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Niu Y, Zhang C, Sun Y, Dong L, Si Y, Yang J, Zhu P, Yang F. Symbiotic relationship between Prevotella denticola and Streptococcus mutans enhances virulence of plaque biofilms. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 151:105714. [PMID: 37141746 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore that whether interactions between Prevotella denticola and Streptococcus mutans could promote the establishment of hypervirulent biofilms on teeth surface and eventually influence the occurrence and development of caries. DESIGN Based on single-species biofilms of either P. denticola or S. mutans, and dual-species biofilms of both bacteria, we compared the virulence properties associated with cariogenicity in vitro, including carbohydrate metabolism and acid productivity, synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides, biomass and architecture of biofilms, level of enamel demineralization and expression of virulence genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism and adhesion in S. mutans. RESULTS The data demonstrated that, compared to single-species of above two taxa, dual-species produced lactate by metabolizing carbohydrates at a higher level during the observation period. Moreover, dual-species biofilms accrued more biomass and exhibited more dense microcolonies and abundant extracellular matrix. And it's noticeable that the level of enamel demineralization in dual-species biofilms was more augmented than that of single-species. In addition, the presence of P. denticola induced the expression of virulence genes gtfs and gbpB in S. mutans. CONCLUSIONS Symbiotic relationship between P. denticola and S. mutans enhances caries-associated virulence of plaque biofilms, which might provide new strategies for effective prevention and treatment of caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufen Niu
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China; School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China
| | - Yanfei Sun
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Dong
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China; School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuan Si
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China
| | - Jiazhen Yang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Pengfei Zhu
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China.
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Alkyl Gallates as Potential Antibiofilm Agents: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041751. [PMID: 36838739 PMCID: PMC9959617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms, which consist of microorganisms embedded in a polymer-rich matrix, contribute to a variety of infections and increase antimicrobial resistance. Thus, there is a constant need to develop new chemotherapeutic agents to combat biofilms. This review article focuses on the use of alkyl gallates, gallic acid and its esters (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, hexyl, octyl, and dodecyl gallate), most of which are found in plants, to inhibit biofilm formation. The studies under review reveal that alkyl gallates have the capacity to prevent biofilm development and eradicate mature biofilms through mechanisms that suppress the synthesis of the extracellular polymeric matrix, inhibit quorum-sensing signaling, and alter the microbial cell membrane. The effects are stronger the greater the length of the alkyl chain. Moreover, the alkyl gallates' preventive activity against biofilm formation occurs at doses below the minimum inhibitory concentration. More importantly, combining alkyl gallates with antimicrobials or blue-light irradiation produces a synergistic effect on the inhibition of biofilm formation that can be used to treat infections and overcome microbial resistance.
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Madiba M, Oluremi BB, Gulube Z, Oderinlo OO, Marimani M, Osamudiamen PM, Patel M. Anti-Streptococcus mutans, anti-adherence and anti-acidogenic activity of Uvaria chamae P. Beauv. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 300:115673. [PMID: 36096348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Streptococcus mutans a key pathogen, produces biofilm, acids and extracellular polysaccharides in the oral cavity; which leads to the development of dental caries. Control of these pathogenic markers can prevent dental caries. Uvaria chamae P. Beauv. is a medicinal plant traditionally used for many ailments including oral infections. Root, leaves and bark extracts has proven antibacterial activity including activity against caries causing S. mutans. However, its effect on the virulence properties of S. mutans, responsible for the development of dental caries, has not been studied. AIM OF THE STUDY This study investigated the phytochemical constituents, anti-S. mutans, anti-adherence and anti-acidogenic activity of U. chamae root extract. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extracts were prepared and phytochemical analysis was performed. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined, and MIC and sub-MIC concentrations of the best solvent were selected for their effect on the virulence factors of S. mutans. The results were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Wilcoxon Rank Sum Tests. RESULTS The dichloromethane extract, with proanthocyanidin as a major chemical constituent, produced an MIC of 0.02 mg/ml. At 6 h, exposure to 0.005, 0.01, and 0.02 mg/ml extract significantly reduced S. mutans adherence by 39, 59, and 77% respectively (p < 0.05). Uvaria chamae also significantly inhibited acid production in S. mutans at 10, 12, 14 and 16 h (p < 0.05). At ½ MIC, the plant extract caused remarkable downregulation of the virulence genes responsible for the adherence, biofilm formation, extracellular polysaccharide synthesis and acid production. CONCLUSIONS This suggests that U. chamae extract may potentially be used to inhibit the proliferation of S. mutans and silencing the expression of pathology-related genes, which will prevent the development of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Madiba
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - B B Oluremi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Z Gulube
- Department of Oral Biological Sciences, School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - O O Oderinlo
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University, Otuoke, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
| | - M Marimani
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - P M Osamudiamen
- Department of Chemical and Food Sciences, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - M Patel
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Lu Y, Lei L, Deng Y, Zhang H, Xia M, Wei X, Yang Y, Hu T. RNase III coding genes modulate the cross-kingdom biofilm of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:957879. [PMID: 36246231 PMCID: PMC9563999 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.957879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans constantly coexists with Candida albicans in plaque biofilms of early childhood caries (ECC). The progression of ECC can be influenced by the interactions between S. mutans and C. albicans through exopolysaccharides (EPS). Our previous studies have shown that rnc, the gene encoding ribonuclease III (RNase III), is implicated in the cariogenicity of S. mutans by regulating EPS metabolism. The DCR1 gene in C. albicans encodes the sole functional RNase III and is capable of producing non-coding RNAs. However, whether rnc or DCR1 can regulate the structure or cariogenic virulence of the cross-kingdom biofilm of S. mutans and C. albicans is not yet well understood. By using gene disruption or overexpression assays, this study aims to investigate the roles of rnc and DCR1 in modulating the biological characteristics of dual-species biofilms of S. mutans and C. albicans and to reveal the molecular mechanism of regulation. The morphology, biomass, EPS content, and lactic acid production of the dual-species biofilm were assessed. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and transcriptomic profiling were performed to unravel the alteration of C. albicans virulence. We found that both rnc and DCR1 could regulate the biological traits of cross-kingdom biofilms. The rnc gene prominently contributed to the formation of dual-species biofilms by positively modulating the extracellular polysaccharide synthesis, leading to increased biomass, biofilm roughness, and acid production. Changes in the microecological system probably impacted the virulence as well as polysaccharide or pyruvate metabolism pathways of C. albicans, which facilitated the assembly of a cariogenic cross-kingdom biofilm and the generation of an augmented acidic milieu. These results may provide an avenue for exploring new targets for the effective prevention and treatment of ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yalan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengying Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yingming Yang,
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Tao Hu,
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Yang Z, Li L, Chen CH, Zhang YY, Yang Y, Zhang P, Bao GH. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of 12 medicinal plant ethyl acetate extracts using LC-MS feature-based molecular networking. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2022; 33:473-489. [PMID: 35042282 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Widespread use of antibiotics has led to an increase in bacterial multiple drug resistance, thereby searching for natural antimicrobial agents from plants becomes an effective and alternative approach. In the present study, we selected six foodborne bacteria to evaluate the antibacterial activities of 12 medicinal plants ethyl acetate (EA) extracts. OBJECTIVE This study aims to search for natural antibiotic substitutes from plant extracts. The antibacterial components were further discussed through chemometric and mass spectroscopic analyses. METHODOLOGY Agar well diffusion and the microdilution methods were used to test the antibacterial activity. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were used to judge the active phytochemicals. To further characterise the potential antibacterial components, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) coupled with Pearson correlation and feature-based molecular network (FBMN) were proposed. RESULTS Most of the plant extracts possessed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi. Toona sinensis shoots and Firmiana simplex barks showed high inhibitory activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae, and Escherichia coli strains with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1.56, 0.78, and 0.39 mg/mL, respectively. Salmonella typhi was highly sensitive to Firmiana simplex barks with an inhibitory diameter up to 21.67 ± 0.95 mm, and MIC at 0.78 mg/mL. Moreover, Toona sinensis shoots and Firmiana simplex barks had the highest TPCs. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that Toona sinensis shoots, Koelreuteria paniculate seeds, and Firmiana simplex barks could be supplied as potential sources of antimicrobial agents. Furthermore, 36 potential bioactive compounds were identified mainly as polyphenols, glycosides, and terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Yang
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Hui Chen
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Guan-Hu Bao
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
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3, 5-Di-tert-butylphenol combat against Streptococcus mutans by impeding acidogenicity, acidurance and biofilm formation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:202. [PMID: 34668087 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a common pathogen present in the oral cavity and it causes dental caries for all aged groups of people, in particular, children. S. mutans have several virulence factors such as acidogenecity, aciduricity, adhesion and biofilm formation. These virulence factors are working together and lead to the development of caries in the tooth surface. The present study aimed to investigate the anticariogenic potential of 3, 5-di-tert-butylphenol (3, 5-DTBP) against S. mutans. 3, 5-DTBP biofilm inhibitory concentration (BIC) was found at 100 µg/ml concentration without any lethal effect on the growth. Moreover, 3, 5-DTBP significantly reduced water soluble and water insoluble glucans production, in concurrence with downregulation of gtfBC genes. Moreover, acidogenicity associated virulence factors such as lactate dehydrogenase and enolase enzymatic production was arrested upon 3, 5-DTBP treatment. In addition, 3, 5-DTBP greatly reduced acidtolerance ability through impedes of F1F0-ATPase. Gene expression analysis unveiled the downregulation of gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, vicRK, comDE, gbpB, smu0630 and relA upon 3, 5-DTBP treatment. The present study paves the way for exhibiting 3, 5-DTBP as a promising therapeutic agent to control S. mutans infections.
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Liu J, Wang T, Huang B, Zhuang Y, Hu Y, Fei P. Pectin modified with phenolic acids: Evaluation of their emulsification properties, antioxidation activities, and antibacterial activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 174:485-493. [PMID: 33548307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Three phenolic acids including p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, (DHBA), and gallic acid (GA) were grafted onto native pectin (Na-Pe) through enzymatic method. Ultraviolet-visible spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and 1H NMR analyses were used to explore the reaction mechanism. Results indicated that the p-hydroxyl of the phenolic acids reacted with the methoxycarbonyl of pectin through transesterification, and a covalent connection was formed. The phenolic acid contents of PHBA modified pectin (Ph-Pe), DHBA modified pectin (Dh-Pe), and GA modified pectin (Ga-Pe) were 20.18%, 18.87%, and 20.32%, respectively. After acylation with phenolic acids, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine clearance of pectin changed from 7.68% (Na-Pe) to 6.88% (Ph-Pe), 40.80% (Dh-Pe), and 90.30% (Ga-Pe), whereas its inhibition ratio of pectin increased from 3.11% (Na-Pe) to 35.02% (Ph-Pe), 66.36% (Dh-Pe), and 77.89% (Ga-Pe). Moreover, compared with Na-Pe, modified pectins exhibited better emulsification properties and stronger antibacterial activities against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingna Liu
- Key Laboratory of Characteristics Garden Plants Resource in Fujian and Taiwan, School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, PR China
| | - Tielong Wang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, PR China
| | - Bingqin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Characteristics Garden Plants Resource in Fujian and Taiwan, School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, PR China
| | - Yuanhong Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Characteristics Garden Plants Resource in Fujian and Taiwan, School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, PR China
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Characteristics Garden Plants Resource in Fujian and Taiwan, School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, PR China
| | - Peng Fei
- Key Laboratory of Characteristics Garden Plants Resource in Fujian and Taiwan, School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, PR China.
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