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Cheng X, Yin Q, Cheng YF, Wu SH, Sun XC, Kong DY, Deng QH. Practical and regioselective halonitrooxylation of olefins to access β-halonitrates. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7131. [PMID: 39164277 PMCID: PMC11335742 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51655-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic nitrates, as effective donors of the signaling molecule nitric oxide, are widely applied in the pharmaceutical industry. However, practical and efficient methods for accessing organic nitrates are still scarce, and achieving high regiocontrol in unactivated alkene difunctionalization remains challenging. Here we present a simple and practical method for highly regioselective halonitrooxylation of unactivated alkenes. The approach utilizes TMSX (X: Cl, Br, or I) and oxybis(aryl-λ3-iodanediyl) dinitrates (OAIDN) as sources of halogen and nitrooxy groups, with 0.5 mol % FeCl3 as the catalyst. Remarkably, high regioselectivity in the halonitrooxylation of aromatic alkenes can be achieved even without any catalyst. This protocol features easy scalability and excellent functional group compatibility, providing a range of β-halonitrates (127 examples, up to 99% yield, up to >20:1 rr). Notably, 2-iodoethyl nitrate, a potent synthon derived from ethylene, reacts smoothly with a variety of functional units to incorporate the nitrooxy group into the desired molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Cheng
- The Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Quan Yin
- The Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yi-Fei Cheng
- The Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Shao-Hua Wu
- The Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xin-Chang Sun
- The Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - De-Yi Kong
- The Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Qing-Hai Deng
- The Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
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2
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Theodosis-Nobelos P, Rekka EA. The Antioxidant Potential of Vitamins and Their Implication in Metabolic Abnormalities. Nutrients 2024; 16:2740. [PMID: 39203876 PMCID: PMC11356998 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamins are micronutrients necessary for the normal function of the body. Although each vitamin has different physicochemical properties and a specific role in maintaining life, they may also possess a common characteristic, i.e., antioxidant activity. Oxidative stress can harm all the main biological structures leading to protein, DNA and lipid oxidation, with concomitant impairment of the cell. It has been established that oxidative stress is implicated in several pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity, inflammation and metabolic syndrome. In this review we investigate the influence of oxidative stress on the above conditions, examine the interrelation between oxidative stress and inflammation and point out the importance of vitamins in these processes, especially in oxidative load manipulation and metabolic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleni A. Rekka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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3
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Lavrentaki V, Kousaxidis A, Theodosis-Nobelos P, Papagiouvannis G, Koutsopoulos K, Nicolaou I. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of indazole carboxamides of N-substituted pyrrole derivatives as soybean lipoxygenase inhibitors. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10775-8. [PMID: 38145424 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we attempted to develop a novel class of compounds against lipoxygenase, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes implicated in a series of inflammatory diseases. Given the absence of appropriate human 5-lipoxygenase crystallographic data, solved soybean lipoxygenase-1 and -3 structures were used as a template to generate an accurate pharmacophore model which was further used for virtual screening purposes. Eight compounds (1-8) have been derived from the in-house library consisting of N-substituted pyrroles conjugated with 5- or 6-indazole moieties through a carboxamide linker. This study led to the discovery of hit molecule 8 bearing a naphthyl group with the IC50 value of 22 μM according to soybean lipoxygenase in vitro assay. Isosteric replacement of naphthyl ring with quinoline moieties and reduction of carbonyl carboxamide group resulted in compounds 9-12 and 13, respectively. Compound 12 demonstrated the most promising enzyme inhibition. In addition, compounds 8 and 12 were found to reduce the carrageenan-induced paw edema in vivo by 52.6 and 49.8%, respectively. In view of the encouraging outcomes concerning their notable in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities, compounds 8 and 12 could be further optimized for the discovery of novel 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors in future. A structure-based 3D pharmacophore model was used in the virtual screening of in-house library to discover novel potential 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Lavrentaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonios Kousaxidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Papagiouvannis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Frederick University, 1036, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Ioannis Nicolaou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Zhao ZJ, Sun YL, Ruan XF. Bornyl acetate: A promising agent in phytomedicine for inflammation and immune modulation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 114:154781. [PMID: 37028250 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bornyl acetate (BA), as a bicyclic monoterpene, is an active volatile component widely found in plants across the globe. BA can be used as essence and food flavor agent and is widely used in perfumes and food additives. It remains a key component in several proprietary Chinese medicines. PURPOSE This review summarized the pharmacological activity and research prospects of BA, making it the first of its kind to do so. Our aim is to provide a valuable resource for those pursuing research on BA. METHODS Databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI were used based on search formula "(bornyl acetate) NOT (review)" from 1967 to 2022. For the relevant knowledge of TCM, we quoted Chinese literature. Articles related to agriculture, industry, and economics were excluded. RESULTS BA showed rich pharmacological activities: It inhibits the NF-κB signal pathway via affecting the phosphorylation of IKB and the production of IKKs, inhibits the MAPK signal pathway via inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38, down-regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, up-regulates IL-11, reduces NO production, regulates immune response via up-regulating CD86+, decreases catecholamine secretion, and reduces tau protein phosphorylation. In addition to the pharmacological activities of BA, its toxicity and pharmacokinetics were also discussed in this paper. CONCLUSION BA has promising pharmacological properties, especially anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. It also has sedative properties and potential for use in aromatherapy. Compared to traditional NSAIDs, it has a more favorable safety profile while maintaining efficacy. BA has potential for developing novel drugs for treating various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Jun Zhao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Cardiovascular Department, Shuguang Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuan-Long Sun
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Cardiovascular Department, Shuguang Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Fen Ruan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Cardiovascular Department, Shuguang Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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5
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Haroun M, Fesatidou M, Petrou A, Tratrat C, Zagaliotis P, Gavalas A, Venugopala KN, Kochkar H, Emeka PM, Younis NS, Elmaghraby DA, Almostafa MM, Chohan MS, Vizirianakis IS, Papadimitriou-Tsantarliotou A, Geronikaki A. Identification of Novel Cyclooxygenase-1 Selective Inhibitors of Thiadiazole-Based Scaffold as Potent Anti-Inflammatory Agents with Safety Gastric and Cytotoxic Profile. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083416. [PMID: 37110650 PMCID: PMC10142904 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Major obstacles faced by the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are their gastrointestinal toxicity induced by non-selective inhibition of both cyclooxygenases (COX) 1 and 2 and their cardiotoxicity associated with a certain class of COX-2 selective inhibitors. Recent studies have demonstrated that selective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition generates compounds with no gastric damage. The aim of the current study is to develop novel anti-inflammatory agents with a better gastric profile. In our previous paper, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of 4-methylthiazole-based thiazolidinones. Thus, based on these observations, herein we report the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity, drug action, ulcerogenicity and cytotoxicity of a series of 5-adamantylthiadiazole-based thiazolidinone derivatives. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity revealed that the compounds possessed moderate to excellent anti-inflammatory activity. Four compounds 3, 4, 10 and 11 showed highest potency (62.0, 66.7, 55.8 and 60.0%, respectively), which was higher than the control drug indomethacin (47.0%). To determine their possible mode of action, the enzymatic assay was conducted against COX-1, COX-2 and LOX. The biological results demonstrated that these compounds are effective COX-1 inhibitors. Thus, the IC50 values of the three most active compounds 3, 4 and 14 as COX-1 inhibitors were 1.08, 1.12 and 9.62 μΜ, respectively, compared to ibuprofen (12.7 μΜ) and naproxen (40.10 μΜ) used as control drugs. Moreover, the ulcerogenic effect of the best compounds 3, 4 and 14 were evaluated and revealed that no gastric damage was observed. Furthermore, compounds were found to be nontoxic. A molecular modeling study provided molecular insight to rationalize the COX selectivity. In summary, we discovered a novel class of selective COX-1 inhibitors that could be effectively used as potential anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelyne Haroun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Fesatidou
- School of Pharmacy, Aristotle, University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anthi Petrou
- School of Pharmacy, Aristotle, University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christophe Tratrat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Panagiotis Zagaliotis
- School of Pharmacy, Aristotle, University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Antonis Gavalas
- School of Pharmacy, Aristotle, University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katharigatta N Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Hafedh Kochkar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Promise M Emeka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nancy S Younis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia Ahmed Elmaghraby
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mervt M Almostafa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Chohan
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ioannis S Vizirianakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 2417 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Athina Geronikaki
- School of Pharmacy, Aristotle, University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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6
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Haroun M, Petrou A, Tratrat C, Kolokotroni A, Fesatidou M, Zagaliotis P, Gavalas A, Venugopala KN, Sreeharsha N, Nair AB, Elsewedy HS, Geronikaki A. Discovery of 5-Methylthiazole-Thiazolidinone Conjugates as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Molecular Target Identification and In Silico Studies. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238137. [PMID: 36500230 PMCID: PMC9737349 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of previously synthesized 5-benzyliden-2-(5-methylthiazole-2-ylimino)thiazoli- din-4-one were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity on the basis of PASS predictive outcomes. The predictive compounds were found to demonstrate moderate to good anti-inflammatory activity, and some of them displayed better activity than indomethacin used as the reference drug. Structure-activity relationships revealed that the activity of compounds depends not only on the nature of the substituent but also on its position in the benzene ring. The most active compounds were selected to investigate their possible mechanism of action. COX and LOX activity were determined and found that the title compounds were active only to COX-1 enzymes with an inhibitory effect superior to the reference drug naproxen. As for LOX inhibitory activity, the derivatives failed to show remarkable LOX inhibition. Therefore, COX-1 has been identified as the main molecular target for the anti-inflammatory activity of our compounds. The docking study against COX-1 active site revealed that the residue Arg 120 was found to be responsible for activity. In summary, the 5-thiazol-based thiazolidinone derivatives have been identified as a novel class of selective COX-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelyne Haroun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (A.G.); Tel.: +966-550909890 (M.H.); +30-2310-997-616 (A.G.)
| | - Anthi Petrou
- School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christophe Tratrat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aggeliki Kolokotroni
- School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Fesatidou
- School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Zagaliotis
- School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Antonis Gavalas
- School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Nagaraja Sreeharsha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Off Sarjapura Road, Bangalore 560035, India
| | - Anroop B. Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Sadek Elsewedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Dariyah, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Athina Geronikaki
- School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (A.G.); Tel.: +966-550909890 (M.H.); +30-2310-997-616 (A.G.)
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7
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Papagiouvannis G, Theodosis-Nobelos P, Tziona P, Gavalas A, Kourounakis PN, Rekka EA. Gabapentin Antioxidant Derivatives with Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective
Potency. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180818666211210161922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aims:
The aim of this work is to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potency of
novel gabapentin derivatives, which could be proven useful as neuroprotective agents.
Background:
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders worldwide.
Due to its multi-factorial character, no effective treatment has been obtained yet. In this direction,
the multi-targeting compounds approach could be useful for the development of novel, more effective
drugs against AD. Oxidative stress and inflammation are highly involved in the progression of neurodegeneration,
while gabapentin has been investigated for the treatment of behavioral symptoms in AD.
Objective:
In this work, derivatives of cinnamic acid, Trolox, and 3,5-di-tertbutyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid
amidated with gabapentin methyl ester were designed and studied. Compounds with these structural characteristics
are expected to act in various biochemical pathways, affecting neurodegenerative processes.
Methods:
The designed compounds were synthesized with classical amidation methods, purified by flash
column chromatography, and identified spectrometrically (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR). Their purity was
determined by CHN elemental analysis. They were tested in vitro for their antioxidant and antiinflammatory
properties and for their inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase. Their in vivo antiinflammatory
activity was also tested.
Results:
Molecules that incorporated antioxidant moiety possessed inhibitory activity against rat microsomal
membrane lipid peroxidation and oxidative protein glycation, as well as radical scavenging activity.
Moreover, most of them presented moderate inhibition towards lipoxygenase (up to 51% at 100μΜ)
and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) (IC50 up to 274μΜ) activities. Finally, all synthesized compounds presented
in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, decreasing carrageenan-induced rat paw edema up to 53%, and
some of them could inhibit cyclooxygenase significantly.
Conclusion:
These results indicate that the designed compounds could be proven useful as multitargeting
molecules against AD since they affect various biochemical pathways associated with neurodegeneration.
Thus, more effective drugs can be obtained, and the possible adverse effects of drug combinations
can be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Papagiouvannis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Frederick University, Nicosia 1036, Cyprus
| | | | - Paraskevi Tziona
- Department of
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Antonios Gavalas
- Department of
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Panos N. Kourounakis
- Department of
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Eleni A. Rekka
- Department of
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
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Enhancement of the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of NSAIDs by Their Conjugation with 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl Alcohol. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072104. [PMID: 35408503 PMCID: PMC9000480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of derivatives of three nonspecific COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen is presented. These acids were connected via an amide bond with an amino acid (L-proline, L-tyrosine, and beta-alanine) used as a linker. The amino acid carboxylic group was esterified with 3,4,5 trimethoxybenzyl alcohol. The activity of the novel derivatives was examined in vivo on carrageenan-induced inflammation, and in vitro, as cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors. It was found that the new compounds were more potent anti-inflammatory agents than the parent drugs. Thus, the ibuprofen (21) and ketoprofen (16) derivatives reduced rat paw edema by 67 and 91% (the reduction by the relevant NSAIDs was 36 and 47%, respectively). They inhibited COX-2 more than the starting drugs (21 by 67%, ibuprofen 46%, 19 by 94%, ketoprofen 49%). Docking of compounds on the active sites of COX-1 and COX-2 reflects their in vitro activity. Thus, 19 adopts an unfavorable orientation for COX-1 inhibition, but it binds effectively in the binding pocket of COX-2, in agreement with the absence of activity for COX-1 and the high inhibition of COX-2. In conclusion, the performed structural modifications result in the enhancement of the anti-inflammatory activity, compared with the parent NSAIDs.
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9
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Scarim CB, Pavan FR. Recent advancement in drug development of nitro(NO 2 )-heterocyclic compounds as lead scaffolds for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:842-858. [PMID: 35106801 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused predominantly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). It was responsible for approximately 1.4 million deaths worldwide in 2019. The lack of new drugs to treat drug-resistant strains is a principal factor for the slow rise in TB infections. Our aim is to aid the development of new TB treatments by describing improvements (last decade, 2011-2021) to nitro(NO2 )-based compounds that have shown activity or pharmacological properties (e.g., anti-proliferative, anti-kinetoplastid) against Mtb. For all compounds, we have included final correlations of minimum inhibitory concentrations against Mtb (H37 Rv).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC), Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Hybrids as NO Donors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189788. [PMID: 34575950 PMCID: PMC8469192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamic acid and its derivatives have been studied for a variety of biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antihypertensive, and antibacterial. Many hybrids of cinnamic derivatives with other bioactive molecules have been synthesized and evaluated as nitric oxide (NO) donors. Since NO plays a significant role in various biological processes, including vasodilation, inflammation, and neurotransmission, NO donor groups are incorporated into the structures of already-known bioactive molecules to enhance their biological properties. In this review, we present cinnamic hybrids with NO-donating ability useful in the treatment of several diseases.
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Antioxidant Serine-(NSAID) Hybrids with Anti-Inflammatory and Hypolipidemic Potency. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134060. [PMID: 34279399 PMCID: PMC8272148 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of L-serine amides of antioxidant acids, such as Trolox, (E)-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid (phenolic derivative of cinnamic acid) and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (structurally similar to butylated hydroxytoluene), was synthesized. The hydroxy group of serine was esterified with two classical NSAIDs, ibuprofen and ketoprofen. The Trolox derivatives with ibuprofen (7) and ketoprofen (10) were the most potent inhibitors of lipid peroxidation (IC50 3.4 μΜ and 2.8 μΜ), several times more potent than the reference Trolox (IC50 25 μΜ). Most of the compounds decreased carrageenan-induced rat paw edema (37–67% at 150 μmol/kg). They were moderate inhibitors of soybean lipoxygenase, with the exception of ibuprofen derivative 8 (IC50 13 μΜ). The most active anti-inflammatory compounds exhibited a significant decrease in lipidemic indices in the plasma of Triton-induced hyperlipidemic rats, e.g., the most active compound 9 decreased triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 52%, 61% and 70%, respectively, at 150 μmol/kg (i.p.), similar to that of simvastatin, a well-known hypocholesterolemic drug. Since the designed compounds seem to exhibit multiple pharmacological actions, they may be of use for the development of agents against inflammatory and degenerative conditions.
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