1
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Volante S, Kloda M, Demel J, Pampaloni G, Marchetti F, Bresciani G, Taddei M. Exploring metal carbamates as precursors for the synthesis of metal-organic frameworks. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:12582-12593. [PMID: 39007199 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01618a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
In the synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), the choice of the metal precursor plays a key role because of the influence that it can exert on the crystallization kinetics. The present work explores the use of metal-carbamato complexes for the synthesis of benchmark MOFs, namely HKUST-1 and UiO-66. Cu2(O2CNEt2)4·2NHEt2 and Zr(O2CNEt2)4, prepared using straightforward CO2 fixation reactions starting from the corresponding metal chlorides and diethylamine, were employed as metal precursors for MOF formation. The synthesis conditions, including the solvent, temperature, and ligand protonation degree, were systematically investigated, revealing metal carbamates as highly reactive precursors due to their prompt release of CO2 and amine upon reaction with protic species, i.e., the polycarboxylic linkers. This property of metal carbamates allowed us to identify room temperature protocols to achieve MOFs with comparable properties to those obtained using traditional metal precursors. Subsequent optimization of the reaction conditions led to the design of a one-pot synthetic strategy for HKUST-1, starting directly from copper(II) chloride and diethylamine under a CO2 atmosphere. The MOFs were characterized using various techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction, N2 sorption analysis, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and CHN elemental analysis, and compared to reference samples prepared according to literature procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Volante
- University of Pisa, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- CIRCC, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Matouš Kloda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež-1001, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Demel
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež-1001, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- University of Pisa, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- CIRCC, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- University of Pisa, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- CIRCC, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giulio Bresciani
- University of Pisa, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- CIRCC, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Taddei
- University of Pisa, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- CIRCC, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126 Bari, Italy
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2
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Ryan A, Brookes A, Straiton AJ, Wildsmith T, Lowe JP, Molloy KC, Hill MS, Johnson AL. Heteroallene Insertions into Tin(II) Alkoxide Bonds. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:10967-10979. [PMID: 38832535 PMCID: PMC11190973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
A series of iso-carbamate complexes have been synthesized by the reaction of [SnII(OiPr)2] or [SnII(OtBu)2] with either aryl or alkyl isocyanates, ONC-R (R = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl (Mes), 2,6-diisopropylphenyl (Dipp), isopropyl (iPr), cyclohexyl (Cy) and tert-butyl (tBu)). In the case of aryl isocyanates, mono-insertion occurs to form structurally characterized complexes [Sn{κ2-N,O-R-NC(OiPr)O}(μ-OiPr)]2 (1: R = Mes, 2: R = Dipp) and [Sn{κ2-N,O-R-NC(OtBu)O}(μ-OtBu)]2 (3: R = Mes, 4: R = Dipp). The complicated solution-state chemistry of these species has been explored using 1H DOSY experiments. In contrast, reactions of tin(II) alkoxides with alkyl isocyanates result in the formation of bis-insertion products [Sn{κ2-N,O-R-NC(OiPr)O}2] (5: R = iPr, and 6: R = Cy) and [Sn{κ2-N,O-R-NC(OtBu)O}2] (7: R = iPr, 8: R = Cy), of which complexes 6-8 have also been structurally characterized. 1H NMR studies show that the reaction of tBu-NCO with either [Sn(OiPr)2] or [Sn(OtBu)2] results in a reversible mono-insertion. Variable-temperature 2D 1H-1H exchange spectroscopy (VT-2D-EXSY) was used to determine the rate of exchange between free tBu-NCO and the coordinated tBu-iso-carbamate ligand for the {OiPr} alkoxide complex, as well as the activation energy (Ea = 92.2 ± 0.8 kJ mol-1), enthalpy (ΔH‡ = 89.4 ± 0.8 kJ mol-1), and entropy (ΔS‡ = 12.6 ± 2.9 J mol-1 K-1) for the process [Sn(OiPr)2] + tBu-NCO ↔ [Sn{κ2-N,O-tBu-NC(OiPr)O}(OiPr)]. Attempts to form Sn(II) alkyl carbonates by the insertion of CO2 into either [Sn(OiPr)2] or [Sn(OtBu)2] proved unsuccessful. However, 119Sn{1H} NMR spectroscopy of the reaction of excess CO2 with [Sn(OiPr)2] reveals the presence of a new Sn(II) species, i.e., [(iPrO)Sn(O2COiPr)], VT-2D-EXSY (1H) of which confirms the reversible alkyl carbonate formation (Ea = 70.3 ± 13.0 kJ mol-1; ΔH‡ = 68.0 ± 1.3 kJ mol-1 and ΔS‡ = -8.07 ± 2.8 J mol-1 K-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan
T. Ryan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Brookes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- Center
for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University
of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Straiton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Wildsmith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- Center
for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University
of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Lowe
- Material
and Chemical Characterisation Facility (MC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran C. Molloy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S. Hill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew L. Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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3
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Phipps CA, Zirilli CD, Duff BG, Erickson JD, Karki S, Okolocha C, Mashuta MS, Buchanan RM, Grapperhaus CA. Enhancing CO 2 Capture via Metal-Ligand Cooperativity: Tuning Ligand Basicity and Zn(II) Lewis Acidity. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9992-10000. [PMID: 38742312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
A series of thiosemicarbazonato-hydrazinatopyridine zinc(II) complexes were evaluated as direct air CO2 capture agents. The complexes sequester CO2 in a methanol solution as a metal-coordinated methylcarbonate. The reaction is reversible upon sparging of solutions with an inert gas (N2 or Ar). The capture process involves metal-ligand cooperativity with the noncoordinating nitrogen of the hydrazinatopyridine functional group serving as a Brønsted-Lowry base and the zinc acting as a Lewis acid. In this study, the pendent amine of the thiosemicarbazonato group was varied to include 4-phenyl (ZnL5), 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl (ZnL6), 4-cyanophenyl (ZnL7), 4-tolyl (ZnL8), and 4-naphthyl (ZnL9). Hyperconjugation between the pendent group and the ligand core resulted in modulation of the metal ion acidity, as quantified by ligand exchange equilibrium constants (K3 = 193-511) and ligand basicity (pKa,MeOH = 11.09-11.94). Variations in electronic structure that decreased ligand basicity were more than offset by increases in Lewis acidity. The equilibrium constant (K1) for CO2 capture varied from 46300 to 73700. Overall, the value of K1 was directly related to the relative Lewis acidity of the complexes (K3). Notably, there was an overall inverse relationship between K1 and the ligand basicity. The results provide insights into ligand design to further improve CO2 capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Phipps
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Calian D Zirilli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Bailee G Duff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Jeremy D Erickson
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sanjit Karki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Chekwube Okolocha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Mark S Mashuta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Robert M Buchanan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Craig A Grapperhaus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
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4
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Chabeda D, Kelly HR, Holland PL, Batista VS. Small, Electron-Donating Substituents Give CO 2 Activation by Permethylpentalene Zirconium Amido Complexes the Upper Hand: A DFT Study of Distortion and Interaction. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3000-3006. [PMID: 36752721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
An insight into factors controlling CO2 activation is necessary to develop molecular systems that utilize CO2 as a chemical feedstock. Two permethylpentalene zirconium cyclopentadienyl (mono)amido complexes, Pn*ZrCp(NR2), were previously assessed for CO2 activation, and a strong dependence on the amido substituent was observed. The R = Me analogue reacted rapidly and quantitatively at room temperature to form the carbamato complex, while the R = Ph species was inert. Here, we investigate the origin of this reactivity difference using DFT and the distortion-interaction model to characterize steric and electronic contributions to the activation barrier. We find that the barrier for CO2 insertion with R = Me (19.1 kcal/mol) is lower than with R = Ph (36.6 kcal/mol), explaining the inertness of the Ph-substituted analogue. The distortion energy trend follows the steric bulk of the amido substituents, and the bulkier Ph-substituted complex has a consistently higher distortion energy along its potential energy surface than that of the Me-substituted complex. The interaction energy trend follows the electronics, and a more electron-donating Me-substituted complex shows a consistently lower interaction energy. The balance of these effects at the corresponding TS gives a reduced activation barrier. Small, electron-donating substituents therefore facilitate CO2 activation in these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chabeda
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - H Ray Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.,Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Patrick L Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Victor S Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.,Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
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5
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Bresciani G, Bortoluzzi M, Marchetti F, Pampaloni G. Titanium(IV) Alkoxide‐Carbamate Complexes: Synthesis and Catalytic Potential in H2O2‐Oxidation of Organic Sulfides. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bresciani
- University of Pisa Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry Via Giuseppe Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa ITALY
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice: Universita Ca' Foscari Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems ITALY
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- University of Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry ITALY
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- University of Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry ITALY
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6
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Mahata P, Sarkar S, Singha DK, Majee P, Daga P, Mondal SK. Stabilization of CO2 as Zwitterionic Carbamate within a Coordination Polymer (CP): Synthesis, Structure and Anions Sensing Behaviour of Tb-CP composite. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00711h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new gadolinium (III) based coordination polymer (CP), [Gd(3,5-pydc)1.5(CO2)0.5(H2O)4].3H2O (where 3,5-pydc =3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate) , 1, has been successfully synthesized using slow diffusion method at room temperature. Single crystal X-ray diffraction study...
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7
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Korona K, Kornowicz A, Justyniak I, Terlecki M, Błachowski A, Lewiński J. Non-redox reactivity of V( ii) and Fe( ii) formamidinates towards CO 2 resulting in the formation of novel M( ii) carbamates. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:16557-16564. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02274e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple CO2 insertions into the M–N bonds of V(ii) and Fe(ii) bis(formamidinates) led to the isolation of three novel carbamates. The CO2 insertion effectivity depended on the solvent used and the metal centre's coordination sphere geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzesimir Korona
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Kornowicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Michał Terlecki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Artur Błachowski
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warszawa, Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
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8
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Bresciani G, Busto N, Ceccherini V, Bortoluzzi M, Pampaloni G, Garcia B, Marchetti F. Screening the biological properties of transition metal carbamates reveals gold(I) and silver(I) complexes as potent cytotoxic and antimicrobial agents. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 227:111667. [PMID: 34826692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a screening study aimed to assess for the first time the air- and water-stability and the biological potential of simple metal-carbamates. These molecular metallic species are based on elements belonging to the groups 4-5, 7-9 and 11, and tin, and are easily available from inexpensive reagents. Complexes [Ag(O2CNEt2)] (13-Ag) and [Au(O2CNMe2)(PPh3)] (14-Au) resulted substantially stable in aqueous media and exhibited a potent in vitro cytotoxicity. Especially 13-Ag revealed a significant selectivity against the A549 lung adenocarcinoma and the A2780 ovarian cancer cell lines with respect to the noncancerous HEK293 cell line. Generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and mitochondrial membrane depolarization were recognized for 13-Ag and 14-Au; notwithstanding, the cell death mechanism is different in the two cases: apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase for 13-Ag; necroptosis and cell cycle arrest in S phase for 14-Au. Both 13-Ag and 14-Au are endowed with antibacterial activity, which is relatively stronger for 13-Ag towards Gram negative and for 14-Au towards Gram positive strains, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bresciani
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Natalia Busto
- University of Burgos, Department of Chemistry, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Valentina Ceccherini
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- University of Venezia "Ca' Foscari", Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Via Torino 155, I-30170 Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Begoña Garcia
- University of Burgos, Department of Chemistry, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
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9
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Bresciani G, Gemmiti M, Ciancaleoni G, Pampaloni G, Marchetti F, Crucianelli M. Niobium(V) oxido tris-carbamate as easily available and robust catalytic precursor for the selective sulfide to sulfone oxidation. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Mubarak A, Abu Ali H, Metani M. Two novel Cu (II) levofloxacin complexes with different bioactive nitrogen‐based ligands; single‐crystal X‐ray and various biological activities determinations. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asem Mubarak
- Department of Chemistry Birzeit University Birzeit Palestine
| | - Hijazi Abu Ali
- Department of Chemistry Birzeit University Birzeit Palestine
| | - Munther Metani
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry Birzeit University Birzeit Palestine
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11
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Bresciani G, Zacchini S, Famlonga L, Pampaloni G, Marchetti F. Trapping carbamates of α-Amino acids: One-Pot and catalyst-free synthesis of 5-Aryl-2-Oxazolidinonyl derivatives. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Bresciani G, Zacchini S, Marchetti F, Pampaloni G. Non-precious metal carbamates as catalysts for the aziridine/CO 2 coupling reaction under mild conditions. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:5351-5359. [PMID: 33881087 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00525a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic potential of a large series of easily available metal carbamates (based on thirteen different non-precious metal elements) was explored for the first time in the coupling reaction between 2-aryl-aziridines and carbon dioxide, working under solventless and ambient conditions and using tetraalkylammonium halides as co-catalysts. The straightforward synthesis of novel [NbCl3(O2CNEt2)2], NbCl, and [NbBr3(O2CNEt2)2], NbBr, is reported. The niobium complex NbCl, in combination with NBu4I, emerged as the best catalyst of the overall series to convert aziridines with small N-alkyl substituents into the corresponding 5-aryl-oxazolidin-2-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bresciani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy. and CIRCC, via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- CIRCC, via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126 Bari, Italy and Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy. and CIRCC, via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy. and CIRCC, via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126 Bari, Italy
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13
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Hanson DS, Wang Y, Zhou X, Washburn E, Ekmekci MB, Dennis D, Paripati A, Xiao D, Zhou M. Catalytic Urea Synthesis from Ammonium Carbamate Using a Copper(II) Complex: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5573-5589. [PMID: 33826330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of urea fertilizer is currently the largest CO2 conversion process by volume in the industry. In this process, ammonium carbamate is an intermediate en route to urea formation. We determined that the tetraammineaquacopper(II) sulfate complex, [Cu(NH3)4(OH2)]SO4, catalyzed the formation of urea from ammonium carbamate in an aqueous solution. A urea yield of up to 18 ± 6% was obtained at 120 °C after 15 h and in a high-pressure metal reactor. No significant urea formed without the catalyst. The urea product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and quantitative 1H{13C} NMR analyses. The [Cu(NH3)4(OH2)]SO4 catalyst was then recovered at the end of the reaction in a 29% recovery yield, as verified by FT-IR, PXRD, and quantitative UV-vis spectroscopy. A precipitation method using CO2 was developed to recover and reuse 66 ± 3% of Cu(II). The catalysis mechanism was investigated by the density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-31G** level with an SMD continuum solvent model. We determined that the [Cu(NH3)4]2+ complex is likely an effective catalyst structure. The study of the catalysis mechanism suggests that the coordinated carbamate with [Cu(NH3)4]2+ is likely the starting point of the catalyzed reaction, and carbamic acid can be involved as a transient intermediate that facilitates the removal of an OH group. Our work has paved the way for the rational design of catalysts for urea synthesis from the greenhouse gas CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S Hanson
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lawrence Technological University, 21000 West Ten Mile Road, Southfield, Michigan 48075, United States
| | - Yigui Wang
- Center for Integrative Materials Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Xinrui Zhou
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lawrence Technological University, 21000 West Ten Mile Road, Southfield, Michigan 48075, United States
| | - Erik Washburn
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lawrence Technological University, 21000 West Ten Mile Road, Southfield, Michigan 48075, United States
| | - Merve B Ekmekci
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lawrence Technological University, 21000 West Ten Mile Road, Southfield, Michigan 48075, United States
| | - Donovan Dennis
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lawrence Technological University, 21000 West Ten Mile Road, Southfield, Michigan 48075, United States
| | - Amay Paripati
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lawrence Technological University, 21000 West Ten Mile Road, Southfield, Michigan 48075, United States
| | - Dequan Xiao
- Center for Integrative Materials Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lawrence Technological University, 21000 West Ten Mile Road, Southfield, Michigan 48075, United States
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14
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Hamilton EA, Kilpatrick AFR, Turner ZR, Fraser DAX, Buffet JC, O'Hare D. CO 2 activation by permethylpentalene amido zirconium complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:4494-4498. [PMID: 33877169 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00770j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterisation of new permethylpentalene zirconium bis(amido) and permethylpentalene zirconium cyclopentadienyl mono(amido) complexes, and their reactivity with carbon dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Hamilton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3TA, Oxford, UK.
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15
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Bayer U, Jenner A, Riedmaier J, Maichle-Mössmer C, Anwander R. Effect of Substituents of Cerium Pyrazolates and Pyrrolates on Carbon Dioxide Activation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071957. [PMID: 33807172 PMCID: PMC8037029 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Homoleptic ceric pyrazolates (pz) Ce(RR’pz)4 (R = R’ = tBu; R = R’ = Ph; R = tBu, R’ = Me) were synthesized by the protonolysis reaction of Ce[N(SiHMe2)2]4 with the corresponding pyrazole derivative. The resulting complexes were investigated in their reactivity toward CO2, revealing a significant influence of the bulkiness of the substituents on the pyrazolato ligands. The efficiency of the CO2 insertion was found to increase in the order of tBu2pz < Ph2pz < tBuMepz < Me2pz. For comparison, the pyrrole-based ate complexes [Ce2(pyr)6(µ-pyr)2(thf)2][Li(thf)4]2 (pyr = pyrrolato) and [Ce(cbz)4(thf)2][Li(thf)4] (cbz = carbazolato) were obtained via protonolysis of the cerous ate complex Ce[N(SiHMe2)2]4Li(thf) with pyrrole and carbazole, respectively. Treatment of the pyrrolate/carbazolate complexes with CO2 seemed promising, but any reversibility could not be observed.
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CO2 Derivatives of Molecular Tin Compounds. Part 2: Carbamato, Formato, Phosphinoformato and Metallocarboxylato Complexes. INORGANICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics9030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction structures of organotin compounds bearing hemicarbonate and carbonate ligands were recently reviewed by us—“CO2 Derivatives of Molecular Tin Compounds. Part 1: Hemicarbonato and Carbonato Complexes”, Inorganics 2020, 8, 31—based on crystallographic data available from the Cambridge Structural Database. Interestingly, this first collection revealed that most of the compounds listed were isolated in the context of studies devoted to the reactivity of tin precursors towards carbon dioxide, at atmospheric pressure or under pressure, thus highlighting the suitable disposition of Sn to fix CO2. In the frame of a second part, the present review carries on to explore CO2 derivatives of molecular tin compounds by describing successively the complexes with carbamato, formato, and phosphinoformato ligands, and obtained from insertion reactions of carbon dioxide into Sn–X bonds (X = N, H, P, respectively). The last chapter is devoted to X-ray structures of transition metal/tin CO2 complexes exhibiting metallocarboxylato ligands. As in Part 1, for each tin compound reported and when described in the original study, the structural descriptions are supplemented by synthetic conditions and spectroscopic data.
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Freeman LA, Obi AD, Machost HR, Molino A, Nichols AW, Dickie DA, Wilson DJD, Machan CW, Gilliard RJ. Soluble, crystalline, and thermally stable alkali CO 2 - and carbonite (CO 2 2-) clusters supported by cyclic(alkyl)(amino) carbenes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3544-3550. [PMID: 34163627 PMCID: PMC8179443 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06851a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mono- and dianions of CO2 (i.e., CO2 - and CO2 2-) have been studied for decades as both fundamentally important oxycarbanions (anions containing only C and O atoms) and as critical species in CO2 reduction and fixation chemistry. However, CO2 anions are highly unstable and difficult to study. As such, examples of stable compounds containing these ions are extremely limited; the unadulterated alkali salts of CO2 (i.e., MCO2, M2CO2, M = alkali metal) decompose rapidly above 15 K, for example. Herein we report the chemical reduction of a cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbene (CAAC) adduct of CO2 at room temperature by alkali metals, which results in the formation of CAAC-stabilized alkali CO2 - and CO2 2- clusters. One-electron reduction of CAAC-CO2 adduct (1) with lithium, sodium or potassium metal yields stable monoanionic radicals [M(CAAC-CO2)] n (M = Li, Na, K, 2-4) analogous to the alkali CO2 - radical, and two-electron alkali metal reduction affords dianionic clusters of the general formula [M2(CAAC-CO2)] n (5-8) with reduced CO2 units which are structurally analogous to the carbonite anion CO2 2-. It is notable that crystalline clusters of these alkali-CO2 salts may also be isolated via the "one-pot" reaction of free CO2 with free CAAC followed by the addition of alkali metals - a process which does not occur in the absence of carbene. Each of the products 2-8 was investigated using a combination of experimental and theoretical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Freeman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319 Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA
| | - Akachukwu D Obi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319 Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA
| | - Haleigh R Machost
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319 Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA
| | - Andrew Molino
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Bundoora Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Asa W Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319 Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319 Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA
| | - David J D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Bundoora Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319 Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA
| | - Robert J Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319 Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA
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Bresciani G, Bortoluzzi M, Ghelarducci C, Marchetti F, Pampaloni G. Synthesis of α-alkylidene cyclic carbonates via CO 2 fixation under ambient conditions promoted by an easily available silver carbamate. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05657j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of α-alkylidene cyclic carbonates has been synthesized under mild conditions using silver carbamate Ag(O2CNEt2) in combination with PPh3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bresciani
- Università di Pisa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
- CIRCC
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- CIRCC
- I-70126 Bari
- Italy
- Ca’ Foscari Università di Venezia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi
| | - Claudia Ghelarducci
- Università di Pisa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Università di Pisa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
- CIRCC
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- Università di Pisa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
- CIRCC
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Functionalization of Silica SBA-15 with [3-(2-Aminoethylamino)Propyl] Trimethoxysilane in Supercritical CO2 Modified with Methanol or Ethanol for Carbon Capture. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13215804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The CO2 adsorption process using amine-grafted silica is a promising technology for reducing the CO2 emissions from the power and industry sectors. In this work, silica SBA-15 was functionalized using [3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl] trimethoxysilane (AEAPTS) in supercritical CO2 (scCO2) modified with 10% mol methanol or ethanol. The functionalization experiments were carried out at 323 K and 12.5 MPa, and with reaction times of 2 and 3 h. The molar fraction of AEAPTS in scCO2 plus 10% mol alcohol ranged from 0.5 × 10−3 to 1.8 × 10−3. It was found that as the molar fraction of AEAPTS increased, the amino-grafting density steadily rose, and the pore volume, surface area and pore size of the functionalized silica SBA-15 also decreased gradually. The scCO2 functionalization method was compared to the traditional toluene method. The diamine-SBA-15 prepared in the scCO2 process shows a slightly lower amine-grafting density but a higher surface area and pore volume than the ones obtained using the traditional method. Finally, the excess CO2 adsorption capacity of the materials at different temperatures and low pressure was measured. The diamine-silica SBA-15 displayed moderate excess CO2 adsorption capacities, 0.7–0.9 mmol∙g−1, but higher amine efficiency, ca. 0.4, at 298 K, due to the chemisorption of CO2. These findings show that diamine-grafted silica for post-combustion capture or direct air capture can be obtained using a media more sustainable than organic solvents.
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Bresciani G, Antico E, Ciancaleoni G, Zacchini S, Pampaloni G, Marchetti F. Bypassing the Inertness of Aziridine/CO 2 Systems to Access 5-Aryl-2-Oxazolidinones: Catalyst-Free Synthesis Under Ambient Conditions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5586-5594. [PMID: 32902136 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of sustainable synthetic routes to access valuable oxazolidinones via CO2 fixation is an active research area, and the aziridine/carbon dioxide coupling has aroused a considerable interest. This reaction features a high activation barrier and thus requires a catalytic system, and may present some other critical issues. Here, the straightforward gram-scale synthesis of a series of 5-aryl-2-oxazolidinones was developed at ambient temperature and atmospheric CO2 pressure, in the absence of any catalyst/co-catalyst. The key to this innovative procedure consists in the direct transfer of the pre-formed amine/CO2 adduct (carbamate) to common aziridine precursors (dimethylsulfonium salts), replacing the classical sequential addition of amine (intermediate isolation of aziridine) and then CO2 . The reaction mechanism was investigated by NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations applied to model cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bresciani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- CIRCC, via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuele Antico
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ciancaleoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- CIRCC, via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- CIRCC, via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- CIRCC, via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- CIRCC, via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy
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