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Delavault A, Opochenska O, Schönrock S, Hollenbach R, Ochsenreither K, Syldatk C. Intensification of Enzymatic Sorbityl Laurate Production in Dissolved and Neat Systems under Conventional and Microwave Heating. ACS Omega 2024; 9:17163-17173. [PMID: 38645351 PMCID: PMC11024949 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Glycolipids such as sugar alcohol esters have been demonstrated to be relevant for numerous applications across various domains of specialty. The use of organic solvents and, more recently, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to mediate lipase-supported bioconversions is gaining potential for industrial application. However, many challenges and limitations remain such as extensive time of production and relatively low productivities among others, which must be solved to strengthen such a biocatalytic process in industry. In this context, this study focuses on the intensification of sorbityl laurate production, as a model biocatalyzed reaction using Novozym 435, investigating the relevance of temperature, heating method, and solvent system. By increasing the reaction temperature from 50 to 90 °C, the space-time yield and product yield were considerably enhanced for reactions in DES and the organic solvent 2M2B, irrespective of the heating method (conventional or microwave heating). However, positive effects in 2M2B were more pronounced with conventional heating as 98% conversion yield was reached within 90 min at 90 °C, equating thus to a nearly 4-fold increase in performance yielding 118.0 ± 3.6 g/(L·h) productivity. With DES, the overall yield and space-time yield were lower with both heating methods. However, microwave heating enabled a 2-fold increase in both performance parameters when the reaction temperature was increased from 50 to 90 °C. Compared to conventional heating, a 7-fold increase in space-time yield at 50 °C and a 16-fold increase at 90 °C were achieved in DES by microwave heating. Furthermore, microwave irradiation enabled the usage of a neat, solvent-free system, representing an initial proof of concept with productivities of up to 13.3 ± 2.3 g/(L·h).
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Affiliation(s)
- André Delavault
- Technical
Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Oleksandra Opochenska
- Technical
Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Sonja Schönrock
- Technical
Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Rebecca Hollenbach
- Biotechnological
Conversion, Technikum Laubholz GmbH, Göppingen 73033, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Syldatk
- Technical
Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
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2
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Delavault A, Zoheir AE, Muller D, Hollenbach R, Rabe KS, Ochsenreither K, Rudat J, Syldatk C. Enhanced Bioactivity of Tailor-Made Glycolipid Enriched Manuka Honey. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231912031. [PMID: 36233331 PMCID: PMC9570014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids can be synthetized in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as they possess low water content allowing a reversed lipase activity and thus enables ester formation. Based on this principle, honey can also serve as a media for glycolipid synthesis. Indeed, this supersaturated sugar solution is comparable in terms of physicochemical properties to the sugar-based DESs. Honey-based products being commercially available for therapeutic applications, it appears interesting to enhance its bioactivity. In the current work, we investigate if enriching medical grade honey with in situ enzymatically-synthetized glycolipids can improve the antimicrobial property of the mixture. The tested mixtures are composed of Manuka honey that is enriched with octanoate, decanoate, laurate, and myristate sugar esters, respectively dubbed GOH, GDH, GLH, and GMH. To characterize the bioactivity of those mixtures, first a qualitative screening using an agar well diffusion assay has been performed with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Candida bombicola, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas putida which confirmed considerably enhanced susceptibility of these micro-organisms to the different glycolipid enriched honey mixtures. Then, a designed biosensor E. coli strain that displays a stress reporter system consisting of three stress-specific inducible, red, green, and blue fluorescent proteins which respectively translate to physiological stress, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity was used. Bioactivity was, therefore, characterized, and a six-fold enhancement of the physiological stress that was caused by GOH compared to regular Manuka honey at a 1.6% (v/v) concentration was observed. An antibacterial agar well diffusion assay with E. coli was performed as well and demonstrated an improved inhibitory potential with GOH upon 20% (v/v) concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Delavault
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-721-608-467-39
| | - Ahmed E. Zoheir
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, National Research Center (NRC), Cairo 12622, Egypt
- Molecular Evolution, Institute for Biological Interfaces 1 (IBG-1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Delphine Muller
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rebecca Hollenbach
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Technikum Laubholz GmbH, Biotechnologische Konversion, 89143 Blaubeuren, Germany
| | - Kersten S. Rabe
- Molecular Evolution, Institute for Biological Interfaces 1 (IBG-1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Technikum Laubholz GmbH, Biotechnologische Konversion, 89143 Blaubeuren, Germany
| | - Jens Rudat
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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3
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Hollenbach R, Delavault A, Gebhardt L, Soergel H, Muhle-Goll C, Ochsenreither K, Syldatk C. Lipase-Mediated Mechanoenzymatic Synthesis of Sugar Esters in Dissolved Unconventional and Neat Reaction Systems. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2022; 10:10192-10202. [PMID: 35966390 PMCID: PMC9364441 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c01727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical and biocatalytic approaches in modern research are two major assets to develop greener processes. In the present study, these modular tools of sustainability are pointed toward the production of versatile and daily employed compounds such as surfactants. Toward this aim, glycolipids, a class of nonionic surfactants composed of ubiquitous and primary metabolites such as sugar and fatty acid moieties, represent a promising alternative to petroleum-derived surface-active agents. Therefore, the combination of biocatalysis with mechanochemistry aiming at glycolipid synthesis seemed a logical step that was taken in this study for the first time. The monoacylated model compound glucose-6-O-decanoate was synthesized with the help of a bead mill apparatus using two different unconventional dissolved reaction systems, namely, menthol-based hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents and 2-methyl-2-butanol, thus reaching up to 12% yield in the latter based on the conversion of vinyl decanoate, after only 90 min of reaction. In addition, a neat reaction system using an excess of vinylated fatty ester as an adjuvant allowed a 27 mM/h space-time yield. The overall significant increase in productivities, up to 6 times, compared to standard heating and shaking methods, shows the tremendous potential of mechanoenzymatic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hollenbach
- Technical
Biology, Institute for Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - André Delavault
- Technical
Biology, Institute for Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Laura Gebhardt
- Technical
Biology, Institute for Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Hannah Soergel
- Institute
for Biological Interfaces 4 and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Claudia Muhle-Goll
- Institute
for Biological Interfaces 4 and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Technical
Biology, Institute for Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Technical
Biology, Institute for Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
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4
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Delavault A, Grüninger J, Kapp D, Hollenbach R, Rudat J, Ochsenreither K, Syldatk C. Enzymatic Synthesis of Alkyl Glucosides by
β
‐Glucosidases in a 2‐in‐1 Deep Eutectic Solvent System. CHEM-ING-TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André Delavault
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) BLT 2: Technical Biology Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jens Grüninger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) BLT 2: Technical Biology Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Daniel Kapp
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) BLT 2: Technical Biology Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Rebecca Hollenbach
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) BLT 2: Technical Biology Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jens Rudat
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) BLT 2: Technical Biology Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) BLT 2: Technical Biology Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) BLT 2: Technical Biology Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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Hollenbach R, Oeppling S, Delavault A, Völp AR, Willenbacher N, Rudat J, Ochsenreither K, Syldatk C. Comparative study on interfacial and foaming properties of glycolipids in relation to the gas applied for foam generation. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34235-34244. [PMID: 35497276 PMCID: PMC9042364 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06190a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids are biosurfactants with a wide range of structural diversity. They are biodegradable, based on renewables, ecocompatible and exhibit high surface activity. Still, studies comparing glycolipids and conventional surfactants in terms of interfacial properties and foaming performance are lacking. Here, we compared interfacial and foaming properties of microbial and enzymatically synthesized glycolipids to those of the widely-used, conventional surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The enzymatically produced sorbose monodecanoate, as well as microbially produced di-rhamno-di-lipids exhibited high foam stabilizing properties, similar to those of SDS. However, sophorolipid and mono-rhamno-di-lipids did not produce metastable foams. An appropriate selection of head and tail groups depending on the application of interest is therefore necessary. Then, glycolipids can serve as an ecofriendly and efficient alternative to petroleum-based surfactants, even at substantially lower concentrations than e.g. SDS. Moreover, the influence of three foaming gases on the foaming properties of the glycolipids was evaluated. Slightly higher foam stability and lower coarsening rates were determined for sorbose monodecanoate when using nitrogen as the foaming gas instead of air. Foams generated with carbon dioxide were not metastable, no matter which surfactant was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hollenbach
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany +49 721 608 46737
| | - Sophie Oeppling
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany +49 721 608 46737
| | - André Delavault
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany +49 721 608 46737
| | - Annika R Völp
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Applied Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Applied Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany
| | - Jens Rudat
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany +49 721 608 46737
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany +49 721 608 46737
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany +49 721 608 46737
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Hollenbach R, Ochsenreither K, Syldatk C. Parameters Influencing Lipase-Catalyzed Glycolipid Synthesis by (Trans-)Esterification Reaction. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 2021; 181:53-72. [PMID: 34518911 DOI: 10.1007/10_2021_173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycolipids are biodegradable, non-toxic surfactants with a wide range of applications. Enzymatic esterification or transesterification facilitated in reaction media of low water activity is a reaction strategy for the production of tailor-made glycolipids as a high structural diversity can be achieved. Organic solvents, ionic liquids, and deep eutectic solvents have been applied as reaction media. However, several challenges need to be addressed for efficient (trans-)esterification reactions, especially for the lipophilization of polar substrates. Therefore, crucial parameters in (trans-)esterification reactions in conventional and non-conventional media are discussed and compared in this review with a special focus on glycolipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hollenbach
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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7
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Karimi SM, Salunkhe SS, White KB, Little BB, McKinney WP, Mitra R, Chen Y, Adkins ER, Barclay JA, Ezekekwu E, He CX, Hurst DM, Popescu MM, Swinney DN, Johnson DA, Hollenbach R, Moyer SS, DuPré NC. Prevalence of unmasked and improperly masked behavior in indoor public areas during the COVID-19 pandemic: Analysis of a stratified random sample from Louisville, Kentucky. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248324. [PMID: 34319978 PMCID: PMC8318281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Wearing a facial mask can limit COVID-19 transmission. Measurements of communities' mask use behavior have mostly relied on self-report. This study's objective was to devise a method to measure the prevalence of improper mask use and no mask use in indoor public areas without relying on self-report. A stratified random sample of retail trade stores (public areas) in Louisville, Kentucky, USA, was selected and targeted for observation by trained surveyors during December 14-20, 2020. The stratification allowed for investigating mask use behavior by city district, retail trade group, and public area size. The total number of visited public areas was 382 where mask use behavior of 2,080 visitors and 1,510 staff were observed. The average prevalence of mask use among observed visitors was 96%, while the average prevalence of proper use was 86%. In 48% of the public areas, at least one improperly masked visitor was observed and in 17% at least one unmasked visitor was observed. The average prevalence of proper mask use among staff was 87%, similar to the average among visitors. However, the percentage of public areas where at least one improperly masked staff was observed was 33. Significant disparities in mask use and its proper use were observed among both visitors and staff by public area size, retail trade type, and geographical area. Observing unmasked and improperly masked visitors was more common in small (less than 1500 square feet) public areas than larger ones, specifically in food and grocery stores as compared to other retail stores. Also, the majority of the observed unmasked persons were male and middle-aged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed M. Karimi
- Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sonali S. Salunkhe
- Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Kelsey B. White
- Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Bert B. Little
- Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - W. Paul McKinney
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Riten Mitra
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - YuTing Chen
- Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Emily R. Adkins
- Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Julia A. Barclay
- Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Emmanuel Ezekekwu
- Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Caleb X. He
- Department of Political Science, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Dylan M. Hurst
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Martha M. Popescu
- Department of Anthropology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Devin N. Swinney
- Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - David A. Johnson
- Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Hollenbach
- Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sarah S. Moyer
- Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Natalie C. DuPré
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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Hollenbach R, Bindereif B, van der Schaaf U, Ochsenreither K, Syldatk C. Limiting factors and optimization of glycolipid synthesis in deep eutectic solvents. CHEM-ING-TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202055264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Hollenbach
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2: Technical Biology Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - B. Bindereif
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 1: Food Process Engineering Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - U. S. van der Schaaf
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 1: Food Process Engineering Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - K. Ochsenreither
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2: Technical Biology Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - C. Syldatk
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2: Technical Biology Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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9
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Hollenbach R, Völp AR, Höfert L, Rudat J, Ochsenreither K, Willenbacher N, Syldatk C. Interfacial and Foaming Properties of Tailor-Made Glycolipids-Influence of the Hydrophilic Head Group and Functional Groups in the Hydrophobic Tail. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173797. [PMID: 32825508 PMCID: PMC7504461 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids are a class of biodegradable surfactants less harmful to the environment than petrochemically derived surfactants. Here we discuss interfacial properties, foam stability, characterized in terms of transient foam height, gas volume fraction and bubble diameter as well as texture of seven enzymatically synthesized surfactants for the first time. Glycolipids consisting of different head groups, namely glucose, sorbitol, glucuronic acid and sorbose, combined with different C10 acyl chains, namely decanoate, dec-9-enoate and 4-methyl-nonanoate are compared. Equilibrium interfacial tension values vary between 24.3 and 29.6 mN/m, critical micelle concentration varies between 0.7 and 3.0 mM. In both cases highest values were found for the surfactants with unsaturated or branched tail groups. Interfacial elasticity and viscosity, however, were significantly reduced in these cases. Head and tail group both affect foam stability. Foams from glycolipids with sorbose and glucuronic acid derived head groups showed higher stability than those from surfactants with glucose head group, sorbitol provided lowest foam stability. We attribute this to different head group hydration also showing up in the time to reach equilibrium interfacial adsorption. Unsaturated tail groups reduced whereas branching enhanced foam stability compared to the systems with linear, saturated tail. Moreover, the tail group strongly influences foam texture. Glycolipids with unsaturated tail groups produced foams quickly collapsing even at smallest shear loads, whereas the branched tail group yielded a higher modulus than the linear tails. Normalized shear moduli for the systems with different head groups varied in a narrow range, with the highest value found for decylglucuronate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hollenbach
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (L.H.); (J.R.); (K.O.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+49-721-60846737
| | - Annika Ricarda Völp
- Applied Mechanics, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (A.R.V.); (N.W.)
| | - Ludwig Höfert
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (L.H.); (J.R.); (K.O.); (C.S.)
| | - Jens Rudat
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (L.H.); (J.R.); (K.O.); (C.S.)
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (L.H.); (J.R.); (K.O.); (C.S.)
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Applied Mechanics, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (A.R.V.); (N.W.)
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (L.H.); (J.R.); (K.O.); (C.S.)
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10
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Hollenbach R, Ochsenreither K, Syldatk C. Enzymatic Synthesis of Glucose Monodecanoate in a Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124342. [PMID: 32570792 PMCID: PMC7352255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmentally friendly and biodegradable reaction media are an important part of a sustainable glycolipid production in the transition to green chemistry. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are an ecofriendly alternative to organic solvents. So far, only hydrophilic DESs were considered for enzymatic glycolipid synthesis. In this study, a hydrophobic DES consisting of (-)-menthol and decanoic acid is presented for the first time as an alternative to hydrophilic DES. The yields in the newly introduced hydrophobic DES are significantly higher than in hydrophilic DESs. Different reaction parameters were investigated to optimize the synthesis further. Twenty milligrams per milliliter iCalB and 0.5 M glucose resulted in the highest initial reaction velocity for the esterification reaction, while the highest initial reaction velocity was achieved with 1.5 M glucose in the transesterification reaction. The enzyme was proven to be reusable for at least five cycles without significant loss of activity.
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11
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Hollenbach R, Bindereif B, van der Schaaf US, Ochsenreither K, Syldatk C. Optimization of Glycolipid Synthesis in Hydrophilic Deep Eutectic Solvents. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:382. [PMID: 32432093 PMCID: PMC7214929 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids are considered an alternative to petrochemically based surfactants because they are non-toxic, biodegradable, and less harmful to the environment while having comparable surface-active properties. They can be produced chemically or enzymatically in organic solvents or in deep eutectic solvents (DES) from renewable resources. DES are non-flammable, non-volatile, biodegradable, and almost non-toxic. Unlike organic solvents, sugars are easily soluble in hydrophilic DES. However, DES are highly viscous systems and restricted mass transfer is likely to be a major limiting factor for their application. Limiting factors for glycolipid synthesis in DES are not generally well understood. Therefore, the influence of external mass transfer, fatty acid concentration, and distribution on initial reaction velocity in two hydrophilic DES (choline:urea and choline:glucose) was investigated. At agitation speeds of and higher than 60 rpm, the viscosity of both DES did not limit external mass transfer. Fatty acid concentration of 0.5 M resulted in highest initial reaction velocity while higher concentrations had negative effects. Fatty acid accessibility was identified as a limiting factor for glycolipid synthesis in hydrophilic DES. Mean droplet sizes of fatty acid-DES emulsions can be significantly decreased by ultrasonic pretreatment resulting in significantly increased initial reaction velocity and yield (from 0.15 ± 0.03 μmol glucose monodecanoate/g DES to 0.57 ± 0.03 μmol/g) in the choline: urea DES. The study clearly indicates that fatty acid accessibility is a limiting factor in enzymatic glycolipid synthesis in DES. Furthermore, it was shown that physical pretreatment of fatty acid-DES emulsions is mandatory to improve the availability of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hollenbach
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Chair of Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin Bindereif
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences I: Chair of Food Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ulrike S. van der Schaaf
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences I: Chair of Food Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Chair of Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II: Chair of Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Gorte O, Hollenbach R, Papachristou I, Steinweg C, Silve A, Frey W, Syldatk C, Ochsenreither K. Evaluation of Downstream Processing, Extraction, and Quantification Strategies for Single Cell Oil Produced by the Oleaginous Yeasts Saitozyma podzolica DSM 27192 and Apiotrichum porosum DSM 27194. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:355. [PMID: 32391350 PMCID: PMC7193083 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Single cell oil (SCO) produced by oleaginous yeasts is considered as a sustainable source for biodiesel and oleochemicals since its production does not compete with food or feed and high yields can be obtained from a wide variety of carbon sources, e.g., acetate or lignocellulose. Downstream processing is still costly preventing the broader application of SCO. Direct transesterification of freeze-dried biomass is widely used for analytical purposes and for biodiesel production but it is energy intensive and, therefore, expensive. Additionally, only fatty acid esters are produced limiting the subsequent applications. The harsh conditions applied during direct esterification might also damage high-value polyunsaturated fatty acids. Unfortunately, universal downstream strategies effective for all yeast species do not exist and methods have to be developed for each yeast species due to differences in cell wall composition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate three industrially relevant cell disruption methods combined with three extraction systems for the SCO extraction of two novel, unconventional oleaginous yeasts, Saitozyma podzolica DSM 27192 and Apiotrichum porosum DSM 27194, based on cell disruption efficiency, lipid yield, and oil quality. Bead milling (BM) and high pressure homogenization (HPH) were effective cell disruption methods in contrast to sonification. By combining HPH (95% cell disruption efficiency) with ethanol-hexane-extraction 46.9 ± 4.4% lipid/CDW of S. podzolica were obtained which was 2.7 times higher than with the least suitable combination (ultrasound + Folch). A. porosum was less affected by cell disruption attempts. Here, the highest disruption efficiency was 74% after BM and the most efficient lipid recovery method was direct acidic transesterification (27.2 ± 0.5% fatty acid methyl esters/CDW) after freeze drying. The study clearly indicates cell disruption is the decisive step for SCO extraction. At disruption efficiencies of >90%, lipids can be extracted at high yields, whereas at lower cell disruption efficiencies, considerable amounts of lipids will not be accessible for extraction regardless of the solvents used. Furthermore, it was shown that hexane-ethanol which is commonly used for extraction of algal lipids is also highly efficient for yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gorte
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rebecca Hollenbach
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ioannis Papachristou
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christian Steinweg
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 3: Bioprocess Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Aude Silve
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Gille A, Hollenbach R, Trautmann A, Gomez MR, Krüger R, Bischoff SC, Posten C, Briviba K. Lipophilic compounds, but not fucoxanthin, mediate the genotoxic effect of photoautotrophic grown Phaeodactylum tricornutum in Caco-2 and HT-29 cells. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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14
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Gille A, Hollenbach R, Trautmann A, Posten C, Briviba K. Effect of sonication on bioaccessibility and cellular uptake of carotenoids from preparations of photoautotrophic Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Food Res Int 2017; 118:40-48. [PMID: 30898351 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
With regard to its cost-effective cultivation and the composition of high-value nutrients, the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) attracts interest for the use in human nutrition. Besides a number of important nutrients, it is rich in carotenoids. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential of P. tricornutum as a carotenoid source for human nutrition. In photoautotrophically produced P. tricornutum biomass the carotenoid constitution, bioaccessibility (in vitro digestion model) and cellular uptake in differentiated Caco-2 cells (Transwell model system) was determined. Furthermore, the influence of sonication on these parameters was investigated. The results indicate that β-carotene, zeaxanthin and fucoxanthin were the main carotenoids found in P. tricornutum. Moreover, these carotenoids showed a good bioaccessibility (β-carotene: 25%, zeaxanthin: 27%, fucoxanthin: 57%), which is further improved by sonication for β-carotene and fucoxanthin. In line with the good bioaccessibility, fucoxanthin was the most abundant carotenoid in Caco-2 cells followed by zeaxanthin. In contrast, β-carotene could not be detected in the cells. The present study demonstrated that P. tricornutum represents a good source of carotenoids, particularly fucoxanthin. Thus, this diatom can contribute to the intake of bioaccessible carotenoids, even without processing. In addition, sonication might be a useful tool to improve the carotenoid bioaccessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gille
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Karlsruhe.
| | - Rebecca Hollenbach
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Karlsruhe
| | - Andreas Trautmann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences III Bioprocess Engineering, Karlsruhe
| | - Clemens Posten
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences III Bioprocess Engineering, Karlsruhe
| | - Karlis Briviba
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Karlsruhe
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Jain P, Nehra A, Hollenbach R, Sagar D, Callen S, Yao H, Buch S, Khan Z, Byrareddy S. Trafficking of conventional dendritic cells into the central nervous system in response to SIV and Morphine creating viral reservoir in follicular DC within cervical lymph nodes of rhesus macaques (VIR9P.1146). The Journal of Immunology 2015. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.215.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Neuroinvasion by HIV leads to neurocognitive diseases and alters the permeability of the BBB. Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) infiltrating the CNS can potentially encounter HIV from infected perivascular macrophages lining the BBB. They can thereafter carry HIV to cervical lymph nodes (CxLNs), where HIV particles will be transmitted to CD4 T cells and eventually get trapped in CD35+ follicular DCs (fDCs) to create a viral reservoir within the germinal centers. HIV patients using drugs of abuse such as morphine can further compromise the BBB and enhance infectivity of the CNS. Research demonstrating the presence and role of DCs in the CNS and lymphoid organs during HIV infection has not well established. In this respect, we explored the presence of DCs in the brain parenchyma and CxLNs of rhesus macaques infected with SIV and administered with morphine. Cells positive for cDC markers were consistently found in the brain parenchyma of SIV-infected macaques and enhanced within infected macaques given morphine. Examination of CxLNs in SIV-infected macaques confirmed presence of SIV p27+ cDCs, and CD4+ T-cells entering CD20+ germinal centers further trapping of virus within CD35+ fDCs. Ongoing studies are assessing the effect of SIV chronic infection and Morphine on fDC viral entrapment. These results provide first evidence of DC trafficking and containment of SIV particles within fDCs of cervical lymph nodes in the context of NeuroAIDS vis-à-vis drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Jain
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Artinder Nehra
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rebecca Hollenbach
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Divya Sagar
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shannon Callen
- 2Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Honghong Yao
- 2Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Shilpa Buch
- 2Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Zafar Khan
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Siddappa Byrareddy
- 3Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Hollenbach R, Sagar D, Khan ZK, Hegde R, Callen S, Yao H, Shirazi J, Buch S, Jain P. Erratum to: Effect of morphine and SIV on dendritic cell trafficking into the central nervous system of rhesus macaques. J Neurovirol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Hollenbach R, Sagar D, Khan ZK, Callen S, Yao H, Shirazi J, Buch S, Jain P. Effect of morphine and SIV on dendritic cell trafficking into the central nervous system of rhesus macaques. J Neurovirol 2013; 20:175-83. [PMID: 23943466 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment of immune cells such as monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been documented in diseases involving neuroinflammation. Neuroinvasion by HIV leads to neurocognitive diseases and alters the permeability of the BBB. Likewise, many HIV patients use drugs of abuse such as morphine, which can further compromise the BBB. While the role of monocytes and macrophages in neuroAIDS is well established, research demonstrating the presence and role of DCs in the CNS during HIV infection has not been developed yet. In this respect, this study explored the presence of DCs in the brain parenchyma of rhesus macaques infected with a neurovirulent form of SIV (SIV mac239 R71/17E) and administered with morphine. Cells positive for DC markers including CD11c (integrin), macDC-SIGN (dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin), CD83 (a maturation factor), and HLA-DR (MHC class II) were consistently found in the brain parenchyma of SIV-infected macaques as well as infected macaques on morphine. Control animals did not exhibit any DC presence in their brains. These results provide first evidence of DCs' relevance in NeuroAIDS vis-à-vis drugs of abuse and open new avenues of understanding and investigative HIV-CNS inflictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hollenbach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
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