1
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Hemauer F, Steinrück HP, Papp C. The Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane Pair as Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage System: Surface Science Investigations. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300806. [PMID: 38375756 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
For the transition to renewable energy sources, novel energy storage materials are more important than ever. This review addresses so-called molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems, which appear very promising since they combine light harvesting and energy storing in one-photon one-molecule processes. The focus is on norbornadiene (NBD), a particularly interesting candidate, which is converted to the strained valence isomer quadricyclane (QC) upon irradiation. The stored energy can be released on demand. The energy-releasing cycloreversion from QC to NBD can be initiated by a thermal, catalytic, or electrochemical trigger. The reversibility of the energy storage and release cycles determines the general practicality of a MOST system. In the search for derivatives, which enable large-scale applications, fundamental surface science studies help to assess the feasibility of potential substituted NBD/QC couples. We include investigations under well-defined ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions as well as experiments in liquid phase. Next to the influence of the catalytically active surfaces on the isomerization between the two valence isomers, information on adsorption geometries, thermal stability limits, and reaction pathways of the respective molecules are discussed. Moreover, laboratory-scaled test devices demonstrate the proof of concept in various areas of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hemauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Zhou Y, Mikkelsen KV. Investigation of Solvent Effects on the Molecular Energy Storage and Optical Properties of Bicyclooctadiene/Tetracyclooctane Photoswitches. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:41-50. [PMID: 38152898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the effects of solvation on the solar energy storage properties of bicyclooctadiene/tetracyclooctane (BOD/TCO) photoswitches. The solvent effects on the thermochemical and optical properties are studied in cyclohexane, toluene, dichloromethane, ethanol, acetonitrile, and a vacuum using density functional theory and coupled cluster theory. Our results show that the energy storage capacity of the BOD/TCO system increases as the solvent polarity increases, and the change is more significant with an unsubstituted system. The energy storage capacity of the substituted system is not dependent on the polarity of the solvent. As the solvent polarity increases, the absorption peaks shift away from each other and the absorption intensities increase. Overall, the solvents improve the performance of the optical properties and the energy storage capacities of the BOD/TCO molecular solar thermal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiwei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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3
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Zika W, Leng A, Weiß R, Pintér S, Schüßlbauer CM, Clark T, Hirsch A, Guldi DM. Driving the quadricyclane-to-norbornadiene isomerization by charge separation with perylenediimide as electron acceptor. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11096-11104. [PMID: 37860652 PMCID: PMC10583742 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03679k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Through comprehensive photo-assays, this study investigates the reaction coordinate governing the interconversion between quadricyclane (QC) and norbornadiene (NBD) upon photo-irradiation up to a wavelength of 550 nm. To harness this spectroscopic range for energy release, we link the NBD-core with a highly electron-accepting perylenediimide (PDI) with broad absorption, achieving strong electronic coupling between them. We detail the successful synthesis and present extensive DFT calculations to determine the amount of stored energy. By means of transient absorption spectroscopy, an oxidative electron transfer is observed during the QC-to-NBD isomerization following the initial PDI photoexcitation. This charge-separated state is key to triggering the back-isomerization with visible light excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Zika
- Department of Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Andreas Leng
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - René Weiß
- Department of Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Simone Pintér
- Department of Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Christoph M Schüßlbauer
- Department of Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer Chemistry Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Nägelsbachstraße 25 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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4
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Hemauer F, Krappmann D, Schwaab V, Hussain Z, Freiberger EM, Waleska-Wellnhofer NJ, Franz E, Hampel F, Brummel O, Libuda J, Hirsch A, Steinrück HP, Papp C. Surface science and liquid phase investigations of oxanorbornadiene/oxaquadricyclane ester derivatives as molecular solar thermal energy storage systems on Pt(111). J Chem Phys 2023; 159:074703. [PMID: 37602805 DOI: 10.1063/5.0158124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition to renewable energy sources comes along with the search for new energy storage solutions. Molecular solar thermal systems directly harvest and store solar energy in a chemical manner. By a suitable molecular design, a higher overall efficiency can be achieved. In this study, we investigate the surface chemistry of oxa-norbornadiene/quadricyclane derivatives on a Pt(111) surface. Specifically, we focus on the energy storage and release properties of molecules that are substituted with ester moieties of different sizes. For our model catalytic approach, synchrotron radiation-based x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements were conducted in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and correlated with the catalytic behavior in the liquid phase monitored by photochemical infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy. The differences in their spectral appearance enabled us to unambiguously differentiate the energy-lean and energy-rich isomers and decomposition products. Next to qualitative information on the adsorption motifs, temperature-programmed experiments allowed for the observation of thermally induced reactions and the deduction of the related reaction pathways. We analyzed the selectivity of the cycloreversion reaction from the energy-rich quadricyclane derivative to its energy-lean norbornadiene isomer and competing processes, such as desorption and decomposition. For the 2,3-bis(methylester)-substitution, the cycloreversion reaction was found to occur between 310 and 340 K, while the thermal stability limit of the compounds was determined to be 380 K. The larger 2,3-bis(benzylester) derivatives have a lower apparent adsorption energy and a decomposition onset already at 135 K. In the liquid phase (in acetonitrile), we determined the rate constants for the cycloreversion reaction on Pt(111) to k = 5.3 × 10-4 s-1 for the 2,3-bis(methylester)-substitution and k = 6.3 × 10-4 s-1 for the 2,3-bis(benzylester) derivative. The selectivities were of >99% and 98% for the two molecules, respectively. The difference in the catalytic behavior of Pt(111) for both derivatives is less pronounced in the liquid phase than in UHV, which we attribute to the passivation of the Pt(111) surface by carbonaceous species under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hemauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Krappmann
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Valentin Schwaab
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zarah Hussain
- Lehrstuhl für Katalytische Grenzflächenforschung, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Marie Freiberger
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Natalie J Waleska-Wellnhofer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Evanie Franz
- Lehrstuhl für Katalytische Grenzflächenforschung, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Lehrstuhl für Katalytische Grenzflächenforschung, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Lehrstuhl für Katalytische Grenzflächenforschung, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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5
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Hernández F, Cox JM, Li J, Crespo-Otero R, Lopez SA. Multiconfigurational Calculations and Photodynamics Describe Norbornadiene Photochemistry. J Org Chem 2023; 88:5311-5320. [PMID: 37022327 PMCID: PMC10629221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Storing solar energy is a vital component of using renewable energy sources to meet the growing demands of the global energy economy. Molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage is a promising means to store solar energy with on-demand energy release. The light-induced isomerization reaction of norbornadiene (NBD) to quadricyclane (QC) is of great interest because of the generally high energy storage density (0.97 MJ kg-1) and long thermal reversion lifetime (t1/2,300K = 8346 years). However, the mechanistic details of the ultrafast excited-state [2 + 2]-cycloaddition are largely unknown due to the limitations of experimental techniques in resolving accurate excited-state molecular structures. We now present a full computational study on the excited-state deactivation mechanism of NBD and its dimethyl dicyano derivative (DMDCNBD) in the gas phase. Our multiconfigurational calculations and nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations have enumerated the possible pathways with 557 S2 trajectories of NBD for 500 fs and 492 S1 trajectories of DMDCNBD for 800 fs. The simulations predicted the S2 and S1 lifetimes of NBD (62 and 221 fs, respectively) and the S1 lifetime of DMDCNBD (190 fs). The predicted quantum yields of QC and DCQC are 10 and 43%, respectively. Our simulations also show the mechanisms of forming other possible reaction products and their quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico
J. Hernández
- School
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - Jordan M. Cox
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern
University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jingbai Li
- Hoffmann
Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen
Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Rachel Crespo-Otero
- School
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - Steven A. Lopez
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern
University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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6
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Hemauer F, Schwaab V, Freiberger EM, Waleska NJ, Leng A, Weiß C, Steinhauer J, Düll F, Bachmann P, Hirsch A, Steinrück HP, Papp C. Surface Studies on the Energy Release of the MOST System 2-Carbethoxy-3-Phenyl-Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane (PENBD/PEQC) on Pt(111) and Ni(111). Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203759. [PMID: 36840687 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Novel energy-storage solutions are necessary for the transition from fossil to renewable energy sources. Auspicious candidates are so-called molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems. In our study, we investigate the surface chemistry of a derivatized norbornadiene/quadricyclane molecule pair. By using suitable push-pull substituents, a bathochromic shift of the absorption onset is achieved, allowing a greater overlap with the solar spectrum. Specifically, the adsorption and thermally induced reactions of 2-carbethoxy-3-phenyl-norbornadiene/quadricyclane are assessed on Pt(111) and Ni(111) as model catalyst surfaces by synchrotron radiation-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Comparison of the respective XP spectra enables the distinction of the energy-rich molecule from its energy-lean counterpart and allows qualitative information on the adsorption motifs to be derived. Monitoring the quantitative cycloreversion between 140 and 230 K spectroscopically demonstrates the release of the stored energy to be successfully triggered on Pt(111). Heating to above 300 K leads to fragmentation of the molecular framework. On Ni(111), no conversion of the energy-rich compound takes place. The individual decomposition pathways of the two isomers begin at 160 and 180 K, respectively. Pronounced desorption of almost the entire surface coverage only occurs for the energy-lean molecule on Ni(111) above 280 K; this suggests weakly bound species. The correlation between adsorption motif and desorption behavior is important for applications of MOST systems in heterogeneously catalyzed processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hemauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Valentin Schwaab
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Marie Freiberger
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Natalie J Waleska
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Leng
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Weiß
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johann Steinhauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Düll
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Bachmann
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Hemauer F, Bauer U, Fromm L, Weiß C, Leng A, Bachmann P, Düll F, Steinhauer J, Schwaab V, Grzonka R, Hirsch A, Görling A, Steinrück HP, Papp C. Surface Chemistry of the Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage System 2,3-Dicyano-Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane on Ni(111). Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200199. [PMID: 35612821 PMCID: PMC9544604 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems are a promising approach for the introduction of sustainable energy storage solutions. We investigated the feasibility of the dicyano‐substituted norbornadiene/quadricyclane molecule pair on Ni(111) for catalytic model studies. This derivatization is known to lead to a desired bathochromic shift of the absorption maximum of the parent compound. In our experiments further favorable properties were found: At low temperatures, both molecules adsorb intact without any dissociation. In situ temperature‐programmed HR‐XPS experiments reveal the conversion of (CN)2‐quadricyclane to (CN)2‐norbornadiene under energy release between 175 and 260 K. The absence of other surface species due to side reactions indicates full isomerization. Further heating leads to the decomposition of the molecular framework into smaller carbonaceous fragments above 290 K and finally to amorphous structures, carbide and nitride above 400 K. DFT calculations gave insights into the adsorption geometries. (CN)2‐norbornadiene is expected to interact stronger with the surface, with flat configurations being favorable. (CN)2‐quadricyclane exhibits smaller adsorption energies with negligible differences for flat and side‐on geometries. Simulated XP spectra are in good agreement with experimental findings further supporting the specific spectroscopic fingerprints for both valence isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hemauer
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 3,, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Udo Bauer
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department für Chemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Lukas Fromm
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Departmentchemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Cornelius Weiß
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Andreas Leng
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Phillipp Bachmann
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangn, GERMANY
| | - Fabian Düll
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Johann Steinhauer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Valentin Schwaab
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Deaprtment Chemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Robert Grzonka
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Andreas Görling
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department Chemie und Pharamzie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Christian Papp
- Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
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8
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Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Iuel Lunøe Dünweber PG, Olsen LH, Mikkelsen KV. Prospects of Improving Molecular Solar Energy Storage of the Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane System through Bridgehead Modifications. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2670-2676. [PMID: 35467862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated novel bicyclic diene molecular solar thermal energy storage systems that presently are the ones with the highest predicted energy density. Using a variety of different ab initio quantum chemical methods, we report storage energies, absorption spectra, and reaction barriers for the release of stored energy for a series of bicyclic dienes. The bicyclic dienes are all constructed by modifying the bridgehead of the well-known norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) system. In conclusion, we find it promising that it is possible to significantly amplify the storage energy of the NBD/QC system without seriously compromising other crucial properties by introducing simple modifications to the bridgehead.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lars Henrik Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
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9
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Schulte R, Ihmels H. Borylated norbornadiene derivatives: Synthesis and application in Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:368-373. [PMID: 35422884 PMCID: PMC8978913 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The photochromic norbornadiene/quadricyclane system is among the most promising candidates for molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage. As in this context there is still the need for new tailor-made derivatives, borylated norbornadienes were synthesized that may be used as versatile building blocks. Thus, the 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptadien-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane was prepared and shown to be a suitable substrate for Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions with selected haloarenes. It was demonstrated exemplarily that the novel monosubstituted 2-(1-naphthyl)norbornadiene, that is accessible through this route, is transformed to the corresponding quadricyclane upon irradiation, whereas the back reaction can be accomplished by thermal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Schulte
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, and Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ); Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Heiko Ihmels
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, and Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ); Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
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10
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Leistner AL, Pianowski Z. Smart photochromic materials triggered with visible light. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Leistner
- KIT: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie Institute of Organic Chemistry Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe GERMANY
| | - Zbigniew Pianowski
- Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie Fakultat fur Chemie und Biowissenschaften Institute of Organic Chemistry Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe GERMANY
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11
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Quant M, Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Ghasemi S, Erdelyi M, Wang Z, Muhammad LM, Kann N, Mikkelsen KV, Moth-Poulsen K. Synthesis, characterization and computational evaluation of bicyclooctadienes towards molecular solar thermal energy storage. Chem Sci 2022; 13:834-841. [PMID: 35173948 PMCID: PMC8768882 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05791j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular solar-thermal energy storage (MOST) systems are based on photoswitches that reversibly convert solar energy into chemical energy. In this context, bicyclooctadienes (BODs) undergo a photoinduced transformation to the corresponding higher energy tetracyclooctanes (TCOs), but the photoswitch system has not until now been evaluated for MOST application, due to the short half-life of the TCO form and limited available synthetic methods. The BOD system degrades at higher temperature via a retro-Diels-Alder reaction, which complicates the synthesis of the compounds. We here report a cross-coupling reaction strategy that enables an efficient synthesis of a series of 4 new BOD compounds. We show that the BODs were able to switch to the corresponding tetracyclooctanes (TCOs) in a reversible way and can be cycled 645 times with only 0.01% degradation. Half-lives of the TCOs were measured, and we illustrate how the half-life could be engineered from seconds to minutes by molecular structure design. A density functional theory (DFT) based modelling framework was developed to access absorption spectra, thermal half-lives, and storage energies which were calculated to be 143-153 kJ mol-1 (0.47-0.51 MJ kg-1), up to 76% higher than for the corresponding norbornadiene. The combined computational and experimental findings provide a reliable way of designing future BOD/TCO systems with tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Quant
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - Shima Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Mate Erdelyi
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University Husargatan 3 752 37 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Lidiya M Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Nina Kann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC 08193, Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 Barcelona Spain
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12
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Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Quant M, Moth-Poulsen K, Mikkelsen KV. Investigation of the Structural and Thermochemical Properties of [2.2.2]-Bicyclooctadiene Photoswitches. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10330-10339. [PMID: 34809434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c07737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches can under certain conditions be used to store solar energy in the so-called molecular solar thermal storage systems, which is an interesting technology for renewable energy solutions. The current investigations focus on the performance of seven different density functional theory (DFT) methods (B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, PBE0, M06-2X, ωB97X-D, B2PLYP, and PBE0DH) when predicting geometries and thermochemical properties of the [2.2.2]-bicyclooctadiene (BOD) photoswitch. We find that all of the investigated DFT methods provide geometries that are in good agreement with those obtained using coupled cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) calculations. The dependence on the employed basis set is not large when predicting geometries. With respect to the thermochemical properties, we find that the M06-2X, CAM-B3LYP, PBE0, and ωB97X-D functionals all predict thermochemical properties that are in good agreement with the results of the CCSD, the CCSD including perturbative triples (CCSD(T)), and the explicitly correlated CCSD-F12 and CCSD(T)-F12 models. Lastly, for energy calculations, we tested the newly developed fourth-order cluster perturbation theory singles and doubles CPS(D-4) model, which in this study provides energy differences that are of CCSD and sometimes also CCSD(T) quality at a relatively low cost. We find that the CPS(D-4) model is an excellent choice for further investigation of BOD derivatives because accurate energies can be obtained routinely using this methodology. From the results, we also note that the predicted storage energies and storage energy densities for the BOD photoswitch are very large compared to other molecular solar thermal storage systems and that these systems could be candidates for such applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Quant
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden.,The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
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13
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Ree N, Mikkelsen KV. Benchmark study on the optical and thermochemical properties of the norbornadiene-quadricyclane photoswitch. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Kafuta K, Rugen CJ, Heilmann T, Liu T, Golz C, Alcarazo M. Reactivity of 5-(Alkynyl)dibenzothiophenium Salts: Synthesis of Diynes, Vinyl Sulfones, and Phenanthrenes. European J Org Chem 2021; 2021:4038-4048. [PMID: 34588919 PMCID: PMC8453815 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of 5-(alkynyl)dibenzothiophenium salts 1 is explored in the presence of different nucleophiles, dienes, and under photochemical conditions. Reaction with lithium acetylides affords diynes in moderate yields; while depending on the substitution pattern, the reaction with sulfinates delivers either the alkyne transfer products, alkynyl sulfones, or β-(sulfonium) vinyl sulfones through addition to the C-C triple bond. Similar behavior is observed when tosylamines are used as nucleophiles. Salts of general formula 1 also react with dienes to render the corresponding Diels-Alder cycloadducts. The vinyl sulfonium salts obtained by these routes further react with nucleophiles through a Michael addition, dibenzothiophene elimination sequence. Alternatively, they also engage in photoinduced radical cyclizations to produce substituted phenanthrenes. Attempts to use this specific addition/radical cyclization sequence for the construction of the 6a,7-dehydroaporphine skeleton present in several families of alkaloids are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kafuta
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstr 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Christian J. Rugen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstr 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Tobias Heilmann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstr 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Tianshu Liu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstr 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstr 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Manuel Alcarazo
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstr 237077GöttingenGermany
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15
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Special Issue "New Studies of Conjugated Compounds". Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143220. [PMID: 32679658 PMCID: PMC7397159 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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