the research progress on the anti-tumor immune effects of natural polysaccharides on DCs. These studies show that polysaccharides can act on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the surface of DCs and activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Dectin-1/Syk, and other signalling pathways, thereby promoting the main functions of DCs such as maturation, metabolism, antigen uptake and presentation, and activation of T cells, and then play an anti-tumor role. In addition, the application of polysaccharides as adjuvants for DC vaccines, in combination with adoptive immunotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), as well as their co-assembly with nanoparticles (NPs) into nano drug delivery systems is also introduced. These results reveal the biological effects of polysaccharides, provide a new perspective for the anti-tumor immunopharmacological research of natural polysaccharides, and provide helpful information for guiding polysaccharides as complementary medicines in cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongtai Xiong
- Department of Oncology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinpu Han
- Department of Oncology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Cai
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Honggang Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Komarova BS, Novikova NS, Gerbst AG, Sinitsyna OA, Rubtsova EA, Kondratyeva EG, Sinitsyn AP, Nifantiev NE. Combination of 3- O-Levulinoyl and 6- O-Trifluorobenzoyl Groups Ensures α-Selectivity in Glucosylations: Synthesis of the Oligosaccharides Related to Aspergillus fumigatus α-(1 → 3)-d-Glucan. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12542-12564. [PMID: 37593939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Stereospecific α-glucosylation of primary and secondary OH-group at carbohydrate acceptors is achieved using glucosyl N-phenyl-trifluoroacetimidate (PTFAI) donor protected with an electron-withdrawing 2,4,5-trifluorobenzoyl (TFB) group at O-6 and the participating levulinoyl (Lev) group at O-3. New factors have been revealed that might explain α-stereoselectivity in the case of TFB and pentafluorobenzoyl (PFB) groups at O-6. They are of conformational nature and confirmed by DFT calculations. The potential of this donor, as well as the orthogonality of TFB and Lev protecting groups, is showcased by the synthesis of α-(1 → 3)-linked pentaglucoside corresponding to Aspergillus fumigatus α-(1 → 3)-d-glucan and of its hexasaccharide derivative, bearing β-glucosamine residue at the non-reducing end.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bozhena S Komarova
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Natalia S Novikova
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey G Gerbst
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Olga A Sinitsyna
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobyevy Gory 1-11, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Rubtsova
- FRC "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 33-2, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Elena G Kondratyeva
- FRC "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 33-2, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Arkady P Sinitsyn
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobyevy Gory 1-11, Moscow 119992, Russia
- FRC "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 33-2, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ishiwata A, Tanaka K, Ito Y, Cai H, Ding F. Recent Progress in 1,2- cis glycosylation for Glucan Synthesis. Molecules 2023; 28:5644. [PMID: 37570614 PMCID: PMC10420028 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling the stereoselectivity of 1,2-cis glycosylation is one of the most challenging tasks in the chemical synthesis of glycans. There are various 1,2-cis glycosides in nature, such as α-glucoside and β-mannoside in glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans, microbial polysaccharides, and bioactive natural products. In the structure of polysaccharides such as α-glucan, 1,2-cis α-glucosides were found to be the major linkage between the glucopyranosides. Various regioisomeric linkages, 1→3, 1→4, and 1→6 for the backbone structure, and 1→2/3/4/6 for branching in the polysaccharide as well as in the oligosaccharides were identified. To achieve highly stereoselective 1,2-cis glycosylation, including α-glucosylation, a number of strategies using inter- and intra-molecular methodologies have been explored. Recently, Zn salt-mediated cis glycosylation has been developed and applied to the synthesis of various 1,2-cis linkages, such as α-glucoside and β-mannoside, via the 1,2-cis glycosylation pathway and β-galactoside 1,4/6-cis induction. Furthermore, the synthesis of various structures of α-glucans has been achieved using the recent progressive stereoselective 1,2-cis glycosylation reactions. In this review, recent advances in stereoselective 1,2-cis glycosylation, particularly focused on α-glucosylation, and their applications in the construction of linear and branched α-glucans are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- RIKEN, Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- RIKEN, Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hui Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Feiqing Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nowak A, Kutyła M, Kaczmarek J, Jaroszuk-Ściseł J, Jędryczka M. Differences in the Production of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) and Other Metabolites of Plenodomus ( Leptosphaeria) Infecting Winter Oilseed Rape ( Brassica napus L.). Metabolites 2023; 13:759. [PMID: 37367918 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of the genus Plenodomus (Leptosphaeria) are phytopathogens of the Brassicaceae family, which includes oilseed rape. The spores of these fungi spread by airborne transmission, infect plants, and cause crop losses. The secondary metabolism of P. lingam and P. biglobosus was studied and compared, with the main focus being on the ability to produce Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS). In spite of the 1.5-2-fold faster growth rate of P. biglobosus on Czapek-Dox and other screening media, the average yield of EPS in this fungus was only 0.29 g/L, compared to that of P. lingam (0.43 g/L). In turn, P. biglobosus showed a higher capacity to synthesise IAA, i.e., 14 µg/mL, in contrast to <1.5 µg/mL produced by P. lingam. On the other hand, the P. lingam strains showed higher β-glucanase activity (350-400 mU/mL), compared to 50-100 mU/mL in P. biglobosus. Invertase levels were similar in both species (250 mU/mL). The positive correlation between invertase activity and EPS yield contrasted with the absence of a correlation of EPS with β-glucanase. Plenodomus neither solubilised phosphate nor used proteins from milk. All strains showed the ability to synthesise siderophores on CAS agar. P. biglobosus exhibited the highest efficiency of amylolytic and cellulolytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Nowak
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kutyła
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Kaczmarek
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jolanta Jaroszuk-Ściseł
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jędryczka
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Masuda Y, Nakayama Y, Shimizu R, Naito K, Miyamoto E, Tanaka A, Konishi M. Maitake α-glucan promotes differentiation of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells into M1 macrophages. Life Sci 2023; 317:121453. [PMID: 36709912 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are major components of the tumor microenvironment and systemically accumulate in tumor-bearing hosts and patients with cancer, facilitating cancer progression. Maitake macromolecular α-glucan YM-2A, isolated from Grifola frondosa, inhibits tumor growth by enhancing immune responses. The present study investigated the effects of YM-2A on the immunosuppressive potential of MDSCs. MAIN METHODS YM-2A was orally administered to CT26 tumor-bearing mice, and the number of immune cells in the spleen and tumor was measured. Splenic MDSCs isolated from the CT26 tumor-bearing mice were treated with YM-2A and co-cultured with T cells to measure their inhibitory effect on T cell proliferation. For adoptive transfer of monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs), YM-2A-treated M-MDSCs mixed with CT26 cells were implanted subcutaneously in the mice to measure the tumor growth rate. KEY FINDINGS YM-2A selectively reduced the accumulation of M-MDSCs but not that of polymorphonuclear MDSCs (PMN-MDSCs) in CT26 tumor-bearing mice. In tumor tissues, YM-2A treatment induced the polarity of immunostimulatory M1-phenotype; furthermore, it increased the infiltration of dendritic, natural killer, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. YM-2A treatment of purified M-MDSCs from CT-26 tumor-bearing mice induced dectin-1-dependent differentiation into M1 macrophages. YM-2A-treated M-MDSCs lost their inhibitory activity against proliferation and activation of CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of M-MDSCs treated with YM-2A inhibited CT26 tumor growth. SIGNIFICANCE YM-2A promotes the differentiation of M-MDSCs into immunostimulatory M1 macrophages, thereby enhancing the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Masuda
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nakayama
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryohei Shimizu
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenta Naito
- Research and Development Department, Yukiguni Maitake Co., Ltd., Niigata, Japan
| | - Eri Miyamoto
- Research and Development Department, Yukiguni Maitake Co., Ltd., Niigata, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tanaka
- Research and Development Department, Yukiguni Maitake Co., Ltd., Niigata, Japan
| | - Morichika Konishi
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The differences between the water- and alkaline-soluble Poria cocos polysaccharide: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123925. [PMID: 36871682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Poria cocos (PC) refers to a fungal species which is also known as "Fuling" in China. For >2000 years, PC has demonstrated its therapeutic values as a kind of traditional medicine. It is believed that the various biological benefits created by PCs highly rely on the Poria cocos polysaccharide (PCP). This review recapitulates the recent progress made in PCP in four aspects: i) the methods of extraction, separation, and purification, ii) structural characterization and identification, iii) the related bioactivities and mechanism of action, and iv) structure-activity relationships. Through discussion about the objective as mentioned above, it can be found out that PCP is categorized into water-soluble polysaccharide (WPCP) and alkaline-soluble polysaccharide (APCP), which are totally different in structure and bioactivity. The structures of WPCP are multiplicity whose backbone can be (1,6)-α-galactan and (1,3)-β-mannoglucan etc. to perform various bioactivities including anti-tumor effect, anti-depressant effect, anti-Alzheimer effect, anti-atherosclerosis effect, hepatoprotection etc. The structures of APCP are much more single with backbone of (1,3)-β-D-glucan and the studies of activity concentrate on anti-tumor effect, anti-inflammatory effect and immunomodulation. Besides, the future opportunities of WPCP are primary structure identification. For APCP, scholars can focus on the conformation of polysaccharide and its relationship with activity.
Collapse
|
10
|
Boddapati S, Gummadi SN. Production and application of purified mutanase from novel Cellulosimicrobium funkei SNG1 in the in vitro biofilm degradation. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023. [PMID: 36744530 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutanase (α-1,3-glucanase) is an inducible extracellular enzyme with potential medical applications in dentistry. A novel Cellulosimicrobium funkei strain SNG1 producing mutanase enzyme using α-1,3-glucans was isolated, and the enzyme was optimized for increased productivity using the one-factor-at-a-time approach. Maximum growth and enzyme-specific activity (2.12 ± 0.4 U/mg) were attained in a production medium with pH 7.0 and 1% α-1,3-glucans as carbon source, incubated at 37°C for 30 h. The result showed a five-fold increase in activity compared to unoptimized conditions (0.40 U/mg). The enzyme was purified by gel-filtration chromatography, and recovered with a yield of 29.03% and a specific activity increase of 10.9-fold. The molecular mass of the monomeric enzyme is 137 kDa. The pH and temperature optima are 6.0 and 45°C with Km of 1.28 ± 0.11 mg for α-1,3-glucans. The enzyme activity was stimulated by adding Co2+ , Ca2+ , Cu2+ , and was entirely inhibited by Hg2+ . On 2-h incubation, the purified enzyme effectively degraded in vitro film with an 82.68% degradation rate and a saccharification yield of 30%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirisha Boddapati
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sathyanaryana N Gummadi
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Exopolysaccharides of Fungal Origin: Properties and Pharmaceutical Applications. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal exopolysaccharides (EPSs) represent an important group of bioactive compounds secreted by fungi. These biopolymers can be utilized individually or in combination with different bioactive substances for a broad range of pharmaceutical field applications, due to their various biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-diabetic, and anticoagulant effects. The paper presents an up-to-date review of the main fungal polysaccharides (pullulan, schizophyllan, scleroglucan, botryosphaeran, lentinan, grifolan, and lasiodiplodan), highlighting their structures, producing strains, and useful properties in a double position, as controlled release (rate and selectively targeting) drug carriers, but mostly as active immunomodulating and antitumor compounds in cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
12
|
Safeer A, Kleijburg F, Bahri S, Beriashvili D, Veldhuizen EJA, van Neer J, Tegelaar M, de Cock H, Wösten HAB, Baldus M. Probing Cell-Surface Interactions in Fungal Cell Walls by High-Resolution 1 H-Detected Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202616. [PMID: 36181715 PMCID: PMC10099940 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy facilitates the non-destructive characterization of structurally heterogeneous biomolecules in their native setting, for example, comprising proteins, lipids and polysaccharides. Here we demonstrate the utility of high and ultra-high field 1 H-detected fast MAS ssNMR spectroscopy, which exhibits increased sensitivity and spectral resolution, to further elucidate the atomic-level composition and structural arrangement of the cell wall of Schizophyllum commune, a mushroom-forming fungus from the Basidiomycota phylum. These advancements allowed us to reveal that Cu(II) ions and the antifungal peptide Cathelicidin-2 mainly bind to cell wall proteins at low concentrations while glucans are targeted at high metal ion concentrations. In addition, our data suggest the presence of polysaccharides containing N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) and proteins, including the hydrophobin proteins SC3, shedding more light on the molecular make-up of cells wall as well as the positioning of the polypeptide layer. Obtaining such information may be of critical relevance for future research into fungi in material science and biomedical contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adil Safeer
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht (The, Netherlands
| | - Fleur Kleijburg
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht (The, Netherlands
| | - Salima Bahri
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht (The, Netherlands
| | - David Beriashvili
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht (The, Netherlands
| | - Edwin J A Veldhuizen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht (The, Netherlands
| | - Jacq van Neer
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht (The, Netherlands
| | - Martin Tegelaar
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht (The, Netherlands
| | - Hans de Cock
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht (The, Netherlands
| | - Han A B Wösten
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht (The, Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht (The, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bożek J, Tomala J, Wójcik S, Kamińska B, Brand I, Pocheć E, Szostak E. Effects of Piptoporus betulinus Ethanolic Extract on the Proliferation and Viability of Melanoma Cells and Models of Their Cell Membranes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213907. [PMID: 36430391 PMCID: PMC9692381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Piptoporus betulinus is a fungus known for its medicinal properties. It possesses antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activity. In this study, several tests were performed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the ethanolic extract of Piptoporus betulinus on two melanoma human cell lines, WM115 primary and A375 metastatic cell lines, as well as Hs27 human skin fibroblasts. The extract proved to affect cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, and at the same time showed a low cytotoxicity towards the normal cells. The total phenolic content (TPC) was determined spectrophotometrically by the Folin-Ciocalteu method (F-C), and the potential antioxidant activity was measured by ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. One of the active compounds in the extract is betulin. It was isolated and then its cytotoxic activity was compared to the results obtained from the Piptoporus betulinus extract. To further understand the mechanism of action of the extract's anticancer activity, tests on model cell membranes were conducted. A model membrane of a melanoma cell was designed and consisted of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, disialoganglioside-GD1a and cholesterol: DMPC:GD1a:chol (5:2:3 mole ratio). Changes in a Langmuir monolayer were observed and described based on Π-Amol isotherm and compressibility modulus changes. LB lipid bilayers were deposited on a hydrophilic gold substrate and analyzed by IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Our study provides new data on the effect of Piptoporus betulinus extract on melanoma cells and its impact on the model of melanoma plasma membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Bożek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Tomala
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Sylwia Wójcik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Kamińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Izabella Brand
- Department of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, 26 111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ewa Pocheć
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Elżbieta Szostak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (E.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang W, He J, Hu Y, Lu J, Zhao J, Li P. Chemical Structure and Immune Activation of a Glucan From Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii. Front Nutr 2022; 9:942241. [PMID: 35845784 PMCID: PMC9277461 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.942241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii is a traditional Chinese herb used to treat depression and coronary heart disease. Studies on its active components mainly focus on small molecular compounds such as asarone and other essential oil components, while the large molecular active components such as polysaccharides are ignored. In this study, we aimed to study the chemical structure and immune activation of polysaccharides from Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii. In this study, a polysaccharide (RATAPW) was isolated and purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography from alkali extraction polysaccharide of Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii. The average molecular weight of RATAPW was 2.51 × 104 Da, and the total carbohydrate contents of RATAPW were 98.23 ± 0.29%. The monosaccharide composition, methylation, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis results displayed that the polysaccharide was α-1,4-glucan with short α-1,6 branches. Immunofluorescence assay and inhibitor neutralization assay indicated that RATAPW could promote the TNF-α production of RAW264.7 macrophage through the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) molecular signaling pathway. Treatment with 200 μg/ml of RATAPW enhanced a 38.77% rise in the proliferation rate of spleen lymphocytes. RATAPW also enhances ConA-induced T cells and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced B cell proliferation in a dose-dependent effect. Our study lays a foundation for the discovery of natural polysaccharide immune modulators or functional food from Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii.
Collapse
|
15
|
Structural characterization of a polysaccharide from Trametes sanguinea Lloyd with immune-enhancing activity via activation of TLR4. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:1026-1038. [PMID: 35306017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A bioactive polysaccharide (TS2-2A) with a molecular weight of 15 kDa was isolated from Trametes sanguinea Lloyd, a medicinal food homologous fungus, by water extraction-alcohol precipitation and chromatographic separation. NMR analysis of polysaccharide and MS/MS analysis of its oligosaccharide indicated that TS2-2A featured a novel straight chain with a backbone of 1,3-α-d-glucopyranose and 1,4-β-d-glucopyranose at a molar ratio of 1:4. Moreover, TS2-2A, recognized by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages to release related cytokines and contributed to immune-enhancing effects. Briefly, with remarkable immune-enhancing activity and noncytotoxicity, TS2-2A was proposed to be a potential immune enhancer for supplementing drugs or functional foods.
Collapse
|
16
|
The Effect of Edible Mushroom on Health and Their Biochemistry. Int J Microbiol 2022; 2022:8744788. [PMID: 35369040 PMCID: PMC8967584 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8744788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible mushrooms are fungi that can be seen with the naked eye and are relatively easy to gather by hand. This review article highlights the health benefit and the biochemistry of several mushroom species. Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus species. Lentinus edodes, and Volvariella species are the most acceptable varieties among the cultivated mushroom. Various biochemical methods such as methanol, ethanol, and water extract of different parts of the edible mushroom in the laboratory have been applied to determine and/or quantify the presence and effectiveness of their chemical compounds, food value, and medicinal properties. They contain varying amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, minerals, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, steroids, and lectins and vitamins, as well as lowering cholesterol levels in the body. Due to the presence of those vital nutrients, mushrooms are the best food item with high nutritional value. These compounds have a wide range of therapeutic effects and can act as immunomodulatory, anticarcinogenic, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agents. Routine consumption of edible mushrooms would give adequate protection due to the presence of all the necessary nutrients from them. Therefore, edible mushrooms are herbal antibiotics to many diseases as well as various cancers of humans.
Collapse
|
17
|
Boddapati S, Gummadi SN. A comprehensive review on mutan (a mixed linkage of α-1-3 and α-1-6 glucans) from bacterial sources. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2021; 37:208-237. [PMID: 34816783 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2021.2003072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutan is an extracellular sticky polymer having α-1-3 and α-1-6 glycosidic linkages with a large diversity in molecular weights and structures depending on the source. These compounds are reported to be highly thermostable and also have potential physiochemical and biological applications. The main aim of this review is to provide an overview of glucosyltransferases and their role in mutan synthesis. The production strategies and structural properties of bacterial mutans are discussed with a goal to improve production efficiency. The physicochemical features, chemical modifications, potential industrial applications and future prospects are also discussed. According to data, mutan and its derivatives will play a larger role in medicinal sectors and as thermoplastics in the near future.Abbreviations: ABTS: 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid; BHI: Brain heart infusion broth; 13C (HSQC) NMR: Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence NMR; CBMs: Carbohydrate binding modules; DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; FTIR: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; GC-MS: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; GPC: Gel permeation chromatography; Gtfs: Glucosyltransferases; 1H (DQF-COSY): Double-quantum filtered correlation spectroscopy; HPAEC-PAD: High-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection; HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography; HPSEC-RI: High-performance size exclusive chromatography coupled with refractive index; HPSEC-MALLS: High-performance size exclusive chromatography with multi-angle laser light scattering detection; MALDI-TOF: Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight mass spectrometry; Mw: Weight-average molecular weight; MWD: Molecular weight distribution; NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; TEM: Transmission electron microscopy; THB: Todd Hewitt Broth; TTY: Tryticase tryptose yeast extract broth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirisha Boddapati
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bjm School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Sathyanaryana N Gummadi
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bjm School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Production and characterization of insoluble α-1,3-linked glucan and soluble α-1,6-linked dextran from Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides G29. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
19
|
Ślusarczyk J, Adamska E, Czerwik-Marcinkowska J. Fungi and Algae as Sources of Medicinal and Other Biologically Active Compounds: A Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:3178. [PMID: 34579055 PMCID: PMC8464797 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species of fungi including lichenized fungi (lichens) and algae have the ability to biosynthesize biologically active compounds. They produce, among others, polysaccharides with anticancer and immunostimulatory properties: (1) Background: This paper presents the characteristics of the most important bioactive compounds produced by fungi and algae; (2) Methods: Based on the example of the selected species of mushrooms, lichens and algae, the therapeutic properties of the secondary metabolites that they produce and the possibilities of their use are presented; (3) Results: The importance of fungi, especially large-fruited mushrooms, lichens and algae, in nature and human life is discussed, in particular, with regard to their use in the pharmaceutical industry and their nutritional value; (4) Conclusions: The natural organisms, such as fungi, lichenized fungi and algae, could be used as supplementary medicine, in the form of pharmaceutical preparations and food sources. Further advanced studies are required on the pharmacological properties and bioactive compounds of these organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Ślusarczyk
- Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-420 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Edyta Adamska
- Department of Geobotany and Landscape Planning, Faculty of Biology and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fungal α-1,3-Glucan as a New Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern in the Insect Model Host Galleria mellonella. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165097. [PMID: 34443685 PMCID: PMC8399224 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by appropriate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a key step in activating the host immune response. The role of a fungal PAMP is attributed to β-1,3-glucan. The role of α-1,3-glucan, another fungal cell wall polysaccharide, in modulating the host immune response is not clear. This work investigates the potential of α-1,3-glucan as a fungal PAMP by analyzing the humoral immune response of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella to Aspergillus niger α-1,3-glucan. We demonstrated that 57-kDa and 61-kDa hemolymph proteins, identified as β-1,3-glucan recognition proteins, bound to A. niger α-1,3-glucan. Other hemolymph proteins, i.e., apolipophorin I, apolipophorin II, prophenoloxidase, phenoloxidase activating factor, arylphorin, and serine protease, were also identified among α-1,3-glucan-interacting proteins. In response to α-1,3-glucan, a 4.5-fold and 3-fold increase in the gene expression of antifungal peptides galiomicin and gallerimycin was demonstrated, respectively. The significant increase in the level of five defense peptides, including galiomicin, corresponded well with the highest antifungal activity in hemolymph. Our results indicate that A. niger α-1,3-glucan is recognized by the insect immune system, and immune response is triggered by this cell wall component. Thus, the role of a fungal PAMP for α-1,3-glucan can be postulated.
Collapse
|
21
|
Gandia A, van den Brandhof JG, Appels FVW, Jones MP. Flexible Fungal Materials: Shaping the Future. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 39:1321-1331. [PMID: 33812663 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are a revolutionary, smart, and sustainable manufacturing platform that can be used to upcycle byproducts and wastes into flexible fungal materials (FFMs) such as chitin- and β-glucan-based foams, paper, and textiles. With highly adaptable manufacturing pathways, the efficiency and properties of these materials depend on the biomass source and fermentation method. Liquid substrates provide fast, upscalable, and compact production processes but are susceptible to contamination and are limited to paper-like materials for printing, wound dressings, and membranes. Solid-state fermentation is cheaper but struggles to deliver homogeneous fungal growth and is used to produce fungal foams for packaging, insulation, textiles, and leather substitutes. The broad range of applications and uses of biological organisms in materials hallmarks fungi as forerunners in improving environmental sustainability globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Gandia
- Institut de Biologia Molecular i Cellular de Plantes (IBMCP), Consell Superior d'Investigacions Científiques (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jeroen G van den Brandhof
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Freek V W Appels
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mitchell P Jones
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Material Chemistry and Research, Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria; School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora East Campus, PO Box 71, Bundoora 3083, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Garcia-Effron G. Rezafungin-Mechanisms of Action, Susceptibility and Resistance: Similarities and Differences with the Other Echinocandins. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E262. [PMID: 33139650 PMCID: PMC7711656 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rezafungin (formerly CD101) is a new β-glucan synthase inhibitor that is chemically related with anidulafungin. It is considered the first molecule of the new generation of long-acting echinocandins. It has several advantages over the already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) echinocandins as it has better tissue penetration, better pharmacokinetic/phamacodynamic (PK/PD) pharmacometrics, and a good safety profile. It is much more stable in solution than the older echinocandins, making it more flexible in terms of dosing, storage, and manufacturing. These properties would allow rezafungin to be administered once-weekly (intravenous) and to be potentially administered topically and subcutaneously. In addition, higher dose regimens were tested with no evidence of toxic effect. This will eventually prevent (or reduce) the selection of resistant strains. Rezafungin also has several similarities with older echinocandins as they share the same in vitro behavior (very similar Minimum Inhibitory Concentration required to inhibit the growth of 50% of the isolates (MIC50) and half enzyme maximal inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50)) and spectrum, the same target, and the same mechanisms of resistance. The selection of FKS mutants occurred at similar frequency for rezafungin than for anidulafungin and caspofungin. In this review, rezafungin mechanism of action, target, mechanism of resistance, and in vitro data are described in a comparative manner with the already approved echinocandins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Garcia-Effron
- Laboratorio de Micología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Cátedra de Parasitología y Micología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, C.P. 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; or ; Tel.: +54-9342-4575209 (ext. 135)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, C.P. 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Han KI, Jung EG, Kwon HJ, Patnaik BB, Baliarsingh S, Kim WJ, Nam KW, Lee JS, Han MD, Kang SW. Gene expression analysis of inflammation-related genes in macrophages treated with α-(1 → 3, 1 → 6)-D-glucan extracted from Streptococcus mutans. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:45-53. [PMID: 33068623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a gram-positive bacterium that causes tooth decay. The exopolyssacharides, mostly glucans synthesized by the bacterium are responsible for establishing pathogenic bio-films associated with dental caries disease. The regulatory immune and inflammatory reactions implicated by the synthesized glucans are still not clearly understood. In this study, a water-soluble exopolyssacharide (WSP) was extracted from culture of Str. mutans. The structural properties of WSP, [α-(1 → 3, 1 → 6)-D-glucan] were confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Furthermore, the effects of WSP on the global gene expression of the macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells were analyzed using mRNA-seq analysis. Using Gene Ontology analysis, we compiled a total of 24,421 genes that were upregulated or downregulated by more than 5.0-fold and 0.3-fold, respectively. Most of the transcripts were grouped under immune response and inflammation-related gene categories. Among the 802 immunity-related genes analyzed, chemokine ligand 7 (Ccl7), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were upregulated after WSP exposure. In addition, among a total of 344 genes related to inflammation, Ccl7, IL-1α and IL-6 were upregulated. These results suggest that [α-(1 → 3, 1 → 6)-D-glucan] from Str. mutans produces activates macrophages and may contribute to the immune and inflammatory response to periodontal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kook-Il Han
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Gil Jung
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kwon
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- PG Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore 756 089, India; School of Biotech Sciences, Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar 751 024, India
| | - Snigdha Baliarsingh
- School of Biotech Sciences, Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar 751 024, India
| | - Wan-Jong Kim
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Kung-Woo Nam
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Sook Lee
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Deuk Han
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Won Kang
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Boddapati S, Rai R, Gummadi SN. Structural analysis and antioxidative properties of mutan (water-insoluble glucan) and carboxymethyl mutan from Streptococcus mutans. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|