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Snoch W, Jarek E, Milivojevic D, Nikodinovic-Runic J, Guzik M. Physicochemical studies of novel sugar fatty acid esters based on ( R)-3-hydroxylated acids derived from bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates and their potential environmental impact. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1112053. [PMID: 36845180 PMCID: PMC9947713 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1112053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugar fatty acids esters are popular compounds widely used in both the nutritional, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries due to their amphiphilic structure and consequent ability to reduce the surface tension of solutions. Furthermore, an important aspect in the implementation of any additives and formulations is their environmental impact. The properties of the esters depend on the type of sugar used and the hydrophobic component. In this work, selected physicochemical properties of new sugar esters based on lactose, glucose and galactose and hydroxy acids derived from bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates are shown for the first time. Values for critical aggregation concentration, surface activity and pH make it possible that these esters could compete with other commercially used esters of similar chemical structure. The investigated compounds showed moderate emulsion stabilization abilities presented on the example of water-oil systems containing squalene and body oil. Their potential environmental impact appears to be low, as the esters are not toxic to Caenorhabditis elegans even at concentrations much higher than the critical aggregation concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Snoch
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis, Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Jarek
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis, Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dusan Milivojevic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Maciej Guzik
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis, Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland,*Correspondence: Maciej Guzik,
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Thiviyanathan VA, Ker PJ, Amin EPP, Tang SGH, Yee W, Jamaludin MZ. Quantifying Microalgae Growth by the Optical Detection of Glucose in the NIR Waveband. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031318. [PMID: 36770982 PMCID: PMC9921349 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have become a popular area of research over the past few decades due to their enormous benefits to various sectors, such as pharmaceuticals, biofuels, and food and feed. Nevertheless, the benefits of microalgae cannot be fully exploited without the optimization of their upstream production. The growth of microalgae is commonly measured based on the optical density of the sample. However, the presence of debris in the culture and the optical absorption of the intercellular components affect the accuracy of this measurement. As a solution, this paper introduces the direct optical detection of glucose molecules at 940-960 nm to accurately measure the growth of microalgae. In addition, this paper also discusses the effects of the presence of glucose on the absorption of free water molecules in the culture. The potential of the optical detection of glucose as a complement to the commonly used optical density measurement at 680 nm is discussed in this paper. Lastly, a few recommendations for future works are presented to further verify the credibility of glucose detection for the accurate determination of microalgae's growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pin Jern Ker
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (P.J.K.); (S.G.H.T.)
| | - Eric P. P. Amin
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shirley Gee Hoon Tang
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (P.J.K.); (S.G.H.T.)
| | - Willy Yee
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - M. Z. Jamaludin
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
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Delavault A, Zoheir AE, Muller D, Hollenbach R, Rabe KS, Ochsenreither K, Rudat J, Syldatk C. Enhanced Bioactivity of Tailor-Made Glycolipid Enriched Manuka Honey. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231912031. [PMID: 36233331 PMCID: PMC9570014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids can be synthetized in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as they possess low water content allowing a reversed lipase activity and thus enables ester formation. Based on this principle, honey can also serve as a media for glycolipid synthesis. Indeed, this supersaturated sugar solution is comparable in terms of physicochemical properties to the sugar-based DESs. Honey-based products being commercially available for therapeutic applications, it appears interesting to enhance its bioactivity. In the current work, we investigate if enriching medical grade honey with in situ enzymatically-synthetized glycolipids can improve the antimicrobial property of the mixture. The tested mixtures are composed of Manuka honey that is enriched with octanoate, decanoate, laurate, and myristate sugar esters, respectively dubbed GOH, GDH, GLH, and GMH. To characterize the bioactivity of those mixtures, first a qualitative screening using an agar well diffusion assay has been performed with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Candida bombicola, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas putida which confirmed considerably enhanced susceptibility of these micro-organisms to the different glycolipid enriched honey mixtures. Then, a designed biosensor E. coli strain that displays a stress reporter system consisting of three stress-specific inducible, red, green, and blue fluorescent proteins which respectively translate to physiological stress, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity was used. Bioactivity was, therefore, characterized, and a six-fold enhancement of the physiological stress that was caused by GOH compared to regular Manuka honey at a 1.6% (v/v) concentration was observed. An antibacterial agar well diffusion assay with E. coli was performed as well and demonstrated an improved inhibitory potential with GOH upon 20% (v/v) concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Delavault
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-721-608-467-39
| | - Ahmed E. Zoheir
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, National Research Center (NRC), Cairo 12622, Egypt
- Molecular Evolution, Institute for Biological Interfaces 1 (IBG-1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Delphine Muller
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rebecca Hollenbach
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Technikum Laubholz GmbH, Biotechnologische Konversion, 89143 Blaubeuren, Germany
| | - Kersten S. Rabe
- Molecular Evolution, Institute for Biological Interfaces 1 (IBG-1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Technikum Laubholz GmbH, Biotechnologische Konversion, 89143 Blaubeuren, Germany
| | - Jens Rudat
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Abstract
Glycolipids are a class of biodegradable biosurfactants that are non-toxic and based on renewables, making them a sustainable alternative to petrochemical surfactants. Enzymatic synthesis allows a tailor-made production of these versatile compounds using sugar and fatty acid building blocks with rationalized structures for targeted applications. Therefore, glycolipids can be comprehensively designed to outcompete conventional surfactants regarding their physicochemical properties. However, enzymatic glycolipid processes are struggling with both sugars and fatty acid solubilities in reaction media. Thus, continuous flow processes represent a powerful tool in designing efficient syntheses of sugar esters. In this study, a continuous enzymatic glycolipid production catalyzed by Novozyme 435® is presented as an unprecedented concept. A biphasic aqueous–organic system was investigated, allowing for the simultaneous solubilization of sugars and fatty acids. Owing to phase separation, the remaining non-acylated glucose was easily separated from the product stream and was refed to the reactor forming a closed-loop system. Productivity in the continuous process was higher compared to a batch one, with space–time yields of up to 1228 ± 65 µmol/L/h. A temperature of 70 °C resulted in the highest glucose-6-O-decanoate concentration in the Packed Bed Reactor (PBR). Consequently, the design of a continuous biocatalytic production is a step towards a more competitive glycolipid synthesis in the aim for industrialization.
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Delavault A, Grüninger J, Kapp D, Hollenbach R, Rudat J, Ochsenreither K, Syldatk C. Enzymatic Synthesis of Alkyl Glucosides by
β
‐Glucosidases in a 2‐in‐1 Deep Eutectic Solvent System. CHEM-ING-TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André Delavault
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) BLT 2: Technical Biology Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jens Grüninger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) BLT 2: Technical Biology Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Daniel Kapp
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) BLT 2: Technical Biology Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Rebecca Hollenbach
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) BLT 2: Technical Biology Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jens Rudat
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) BLT 2: Technical Biology Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) BLT 2: Technical Biology Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) BLT 2: Technical Biology Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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Hollenbach R, Oeppling S, Delavault A, Völp AR, Willenbacher N, Rudat J, Ochsenreither K, Syldatk C. Comparative study on interfacial and foaming properties of glycolipids in relation to the gas applied for foam generation. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34235-34244. [PMID: 35497276 PMCID: PMC9042364 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06190a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids are biosurfactants with a wide range of structural diversity. They are biodegradable, based on renewables, ecocompatible and exhibit high surface activity. Still, studies comparing glycolipids and conventional surfactants in terms of interfacial properties and foaming performance are lacking. Here, we compared interfacial and foaming properties of microbial and enzymatically synthesized glycolipids to those of the widely-used, conventional surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The enzymatically produced sorbose monodecanoate, as well as microbially produced di-rhamno-di-lipids exhibited high foam stabilizing properties, similar to those of SDS. However, sophorolipid and mono-rhamno-di-lipids did not produce metastable foams. An appropriate selection of head and tail groups depending on the application of interest is therefore necessary. Then, glycolipids can serve as an ecofriendly and efficient alternative to petroleum-based surfactants, even at substantially lower concentrations than e.g. SDS. Moreover, the influence of three foaming gases on the foaming properties of the glycolipids was evaluated. Slightly higher foam stability and lower coarsening rates were determined for sorbose monodecanoate when using nitrogen as the foaming gas instead of air. Foams generated with carbon dioxide were not metastable, no matter which surfactant was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hollenbach
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany +49 721 608 46737
| | - Sophie Oeppling
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany +49 721 608 46737
| | - André Delavault
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany +49 721 608 46737
| | - Annika R Völp
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Applied Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Applied Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany
| | - Jens Rudat
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany +49 721 608 46737
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany +49 721 608 46737
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany +49 721 608 46737
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Hollenbach R, Ochsenreither K, Syldatk C. Parameters Influencing Lipase-Catalyzed Glycolipid Synthesis by (Trans-)Esterification Reaction. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 181:53-72. [PMID: 34518911 DOI: 10.1007/10_2021_173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycolipids are biodegradable, non-toxic surfactants with a wide range of applications. Enzymatic esterification or transesterification facilitated in reaction media of low water activity is a reaction strategy for the production of tailor-made glycolipids as a high structural diversity can be achieved. Organic solvents, ionic liquids, and deep eutectic solvents have been applied as reaction media. However, several challenges need to be addressed for efficient (trans-)esterification reactions, especially for the lipophilization of polar substrates. Therefore, crucial parameters in (trans-)esterification reactions in conventional and non-conventional media are discussed and compared in this review with a special focus on glycolipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hollenbach
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Völp AR, Willenbacher N. Shear modulus and yield stress of foams: contribution of interfacial elasticity. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:3937-3944. [PMID: 33721011 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02246b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The link between interfacial elasticity of foaming solutions and the elasticity and yield stress of their aqueous foams is probed for a variety of surfactant, block-copolymer, protein, food, and particle-stabilized (Pickering) foams. We measured interfacial tension σ and interfacial elastic moduli of foaming solutions in dilation E∞ as well as in shear at concentrations suitable for foaming and compared them to the shear modulus and yield stress of corresponding foams normalized by bubbles' Sauter radius R32 and foams' gas volume fraction. The interfacial shear modulus was only measurable for the foaming solutions including proteins or nanoparticles. For these systems the foam shear modulus scaled reasonably well with . The interfacial dilational modulus was accessible for all investigated systems and the foam shear modulus as well as yield stress scaled with a generalized Laplace pressure (σ + 2E∞)/R32. But foams stabilized by nanoparticles or aggregated proteins exhibited even higher shear modulus and yield stress values not captured by the proposed scaling with the generalized Laplace pressure and also show an unexpectedly high dependence of these characteristics on the gas volume fraction. We attribute this to attractive forces between particles and/or structure formation across the lamellae that become increasingly dominant as the lamellae narrow down during foam drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika R Völp
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics: Applied Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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