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Tomczyk D, Seliger P. Modification of Glassy Carbon Electrodes with Complexes of Manganese(II) with Some Phenanthroline Derivatives Immobilized in Nafion Layer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2348. [PMID: 38397021 PMCID: PMC10889230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Manganese(II) complexes with phenanthroline derivatives modified with different substituents were synthesized and incorporated into Nafion layers covering the surfaces of glassy carbon electrodes and were studied electrochemically. Formal potentials and apparent diffusion coefficients were calculated and discussed. The suitability for electrocatalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid and glycolic acid was examined. The surfaces of modified electrodes were characterized using atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Tomczyk
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland;
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2
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Lebedev VT, Kulvelis YV, Shvidchenko AV, Primachenko ON, Odinokov AS, Marinenko EA, Kuklin AI, Ivankov OI. Electrochemical Properties and Structure of Membranes from Perfluorinated Copolymers Modified with Nanodiamonds. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:850. [PMID: 37999338 PMCID: PMC10673602 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13110850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to design and research proton-conducting membranes based on Aquivion®-type material that had been modified with detonation nanodiamonds (particle size 4-5 nm, 0.25-5.0 wt. %). These nanodiamonds carried different functional groups (H, OH, COOH, F) that provided the hydrophilicity of the diamond surface with positive or negative potential, or that strengthened the hydrophobicity of the diamonds. These variations in diamond properties allowed us to find ways to improve the composite structure so as to achieve better ion conductivity. For this purpose, we prepared three series of membrane films by first casting solutions of perfluorinated Aquivion®-type copolymers with short side chains mixed with diamonds dispersed on solid substrates. Then, we removed the solvent and the membranes were structurally stabilized during thermal treatment and transformed into their final form with -SO3H ionic groups. We found that the diamonds with a hydrogen-saturated surface, with a positive charge in aqueous media, contributed to the increase in proton conductivity of membranes to a greater rate. Meanwhile, a more developed conducting diamond-copolymer interface was formed due to electrostatic attraction to the sulfonic acid groups of the copolymer than in the case of diamonds grafted with negatively charged carboxyls, similar to sulfonic groups of the copolymer. The modification of membranes with fluorinated diamonds led to a 5-fold decrease in the conductivity of the composite, even when only a fraction of diamonds of 1 wt. % were used, which was explained by the disruption in the connectivity of ion channels during the interaction of such diamonds mainly with fluorocarbon chains of the copolymer. We discussed the specifics of the mechanism of conductivity in composites with various diamonds in connection with structural data obtained in neutron scattering experiments on dry membranes, as well as ideas about the formation of cylindrical micelles with central ion channels and shells composed of hydrophobic copolymer chains. Finally, the characteristics of the network of ion channels in the composites were found depending on the type and amount of introduced diamonds, and correlations between the structure and conductivity of the membranes were established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily T. Lebedev
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
| | - Yuri V. Kulvelis
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
| | | | - Oleg N. Primachenko
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.N.P.); (E.A.M.)
| | - Alexei S. Odinokov
- Russian Research Center of Applied Chemistry, 193232 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Elena A. Marinenko
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.N.P.); (E.A.M.)
| | - Alexander I. Kuklin
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia; (A.I.K.); (O.I.I.)
| | - Oleksandr I. Ivankov
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia; (A.I.K.); (O.I.I.)
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Perović K, Morović S, Jukić A, Košutić K. Alternative to Conventional Solutions in the Development of Membranes and Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysts for Application in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6319. [PMID: 37763596 PMCID: PMC10534479 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) represents promising technology for the generation of high-purity hydrogen using electricity generated from renewable energy sources (solar and wind). Currently, benchmark catalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions in PEMWE are highly dispersed carbon-supported Pt-based materials. In order for this technology to be used on a large scale and be market competitive, it is highly desirable to better understand its performance and reduce the production costs associated with the use of expensive noble metal cathodes. The development of non-noble metal cathodes poses a major challenge for scientists, as their electrocatalytic activity still does not exceed the performance of the benchmark carbon-supported Pt. Therefore, many published works deal with the use of platinum group materials, but in reduced quantities (below 0.5 mg cm-2). These Pd-, Ru-, and Rh-based electrodes are highly efficient in hydrogen production and have the potential for large-scale application. Nevertheless, great progress is needed in the field of water electrolysis to improve the activity and stability of the developed catalysts, especially in the context of industrial applications. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present all the process features related to the hydrogen evolution mechanism in water electrolysis, with a focus on PEMWE, and to provide an outlook on recently developed novel electrocatalysts that could be used as cathode materials in PEMWE in the future. Non-noble metal options consisting of transition metal sulfides, phosphides, and carbides, as well as alternatives with reduced noble metals content, will be presented in detail. In addition, the paper provides a brief overview of the application of PEMWE systems at the European level and related initiatives that promote green hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Perović
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.M.); (A.J.)
| | | | | | - Krešimir Košutić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.M.); (A.J.)
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Safronova EY, Lysova AA, Voropaeva DY, Yaroslavtsev AB. Approaches to the Modification of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:721. [PMID: 37623782 PMCID: PMC10456953 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13080721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Polymer ion-exchange membranes are featured in a variety of modern technologies including separation, concentration and purification of gases and liquids, chemical and electrochemical synthesis, and hydrogen power generation. In addition to transport properties, the strength, elasticity, and chemical stability of such materials are important characteristics for practical applications. Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes are characterized by an optimal combination of these properties. Today, one of the most well-known practical applications of PFSA membranes is the development of fuel cells. Some disadvantages of PFSA membranes, such as low conductivity at low humidity and high temperature limit their application. The approaches to optimization of properties are modification of commercial PFSA membranes and polymers by incorporation of different additive or pretreatment. This review summarizes the approaches to their modification, which will allow the creation of materials with a different set of functional properties, differing in ion transport (first of all proton conductivity) and selectivity, based on commercially available samples. These approaches include the use of different treatment techniques as well as the creation of hybrid materials containing dopant nanoparticles. Modification of the intrapore space of the membrane was shown to be a way of targeting the key functional properties of the membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Yu. Safronova
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Avenue, 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.L.); (D.Y.V.); (A.B.Y.)
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Gui W, Guo H, Chen X, Wang J, Guo Y, Zhang H, Zhou X, Zhao Y, Dai J. Emerging polyfluorinated compound Nafion by-product 2 disturbs intestinal homeostasis in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114368. [PMID: 36508837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nafion by-product 2 (Nafion BP2), an emerging fluorinated sulfonic acid commonly used in polymer electrolyte membrane technologies, has been detected in various environmental and human matrices. To date, however, few studies have explored its toxicity. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to Nafion BP2 at concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, and 160 mg/L from fertilization to 120 post-fertilization (hpf), and multiple developmental parameters (survival rate, hatching rate, and malformation rate) were then determined. Results showed that Nafion BP2 exposure led to a significant decrease in survival and hatching rates and an increase in malformations. The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of Nafion BP2 for malformation at 120 hpf was 55 mg/L, which is higher than the globally important contaminant perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, 6 mg/L). Furthermore, exposure to Nafion BP2 resulted in additional types of malformations compared to PFOS exposure. Pathologically, Nafion BP2 caused abnormal early foregut development, with exfoliation of intestinal mucosa, damage to lamina propria, and aberrant proliferation of lamina propria cells. Nitric oxide content also decreased markedly. In addition, embryos showed an inflammatory response following Nafion BP2 exposure, with significantly increased levels of pro-inflammatory factors C4 and IL-6. Acidic mucin in the hindgut increased more than two-fold. 16 S rRNA sequencing revealed a marked increase in the pathogen Pseudomonas otitidis. Furthermore, pathways involved in intestinal protein digestion and absorption, inflammatory response, and immune response were significantly altered. Our findings suggest that the intestine is a crucial toxicity target of Nafion BP2 in zebrafish, thus highlighting the need to evaluate its health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Gui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanbin Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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6
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Mahmoud A, Saied MA, Naser A, Fahmy A. Synthesis and Characterization of Nylon 6,6-Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Polyelectrolytic Membrane. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-07537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis work presents the preparation and investigation of blended nylon (N)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based polyelectrolytic membranes that are modified with different concentrations of sulfuric acid (SA), chlorosulfonic acid (CSA), and sulfonated activated carbon (SAC) as a filler. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs illustrated good membrane homogeneity, and no cracks or phase separation were detected. Chemical interaction between N, PVA, and other membrane components was confirmed by Raman scattering spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). In addition, the molecular structure is verified by energy depressive X-ray (EDX). Furthermore, water and methanol uptake, gel fraction, and IEC were determined as functions of varied membrane modification components. The results revealed that increasing the portion of SA, CSA and SAC led to an increase in IEC and ionic conductivity values reached 2.12 meq/g–0.076 S/cm for (N/PVA-4.0% SA-4.0% SAC), respectively, and 2.71 meq/g–0.087 S/cm for (N/PVA-4.0% CSA-4.0% SAC), respectively, while the IEC and ionic conductivity value for non-modified N/PVA membrane was 0.02 meq/g and zero, respectively. Such results enhance the potential feasibility of modified N/PVA electrolytic membranes for fuel cell (FC) applications.
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Agudelo NA, Echeverri-Cuartas CE, López BL. Composite Membranes Based on Functionalized Mesostructured Cellular Foam Particles and Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Sulfone) with Potential Application in Fuel Cells. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1075. [PMID: 36363630 PMCID: PMC9692639 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Composite polymeric membranes were designed based on sulfonated poly(ether ether sulfone) (sPEES) and mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica nanoparticles functionalized with organic compounds. Parameters such as molecular weight (MW) of the polymer, nature of the functional group of the MCF silica, and percentage of silica charge were evaluated on the final properties of the membranes. Composite membrane characterization was carried out on their water retention capacity (high MW polymer between 20-46% and for the low MW between 20-60%), ion exchange capacity (IEC) (high MW polymer between 0.02 mmol/g-0.07 mmol/g and low MW between 0.03-0.09 mmol/g) and proton conductivity (high MW polymer molecular between 15-70 mS/cm and low MW between 0.1-150 mS/cm). Finally, the membrane prepared with the low molecular weight polymer and 3% wt. of functionalized silica with sulfonic groups exhibited results similar to Nafion® 117.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Agudelo
- Grupo de Investigación e Innovación en Formulaciones Químicas/Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias Básicas, Universidad EIA, Calle 23 AA Sur Nro. 5-200, Kilómetro 2+200 Variante al Aeropuerto José María Córdova, Envigado 055428, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Claudia E. Echeverri-Cuartas
- Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería Biomédica (GIBEC)/Escuela de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad EIA, Calle 23 AA Sur Nro. 5-200, Kilómetro 2+200 Variante al Aeropuerto José María Córdova, Envigado 055428, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Betty L. López
- Grupo de Ciencia de los Materiales/Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Dirección: calle 67 No. 53-108, Medellín 050004, Antioquia, Colombia
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Rationalizing Structural Hierarchy in the Design of Fuel Cell Electrode and Electrolyte Materials Derived from Metal-Organic Frameworks. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12136659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are arguably a class of highly tuneable polymer-based materials with wide applicability. The arrangement of chemical components and the bonds they form through specific chemical bond associations are critical determining factors in their functionality. In particular, crystalline porous materials continue to inspire their development and advancement towards sustainable and renewable materials for clean energy conversion and storage. An important area of development is the application of MOFs in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and are attractive for efficient low-temperature energy conversion. The practical implementation of fuel cells, however, is faced by performance challenges. To address some of the technical issues, a more critical consideration of key problems is now driving a conceptualised approach to advance the application of PEMFCs. Central to this idea is the emerging field MOF-based systems, which are currently being adopted and proving to be a more efficient and durable means of creating electrodes and electrolytes for proton−exchange membrane fuel cells. This review proposes to discuss some of the key advancements in the modification of PEMs and electrodes, which primarily use functionally important MOFs. Further, we propose to correlate MOF-based PEMFC design and the deeper correlation with performance by comparing proton conductivities and catalytic activities for selected works.
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9
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Bush SN, Ken JS, Martin CR. The Ionic Composition and Chemistry of Nanopore-Confined Solutions. ACS NANO 2022; 16:8338-8346. [PMID: 35486898 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in understanding the properties of solutions confined within nanotubes and synthetic or biological nanopores. How the ionic content of a nanopore-confined solution differs from that of a contacting bulk salt solution is of particular importance, for example, to water desalinization, industrial electrolysis, and all living systems. This paper explores ionic content, ionic interactions, and ion-transport properties of solutions confined within the 10 nm diameter pores of a synthetic polymer membrane. The membrane has a fixed negative pore-wall and surface charge due to ionizable carbonate groups. As a result, under some conditions, the nanopore-confined solution contains only cations and no anions or salt present in a contacting solution, ideal cation permselectivity. This anion- and salt-rejecting ability varies greatly with the cation of the salt, a result that is in contradiction to the prevailing model for permselectivity in nanopores. The extant model fails because it does not account for specific chemical interactions between the cation and the carbonate groups. The nature of these ion-selective interactions is discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevie N Bush
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Jay S Ken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Charles R Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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Enhanced OH− Conductivity for Fuel Cells with Anion Exchange Membranes, Based on Modified Terpolymer Polyketone and Surface Functionalized Silica. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15051953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Several modified terpolymer polyketones (MPK) with N-substituted pyrrole moieties in the main chain and quaternized amine in the side group were synthesized for use as anion exchange membranes for fuel cells. The moieties were carried by SiO2 nanoparticles through surface functionalization (Si–N), which were added to the membranes to enhance their overall properties. On increasing the amount of modified silica from 10% to 60% wt/of MPK, there was an increase in Si–N and a corresponding threefold increase in the hydroxide conductivity of the membrane. The MPK–SiN (60%) exhibited a superior ionic conductivity of 1.05 × 10−1 S.cm−1 at 120 °C, a high mechanical stability, with a tensile strength of 46 MPa at 80 °C. In strongly alkaline conditions (1 M KOH, 216 h at 80 °C), the membranes maintained about 70% of the conductivity measured in a usual environment. Fuel cell performance at 80 °C showed a peak power density of 133 mW·cm−2, indicating that using surface-functionalized SiO2 is a simple and effective way to enhance the overall performance of anion exchange membranes in fuel cell applications.
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High Performance and Self-Humidifying of Novel Cross-Linked and Nanocomposite Proton Exchange Membranes Based on Sulfonated Polysulfone. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12050841. [PMID: 35269328 PMCID: PMC8912755 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of inorganic additive or nanoparticles into fluorine-free proton exchange membranes (PEMs) can improve proton conductivity and have considerable effects on the performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Based on the sol–gel method and in situ polycondensation, novel cross-linked PEM and nanocomposite PEMs based on a sulfonated polysulfone (SPSU) matrix were prepared by introducing graphene oxide (GO) polymeric brushes and incorporating Pt-TiO2 nanoparticles into an SPSU matrix, respectively. The results showed that the incorporation of Pt-TiO2 nanoparticles could obviously enhance self-humidifying and thermal stability. In addition, GO polymer brushes fixed on polymeric PEM by forming a cross-linked network structure could not only solve the leakage of inorganic additives during use and compatibility problem with organic polymers, but also significantly improve proton conductivity and reduce methanol permeability of the nanocomposite PEM. Proton conductivity, water uptake and methanol permeability of the nanocomposite PEM can be up to 6.93 mS cm−1, 46.58% and be as low as 1.4157 × 10−6 cm2 s−1, respectively, which represent increases of about 70%, about 22% and a decrease of about 40%, respectively, compared with that of primary SPSU. Therefore, the synergic action of the covalent cross-linking, GO polymer brush and nanoparticles can significantly and simultaneously improve the overall performance of the composite PEM.
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Basso Peressut A, Di Virgilio M, Bombino A, Latorrata S, Muurinen E, Keiski RL, Dotelli G. Investigation of Sulfonated Graphene Oxide as the Base Material for Novel Proton Exchange Membranes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051507. [PMID: 35268613 PMCID: PMC8912047 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work deals with the development of graphene oxide (GO)-based self-assembling membranes as possible innovative proton conductors to be used in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Nowadays, the most adopted electrolyte is Chemours’ Nafion; however, it reveals significant deficiencies such as strong dehydration at high temperature and low humidity, which drastically reduces its proton conductivity. The presence of oxygenated moieties in the GO framework makes it suitable for functionalization, which is required to enhance the promising, but insufficient, proton-carrying features of GO. In this study, sulfonic acid groups (–SO3H) that should favor proton transport were introduced in the membrane structure via a reaction between GO and concentrated sulfuric acid. Six acid-to-GO molar ratios were adopted in the synthesis procedure, giving rise to final products with different sulfonation degrees. All the prepared samples were characterized by means of TGA, ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, temperature-dependent XRD, SEM and EDX, which pointed out morphological and microstructural changes resulting from the functionalization stage, confirming its effectiveness. Regarding functional features, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as well as measurements of ion exchange capacity (IEC) were carried out to describe the behavior of the various samples, with pristine GO and commercial Nafion® 212 used as reference. EIS tests were performed at five different temperatures (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 °C) under high (95%) and medium (42%) relative humidity conditions. Compared to both GO and Nafion® 212, the sulfonated specimens demonstrate an increase in the number of ion-carrying groups, as proved by both IEC and EIS tests, which reveal the enhanced proton conductivity of these novel membranes. Specifically, an acid-to-GO molar ratio of 10 produces a six-fold improvement of IEC (4.23 meq g−1) with respect to pure GO (0.76 meq g−1), while a maximum eight-fold improvement (5.72 meq g−1) is achieved in SGO-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Basso Peressut
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.B.P.); (A.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Matteo Di Virgilio
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.B.P.); (A.B.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.V.); (G.D.)
| | - Antonella Bombino
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.B.P.); (A.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Saverio Latorrata
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.B.P.); (A.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Esa Muurinen
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering Research Unit, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (E.M.); (R.L.K.)
| | - Riitta L. Keiski
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering Research Unit, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (E.M.); (R.L.K.)
| | - Giovanni Dotelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.B.P.); (A.B.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.V.); (G.D.)
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Filler Influence on H2 Permeation Properties in Sulfur-CrossLinked Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Polymers Blended with Different Concentrations of Carbon Black and Silica Fillers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030592. [PMID: 35160581 PMCID: PMC8839649 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Filler effects on H2 permeation properties in sulfur-crosslinked ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) polymers blended with two kinds of carbon black (CB) and silica fillers at different contents of 20 phr–60 phr are investigated by employing volumetric analysis in the pressure exposure range of 1.2 MPa~9.0 MPa. A linear relationship is observed between the sorbed amount and pressure for H2 gas, which is indicative of Henry’s law behavior. The hydrogen solubility of EPDM composites increases linearly with increasing filler content. The magnitude of hydrogen solubility for the filled EPDM composites is dependent on the filler type. The hydrogen solubility is divided into two contributions: hydrogen absorption in the EPDM polymer and hydrogen adsorption at the filler surface. Neat EPDM reveals pressure-dependent bulk diffusion behavior. However, with increasing filler content, the diffusivity for the filled EPDM composites is found to be independent of pressure. The magnitude of filler effects on the hydrogen permeation parameter is measured in the order of high abrasion furnace CB~semireinforcing furnace CB ˃ silica, whose effect is related to the specific surface area of CB particles and interfacial structure. The correlation between the permeation parameters and filler content (or crosslink density) is discussed.
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Wang Y, Liu L, Liu Y, Li N, Hu Z, Chen S. Double-filler composite sulfonated poly(aryl ether ketone) membranes with graphite carbon nitride and graphene oxide as polyelectrolyte for fuel cells. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Gatto I, Saccà A, Sebastián D, Baglio V, Aricò AS, Oldani C, Merlo L, Carbone A. Influence of Ionomer Content in the Catalytic Layer of MEAs Based on Aquivion ® Ionomer. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213832. [PMID: 34771388 PMCID: PMC8587568 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) polymers such as Nafion® are widely used for both electrolyte membranes and ionomers in the catalytic layer of membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) because of their high protonic conductivity, σH, as well as chemical and thermal stability. The use of PFSA polymers with shorter side chains and lower equivalent weight (EW) than Nafion®, such as Aquivion® PFSA ionomers, is a valid approach to improve fuel cell performance and stability under drastic operative conditions such as those related to automotive applications. In this context, it is necessary to optimize the composition of the catalytic ink, according to the different ionomer characteristics. In this work, the influence of the ionomer amount in the catalytic layer was studied, considering the dispersing agent used to prepare the electrode (water or ethanol). Electrochemical studies were carried out in a single cell in the presence of H2-air, at intermediate temperatures (80-95 °C), low pressure, and reduced humidity ((50% RH). %). The best fuel cell performance was found for 26 wt.% Aquivion® at the electrodes using ethanol for the ink preparation, associated to a maximum catalyst utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Gatto
- CNR-ITAE, Institute for Advanced Energy Technologies “N. Giordano”, Via Salita S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5, 98125 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (V.B.); (A.S.A.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-090-624-231; Fax: +39-090-624-247
| | - Ada Saccà
- CNR-ITAE, Institute for Advanced Energy Technologies “N. Giordano”, Via Salita S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5, 98125 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (V.B.); (A.S.A.); (A.C.)
| | - David Sebastián
- Instituto de Carboquímica, CSIC, Miguel Luesma Castán 4, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Vincenzo Baglio
- CNR-ITAE, Institute for Advanced Energy Technologies “N. Giordano”, Via Salita S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5, 98125 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (V.B.); (A.S.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonino Salvatore Aricò
- CNR-ITAE, Institute for Advanced Energy Technologies “N. Giordano”, Via Salita S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5, 98125 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (V.B.); (A.S.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Claudio Oldani
- Solvay Specialty Polymers, Viale Lombardia 20, 20021 Bollate, Italy; (C.O.); (L.M.)
| | - Luca Merlo
- Solvay Specialty Polymers, Viale Lombardia 20, 20021 Bollate, Italy; (C.O.); (L.M.)
| | - Alessandra Carbone
- CNR-ITAE, Institute for Advanced Energy Technologies “N. Giordano”, Via Salita S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5, 98125 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (V.B.); (A.S.A.); (A.C.)
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16
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López-Fernández E, Sacedón CG, Gil-Rostra J, Yubero F, González-Elipe AR, de Lucas-Consuegra A. Recent Advances in Alkaline Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis and Electrode Manufacturing. Molecules 2021; 26:6326. [PMID: 34770735 PMCID: PMC8587517 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Water electrolysis to obtain hydrogen in combination with intermittent renewable energy resources is an emerging sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Among the available electrolyzer technologies, anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) has been paid much attention because of its advantageous behavior compared to other more traditional approaches such as solid oxide electrolyzer cells, and alkaline or proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers. Recently, very promising results have been obtained in the AEMWE technology. This review paper is focused on recent advances in membrane electrode assembly components, paying particular attention to the preparation methods for catalyst coated on gas diffusion layers, which has not been previously reported in the literature for this type of electrolyzers. The most successful methodologies utilized for the preparation of catalysts, including co-precipitation, electrodeposition, sol-gel, hydrothermal, chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, ion beam sputtering, and magnetron sputtering deposition techniques, have been detailed. Besides a description of these procedures, in this review, we also present a critical appraisal of the efficiency of the water electrolysis carried out with cells fitted with electrodes prepared with these procedures. Based on this analysis, a critical comparison of cell performance is carried out, and future prospects and expected developments of the AEMWE are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester López-Fernández
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology on Surfaces and Plasma, Institute of Materials Science of Seville (CSIC-University Sevilla), Av. Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (F.Y.); (A.R.G.-E.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela 12, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain;
| | - Celia Gómez Sacedón
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela 12, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain;
| | - Jorge Gil-Rostra
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology on Surfaces and Plasma, Institute of Materials Science of Seville (CSIC-University Sevilla), Av. Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (F.Y.); (A.R.G.-E.)
| | - Francisco Yubero
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology on Surfaces and Plasma, Institute of Materials Science of Seville (CSIC-University Sevilla), Av. Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (F.Y.); (A.R.G.-E.)
| | - Agustín R. González-Elipe
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology on Surfaces and Plasma, Institute of Materials Science of Seville (CSIC-University Sevilla), Av. Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (F.Y.); (A.R.G.-E.)
| | - Antonio de Lucas-Consuegra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela 12, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain;
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17
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Bender J, Mayerhöfer B, Trinke P, Bensmann B, Hanke-Rauschenbach R, Krajinovic K, Thiele S, Kerres J. H +-Conducting Aromatic Multiblock Copolymer and Blend Membranes and Their Application in PEM Electrolysis. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203467. [PMID: 34685226 PMCID: PMC8541206 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As an alternative to common perfluorosulfonic acid-based polyelectrolytes, we present the synthesis and characterization of proton exchange membranes based on two different concepts: (i) Covalently bound multiblock-co-ionomers with a nanophase-separated structure exhibit tunable properties depending on hydrophilic and hydrophobic components’ ratios. Here, the blocks were synthesized individually via step-growth polycondensation from either partially fluorinated or sulfonated aromatic monomers. (ii) Ionically crosslinked blend membranes of partially fluorinated polybenzimidazole and pyridine side-chain-modified polysulfones combine the hydrophilic component’s high proton conductivities with high mechanical stability established by the hydrophobic components. In addition to the polymer synthesis, membrane preparation, and thorough characterization of the obtained materials, hydrogen permeability is determined using linear sweep voltammetry. Furthermore, initial in situ tests in a PEM electrolysis cell show promising cell performance, which can be increased by optimizing electrodes with regard to binders for the respective membrane material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Bender
- Institut für Chemische Verfahrenstechnik (ICVT), Universität Stuttgart, Boeblinger Str. 78, 70199 Stuttgart, Germany; (J.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Britta Mayerhöfer
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.M.); (S.T.)
| | - Patrick Trinke
- Institut für Elektrische Energiesysteme (IfES), Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany; (P.T.); (B.B.); (R.H.-R.)
| | - Boris Bensmann
- Institut für Elektrische Energiesysteme (IfES), Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany; (P.T.); (B.B.); (R.H.-R.)
| | - Richard Hanke-Rauschenbach
- Institut für Elektrische Energiesysteme (IfES), Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany; (P.T.); (B.B.); (R.H.-R.)
| | - Katica Krajinovic
- Institut für Chemische Verfahrenstechnik (ICVT), Universität Stuttgart, Boeblinger Str. 78, 70199 Stuttgart, Germany; (J.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Simon Thiele
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.M.); (S.T.)
- Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Immerwahrstr. 2a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Kerres
- Institut für Chemische Verfahrenstechnik (ICVT), Universität Stuttgart, Boeblinger Str. 78, 70199 Stuttgart, Germany; (J.B.); (K.K.)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.M.); (S.T.)
- Chemical Resource Beneficiation Faculty of Natural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
- Correspondence:
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18
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A Review of Recent Developments and Advanced Applications of High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14175440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current status, operating principles, and recent advances in high-temperature polymer electrolyte membranes (HT-PEMs), with a particular focus on the recent developments, technical challenges, and commercial prospects of the HT-PEM fuel cells. A detailed review of the most recent research activities has been covered by this work, with a major focus on the state-of-the-art concepts describing the proton conductivity and degradation mechanisms of HT-PEMs. In addition, the fuel cell performance and the lifetime of HT-PEM fuel cells as a function of operating conditions have been discussed. In addition, the review highlights the important outcomes found in the recent literature about the HT-PEM fuel cell. The main objectives of this review paper are as follows: (1) the latest development of the HT-PEMs, primarily based on polybenzimidazole membranes and (2) the latest development of the fuel cell performance and the lifetime of the HT-PEMs.
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19
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Ogura T, Suzuki K, Tanaka M, Kawakami H. Fabrication and Characterizations of Polymer Electrolyte Composite Membranes Consisted of Polymer Nanofiber Framework Bearing Connected Proton Conductive Pathways. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2021. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.34.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ogura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University
| | - Kazuto Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University
| | - Manabu Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University
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20
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Asante-Sackey D, Rathilal S, Kweinor Tetteh E, Ezugbe EO, Pillay LV. Donnan Membrane Process for the Selective Recovery and Removal of Target Metal Ions-A Mini Review. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:358. [PMID: 34068870 PMCID: PMC8153574 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11050358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-based water purification technologies contribute significantly to water settings, where it is imperative to use low-cost energy sources to make the process economically and technically competitive for large-scale applications. Donnan membrane processes (DMPs) are driven by a potential gradient across an ion exchange membrane and have an advantage over fouling in conventional pressure driven membrane technologies, which are gaining attention. DMP is a removal, recovery and recycling technology that is commonly used for separation, purification and the concentrating of metals in different water and waste streams. In this study, the principle and application of DMP for sustainable wastewater treatment and prospects of chemical remediation are reviewed and discussed. In addition, the separation of dissolved metal ions in wastewater settings without the use of pressure driven gradients or external energy supply membrane technologies is highlighted. Furthermore, DMP distinctive configurations and operational factors are explored and the prospects of integrating them into the wastewater treatment plants are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Asante-Sackey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa; (D.A.-S.); (S.R.); (E.O.E.)
| | - Sudesh Rathilal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa; (D.A.-S.); (S.R.); (E.O.E.)
| | - Emmanuel Kweinor Tetteh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa; (D.A.-S.); (S.R.); (E.O.E.)
| | - Elorm Obotey Ezugbe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa; (D.A.-S.); (S.R.); (E.O.E.)
| | - Lingham V. Pillay
- Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7600, South Africa;
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21
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Salcedo I, Colodrero RMP, Bazaga-García M, López-González M, del Río C, Xanthopoulos K, Demadis KD, Hix GB, Furasova AD, Choquesillo-Lazarte D, Olivera-Pastor P, Cabeza A. Phase Transformation Dynamics in Sulfate-Loaded Lanthanide Triphosphonates. Proton Conductivity and Application as Fillers in PEMFCs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:15279-15291. [PMID: 33764728 PMCID: PMC8610370 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phase transformation dynamics and proton conduction properties are reported for cationic layer-featured coordination polymers derived from the combination of lanthanide ions (Ln3+) with nitrilo-tris(methylenephosphonic acid) (H6NMP) in the presence of sulfate ions. Two families of materials are isolated and structurally characterized, i.e., [Ln2(H4NMP)2(H2O)4](HSO4)2·nH2O (Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Er, Yb; n = 4-5, Series I) and [Ln(H5NMP)]SO4·2H2O (Ln = Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb; Series II). Eu/Tb bimetallic solid solutions are also prepared for photoluminescence studies. Members of families I and II display high proton conductivity (10-3 and 10-2 S·cm-1 at 80 °C and 95% relative humidity) and are studied as fillers for Nafion-based composite membranes in PEMFCs, under operating conditions. Composite membranes exhibit higher power and current densities than the pristine Nafion membrane working in the range of 70-90 °C and 100% relative humidity and with similar proton conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés
R. Salcedo
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga-29071, Spain
| | - Rosario M. P. Colodrero
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga-29071, Spain
| | - Montse Bazaga-García
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga-29071, Spain
| | - M. López-González
- Instituto
de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, Madrid-28006, Spain
| | - Carmen del Río
- Instituto
de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, Madrid-28006, Spain
| | - Konstantinos Xanthopoulos
- Crystal
Engineering, Growth and Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, GR-71003, Greece
| | - Konstantinos D. Demadis
- Crystal
Engineering, Growth and Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, GR-71003, Greece
| | - Gary B. Hix
- School of
Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom
| | | | - Duane Choquesillo-Lazarte
- Laboratorio
de Estudios Cristalográficos, IACT
(CSIC-UGR), Avda. de
las Palmeras 4, 18100 Armilla, Granada , Spain
| | - Pascual Olivera-Pastor
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga-29071, Spain
| | - Aurelio Cabeza
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga-29071, Spain
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22
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Permselectivity of Cation Exchange Membranes Modified by Polyaniline. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11030227. [PMID: 33806737 PMCID: PMC8004698 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work discusses the applicability of polyaniline-modified cation exchange membranes for the separation of monovalent/divalent cations by electrodialysis. A novel method of membrane modification directly in the electrodialysis unit is used to prepare permselective membranes. Complex characterization of the membranes before and after modification allows revealing the influence of membrane matrix on the modification efficiency. The characterization of the membranes includes determination of the diffusion permeability, specific conductivity and current-voltage curves in HCl, NaCl and CaCl2 solutions, as well as transport-structural parameters of the extended three-wire model. The characterization results are used to predict the influence of the modification on membrane permselectivity. The competitive mass transfer of singly and doubly charged cations in the electrodialysis process is investigated in underlimiting and overlimiting currents. Electrodialysis desalination of a solution containing Na+/Ca2+ or H+/Ca2+ cations shows that the modification leads to an increase in membrane permselectivity to single-charged cations due to the repulsion of Ca2+ ions from the positively charged membrane surface. The permselectivity of the polyaniline-modified perfluorinated membrane to H+ in the mixture of H+/Ca2+ cations is observed in all current regimes.
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23
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Plyusnin A, He J, Elschner C, Nakamura M, Kulkova J, Spickenheuer A, Scheffler C, Lassila LVJ, Moritz N. A Polymer for Application as a Matrix Phase in a Concept of In Situ Curable Bioresorbable Bioactive Load-Bearing Continuous Fiber Reinforced Composite Fracture Fixation Plates. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051256. [PMID: 33652632 PMCID: PMC7956420 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of bioresorbable fracture fixation plates made of aliphatic polyesters have good potential due to good biocompatibility, reduced risk of stress-shielding, and eliminated need for plate removal. However, polyesters are ductile, and their handling properties are limited. We suggested an alternative, PLAMA (PolyLActide functionalized with diMethAcrylate), for the use as the matrix phase for the novel concept of the in situ curable bioresorbable load-bearing composite plate to reduce the limitations of conventional polyesters. The purpose was to obtain a preliminary understanding of the chemical and physical properties and the biological safety of PLAMA from the prospective of the novel concept. Modifications with different molecular masses (PLAMA-500 and PLAMA-1000) were synthesized. The efficiency of curing was assessed by the degree of convergence (DC). The mechanical properties were obtained by tensile test and thermomechanical analysis. The bioresorbability was investigated by immersion in simulated body fluid. The biocompatibility was studied in cell morphology and viability tests. PLAMA-500 showed better DC and mechanical properties, and slower bioresorbability than PLAMA-1000. Both did not prevent proliferation and normal morphological development of cells. We concluded that PLAMA-500 has potential for the use as the matrix material for bioresorbable load-bearing composite fracture fixation plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Plyusnin
- Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre—TCBC, Department of Biomaterials Science, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; (A.P.); (L.V.J.L.); (N.M.)
| | - Jingwei He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Cindy Elschner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., D-01005 Dresden, Germany; (C.E.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Miho Nakamura
- Medicity Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland;
| | - Julia Kulkova
- Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre—TCBC, Department of Biomaterials Science, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; (A.P.); (L.V.J.L.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-44-974-91-83
| | - Axel Spickenheuer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., D-01005 Dresden, Germany; (C.E.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Christina Scheffler
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., D-01005 Dresden, Germany; (C.E.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Lippo V. J. Lassila
- Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre—TCBC, Department of Biomaterials Science, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; (A.P.); (L.V.J.L.); (N.M.)
| | - Niko Moritz
- Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre—TCBC, Department of Biomaterials Science, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; (A.P.); (L.V.J.L.); (N.M.)
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24
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Fabrication and Electrolyte Characterizations of Nanofiber Framework-Based Polymer Composite Membranes with Continuous Proton Conductive Pathways. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11020090. [PMID: 33513962 PMCID: PMC7911994 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
For future fuel cell operations under high temperature and low- or non-humidified conditions, high-performance polymer electrolyte membranes possessing high proton conductivity at low relative humidity as well as suitable gas barrier property and sufficient membrane stability are strongly desired. In this study, novel nanofiber framework (NfF)-based composite membranes composed of phytic acid (Phy)-doped polybenzimidazole nanofibers (PBINf) and Nafion matrix electrolyte were fabricated through the compression process of the nanofibers. The NfF composite membrane prepared from the pressed Phy-PBINf showed higher proton conductivity and lower activation energy than the conventional NfF composite and recast-Nafion membranes, especially at low relative humidity. It is considered that the compression process increased the nanofiber contents in the composite membrane, resulting in the construction of the continuously formed effective proton conductive pathway consisting of the densely accumulated phosphoric acid and sulfonic acid groups at the interface of the nanofibers and the Nafion matrix. Since the NfF also improved the mechanical strength and gas barrier property through the compression process, the NfF composite polymer electrolyte membranes have the potential to be applied to future fuel cells operated under low- or non-humidified conditions.
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26
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Nofal MM, Aziz SB, Hadi JM, Abdulwahid RT, Dannoun EMA, Marif AS, Al-Zangana S, Zafar Q, Brza MA, Kadir MFZ. Synthesis of Porous Proton Ion Conducting Solid Polymer Blend Electrolytes Based on PVA: CS Polymers: Structural, Morphological and Electrochemical Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4890. [PMID: 33143345 PMCID: PMC7663494 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, porous cationic hydrogen (H+) conducting polymer blend electrolytes with an amorphous structure were prepared using a casting technique. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), chitosan (CS), and NH4SCN were used as raw materials. The peak broadening and drop in intensity of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the electrolyte systems established the growth of the amorphous phase. The porous structure is associated with the amorphous nature, which was visualized through the field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images. The enhancement of DC ionic conductivity with increasing salt content was observed up to 40 wt.% of the added salt. The dielectric and electric modulus results were helpful in understanding the ionic conductivity behavior. The transfer number measurement (TNM) technique was used to determine the ion (tion) and electron (telec) transference numbers. The high electrochemical stability up to 2.25 V was recorded using the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muaffaq M. Nofal
- Department of Mathematics and General Sciences, Prince Sultan University, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shujahadeen B. Aziz
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Regional Government, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq; (R.T.A.); (A.S.M.)
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Komar University of Science and Technology, Kurdistan Regional Government, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
| | - Jihad M. Hadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory of Science, College of Health Sciences, University of Human Development, Kurdistan Regional Government, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq;
| | - Rebar T. Abdulwahid
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Regional Government, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq; (R.T.A.); (A.S.M.)
- Department of Physics, College of Education, University of Sulaimani, Old Campus, Kurdistan Regional Government, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
| | - Elham M. A. Dannoun
- Associate Director of General Science Department, Woman Campus, Prince Sultan University, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ayub Shahab Marif
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Regional Government, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq; (R.T.A.); (A.S.M.)
| | - Shakhawan Al-Zangana
- Department of Physics, College of Education, University of Garmian, Kalar 46021, Iraq;
| | - Qayyum Zafar
- Department of Physics, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - M. A. Brza
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia;
| | - M. F. Z. Kadir
- Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
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27
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Marref M, Berenguer R, Morallón E, Meghabar R. Maghnite‐H
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Catalytic Synthesis and Characterization of Polyindenes and Oxidized Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Marref
- Polymer Chemistry laboratory Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry. University of Sciences and Technology of Oran, M. Boudiaf, B.P 1505 El M'naouar 31000 Oran Algeria
| | - Raúl Berenguer
- Instituto Universitario de Materiales Departamento Química Física, Universidad de Alicante (UA). Apartado 99. E-03080 Alicante Spain
| | - Emilia Morallón
- Instituto Universitario de Materiales Departamento Química Física, Universidad de Alicante (UA). Apartado 99. E-03080 Alicante Spain
| | - Rachid Meghabar
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, Oran1 University, A. Ben Bella, BP 1524 El M'naouar, 31000 Oran Algeria
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28
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Turanelloormana P, Sarmah S, Torris A, Bhat SD, Unni SM. Functionalized Single‐Walled Carbon Nanohorns to Reinforce Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone) Electrolyte for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parameswaran Turanelloormana
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute Madras UnitCSIR Madras Complex, Taramani Chennai 600113 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Sudeshna Sarmah
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute Madras UnitCSIR Madras Complex, Taramani Chennai 600113 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Arun Torris
- Polymer Science and Engineering DivisionCSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pashan Road Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
| | - Santoshkumar D. Bhat
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute Madras UnitCSIR Madras Complex, Taramani Chennai 600113 Tamil Nadu India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Sreekuttan M. Unni
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute Madras UnitCSIR Madras Complex, Taramani Chennai 600113 Tamil Nadu India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
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