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Andrade AKDS, de Franca MNF, Santos JF, Macêdo NA, de Lucca Junior W, Scher R, Cavalcanti SCDH, Corrêa CB. Anti-migratory and cytotoxic effect of indole derivative in C6 glioma cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 96:105786. [PMID: 38301920 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Gliomas are among the most common primary malignant brain tumors. Despite advances in cancer treatment, survival is very low, so the discovery of new therapeutic agents is essential. In this context, indole is an important source for the development of new bioactive molecules. A pharmacological screening of ten indole derivatives was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxic capacity against three tumor cell lines. After pharmacological screening, three compounds were selected, based on their high capacity to reduce cell proliferation, and their IC50 values were determined. Compound 9 exhibited the highest cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 0.4 μg/mL) in gliomas (C6 cell line), and were selected for further experiments. C6 cells were treated with compound 9 to evaluate cellular mechanisms such as colony formation and cell migration capacity and morphological alterations. Compound 9 decreased clone formation (0.4 and 0.8 μg/mL), and inhibited migration (0.2-0.8 μg/mL) in C6 cells. Morphological changes in cells treated with the compound 9 were also observed, such as chromatin condensation, and disorganization in cellular stress beams. Indole derivatives had a cytotoxic effect on tumor cells, and compound 9 showed the best anti-proliferative and anti-migratory activity in glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karolina de Souza Andrade
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil; Morphology Department, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Mariana Nobre Farias de Franca
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Morphology Department, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Jileno Ferreira Santos
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil; Morphology Department, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Scher
- Morphology Department, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiane Bani Corrêa
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil; Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Morphology Department, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
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da Silva Nascimento M, Dos Santos PH, de Abreu FF, Shan AYKV, Amaral RG, Andrade LN, Souto EB, Santos MIS, de Souza Graça A, Souza JB, Raimundo E Silva JP, Tavares JF, de Oliveira E Silva AM, Correa CB, Montalvão MM, Piacente S, Pizza C, Camargo EA, Dos Santos Estevam C. Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Brazilian pepper) leaves extract: in vitro and in vivo evidence of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:2505-2519. [PMID: 37639162 PMCID: PMC10518276 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of ethyl acetate extract obtained from the leaves of Brazilian peppertree Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (EAELSt). Total phenols and flavonoids, chemical constituents, in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH and lipoperoxidation assays), and cytotoxicity in L929 fibroblasts were determined. In vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties were evaluated using TPA-induced ear inflammation model in mice. Phenol and flavonoid contents were 19.2 ± 0.4 and 93.8 ± 5.2 of gallic acid or quercetin equivalents/g, respectively. LC-MS analysis identified 43 compounds, of which myricetin-O-pentoside and quercetin-O-rhamnoside were major peaks of chromatogram. Incubation with EAELSt decreased the amount of DPPH radical (EC50 of 54.5 ± 2.4 µg/mL) and lipoperoxidation at 200-500 µg/mL. The incubation with EAELSt did not change fibroblast viability up to 100 µg/mL. Topical treatment with EAELSt significantly reduced edema and myeloperoxidase activity at 0.3, 1, and 3 mg/ear when compared to the vehicle-treated group. In addition, EAELSt decreased IL-6 and TNF-α levels and increased IL-10 levels. Besides, it modulated markers of oxidative stress (reduced total hydroperoxides and increased sulfhydryl contents and ferrium reduction potential) and increased the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase, without altering GPx activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel da Silva Nascimento
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
| | - Péligris H Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
| | - Fabiula F de Abreu
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
| | - Andrea Y K V Shan
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
| | - Ricardo G Amaral
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil.
| | - Luciana N Andrade
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
| | - Eliana B Souto
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Matheus I S Santos
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
| | - Ariel de Souza Graça
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
| | - Jesica B Souza
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
| | - Joanda P Raimundo E Silva
- Health Sciences Center, Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, 58051-970, Brazil
| | - Josean F Tavares
- Health Sciences Center, Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, 58051-970, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiane B Correa
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
| | - Monalisa M Montalvão
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
| | - Sonia Piacente
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Study of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Cosimo Pizza
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Study of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Enilton A Camargo
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
| | - Charles Dos Santos Estevam
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
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Fotsing SI, Ngo Pambe JC, Silihe KK, Yembeau NL, Choupo A, Njamen D, Pieme CA, Zingue S. Breast cancer cell growth arrest and chemopreventive effects of Passiflora edulis Sims (Passifloraceae) ethanolic leaves extract on a rat model of mammary carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 311:116408. [PMID: 36966851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Despite various prevention and treatment measures, the incidence and mortality due to breast cancer has been increasing globally. Passiflora edulis Sims is a plant used for the treatment of various diseases in traditional medicine, including cancers. AIM OF THE STUDY To assess the anti-breast cancer activity of the ethanolic extract of P. edulis leaves in vitro and in vivo. MATERIAL AND METHODS In vitro, the cell growth and proliferation were determined based on the MTT and BrdU assays. The flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell death mechanism while, cell migration, cell adhesion and chemotaxis were assayed for anti-metastatic potential. In vivo, 56 female Wistar rats aged 45-50 days (∼75 g) were exposed to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-DMBA except the normal group. Negative control group (DMBA) received solvent dilution throughout the study; standards groups (tamoxifen - 3.3 mg/kg BW and letrozole - 1 mg/kg BW) as well as P. edulis leaves ethanolic extract groups (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) treated for 20 weeks. Tumor incidence, tumor burden and volume, CA 15-3 serum' level, antioxidant, inflammatory status and histopathology were assessed. RESULTS P. edulis extract showed a significant and concentration-dependent inhibition of MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 cells growth at 100 μg/mL. It inhibited cell proliferation and clones' formation and induced apoptosis in MDA-MB 231 cells. The migration of cell into the zone freed of cells and the number of invading cells after the 48 and 72 h were significantly diminished while, it increased their adherence to collagen and fibronectin extracellular matrix as does Doxorubicin. In vivo, all rats in the DMBA group exhibited a significant (p < 0.001) increase in tumor volume, tumor burden and grade (adenocarcinoma of SBR III) and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-6 and IL-12). P. edulis extract at all tested doses significantly inhibited the DMBA-induced increase in tumor incidence, tumor burden and grade (SBR I) as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, it increased enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, catalase, and GSH) and decreased MDA levels although a greater effect was observed with Tamoxifen and Letrozole. P. edulis has medium content on polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins. CONCLUSION P. edulis has chemo-preventive effects against DMBA-induced breast cancer in rats probably through its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and apoptosis-inducing potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorelle Ines Fotsing
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Judith Christiane Ngo Pambe
- Department of Morphological Sciences and Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Garoua, P.O. Box 317, Garoua, Cameroon.
| | - Kevine Kamga Silihe
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Pharmacotoxicology and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 1364, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Natacha Lena Yembeau
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 1364, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Armand Choupo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Dieudonné Njamen
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Constant Anatole Pieme
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 1364, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Stéphane Zingue
- Department of Pharmacotoxicology and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 1364, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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Santos SA, Amaral RG, Graça AS, Gomes SVF, Santana FP, de Oliveira IB, Andrade LN, Severino P, de Albuquerque-Júnior RLC, Santos SL, Souto EB, Carvalho AA. Antitumor Profile of Combined Matricaria recutita Flower Extract and 5-Fluorouracil Chemotherapy in Sarcoma 180 In Vivo Model. TOXICS 2023; 11:375. [PMID: 37112602 PMCID: PMC10141557 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been commonly associated with chemotherapeutic treatments, as an approach to reduce the toxicological risks of classical anticancer drugs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of combining the antineoplastic drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with Matricaria recutita flowers extract (MRFE) to treat mice transplanted with sarcoma 180. Tumor inhibition, body and visceral mass variation, biochemical, hematological, and histopathological parameters were evaluated. The isolated 5-FU, 5-FU+MRFE 100 mg/kg/day, and 5-FU+MRFE 200 mg/kg/day reduced tumor growth; however, 5-FU+MRFE 200 mg/kg/day showed a more significant tumor reduction when compared to 5-FU alone. These results corroborated with the analysis of the tumor histopathological and immunodetection of the Ki67 antigen. In the toxicological analysis of the association 5-FU+MRFE 200 mg/kg/day, an intense loss of body mass was observed, possibly as a result of diarrhea. In addition, spleen atrophy, with a reduction in white pulp, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, was observed in the 5-FU groups alone and associated with MRFE 200 mg/kg/day; however, there was no statistical difference between these groups. Therefore, the MRFE 200 mg/kg/day did not interfere in myelosuppressive action of 5-FU. In hematological analysis, body and visceral mass variation and biochemical parameters related to renal (urea and creatinine) and cardiac (CK-MB) function, no alteration was observed. In biochemical parameters related to liver function enzymes, there was a reduction in aspartate transaminase (AST) values in the 5-FU groups alone and associated with MRFE 200 mg/kg/day; however, there was no statistical difference between these groups. Therefore, the MRFE 200 mg/kg/day does not appear to influence enzyme reduction. The results of this study suggest that the association between the 5-FU+MRFE 200 can positively interfere with the antitumor activity, promoting the antineoplastic-induced reduction in body mass, while minimizing the toxicity of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Santos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão CEP 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo G. Amaral
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão CEP 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Ariel S. Graça
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão CEP 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Silvana V. F. Gomes
- Institute de Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University, Aracaju CEP 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Fabrício P. Santana
- Institute de Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University, Aracaju CEP 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Iza B. de Oliveira
- Department of Medicine, Campus of Lagarto, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto CEP 49400-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana N. Andrade
- Department of Medicine, Campus of Lagarto, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto CEP 49400-000, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Severino
- Institute de Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University, Aracaju CEP 49100-000, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra L. Santos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão CEP 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Adriana A. Carvalho
- Department of Pharmacy, Campus of Lagarto, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto CEP 49400-000, Brazil
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How Should the Worldwide Knowledge of Traditional Cancer Healing Be Integrated with Herbs and Mushrooms into Modern Molecular Pharmacology? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070868. [PMID: 35890166 PMCID: PMC9320176 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional herbal medicine (THM) is a “core” from which modern medicine has evolved over time. Besides this, one third of people worldwide have no access to modern medicine and rely only on traditional medicine. To date, drugs of plant origin, or their derivates (paclitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, etoposide, camptothecin, topotecan, irinotecan, and omacetaxine), are very important in the therapy of malignancies and they are included in most chemotherapeutic regimes. To date, 391,000 plant and 14,000 mushroom species exist. Their medical and biochemical capabilities have not been studied in detail. In this review, we systematized the information about plants and mushrooms, as well as their active compounds with antitumor properties. Plants and mushrooms are divided based on the regions where they are used in ethnomedicine to treat malignancies. The majority of their active compounds with antineoplastic properties and mechanisms of action are described. Furthermore, on the basis of the available information, we divided them into two priority groups for research and for their potential of use in antitumor therapy. As there are many prerequisites and some examples how THM helps and strengthens modern medicine, finally, we discuss the positive points of THM and the management required to transform and integrate THM into the modern medicine practice.
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Al-Rajhi AMH, Yahya R, Abdelghany TM, Fareid MA, Mohamed AM, Amin BH, Masrahi AS. Anticancer, Anticoagulant, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Thevetia peruviana Latex with Molecular Docking of Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103165. [PMID: 35630642 PMCID: PMC9145871 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural origin molecules represent reliable and excellent sources to overcome some medicinal problems. The study of anticancer, anticoagulant, and antimicrobial activities of Thevetia peruviana latex were the aim of the current research. An investigation using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that the major content of the flavonoids are rutin (11.45 µg/mL), quersestin (7.15 µg/mL), naringin (5.25 µg/mL), and hisperdin (6.07 µg/mL), while phenolic had chlorogenic (12.39 µg/mL), syringenic (7.45 µg/mL), and ferulic (5.07 µg/mL) acids in latex of T. peruviana. Via 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, the experiment demonstrated that latex had a potent antioxidant activity with the IC50 43.9 µg/mL for scavenging DPPH. Hemolysis inhibition was 58.5% at 1000 µg/mL of latex compared with 91.0% at 200 µg/mL of indomethacin as positive control. Negligible anticoagulant properties of latex were reported where the recorded time was 11.9 s of prothrombin time (PT) and 29.2 s of the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) at 25 µg/mL, compared with the same concentration of heparin (PT 94.6 s and APPT 117.7 s). The anticancer potential of latex was recorded against PC-3 (97.11% toxicity) and MCF-7 (96.23% toxicity) at 1000 μg/mL with IC50 48.26 μg/mL and 40.31 µg/mL, respectively. Disc diffusion assessment for antimicrobial activity recorded that the most sensitive tested microorganisms to latex were Bacillus subtilis followed by Escherichia coli, with an inhibition zone (IZ) of 31 mm with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (10.2 μg/mL) and 30 mm (MIC, 12.51 μg/mL), respectively. Moreover, Candida albicans was sensitive (IZ, 28 mm) to latex, unlike black fungus (Mucor circinelloides). TEM examination exhibited ultrastructure changes in cell walls and cell membranes of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa treated with latex. Energy scores of the molecular docking of chlorogenic acid with E. coli DNA (7C7N), and Rutin with human prostate-specific antigen (3QUM) and breast cancer-associated protein (1JNX), result in excellent harmony with the experimental results. The outcome of research recommended that the latex is rich in constituents and considered a promising source that contributes to fighting cancer and pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha M. H. Al-Rajhi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Reham Yahya
- Medical Microbiology, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia;
- King Abduallah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek M. Abdelghany
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11751, Egypt;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohamed A. Fareid
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11751, Egypt;
- Basic Science Department, Prep Year Deanship, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alawlaqi M. Mohamed
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.M.); (A.S.M.)
| | - Basma H. Amin
- The Regional Centre for Mycology and Biotechnology (RCMB), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11751, Egypt;
| | - Abdurrahman S. Masrahi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.M.); (A.S.M.)
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Stable reference gene selection for quantitative real-time PCR normalization in passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.). Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:5985-5995. [PMID: 35357624 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07382-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Passiflora edulis is a tropical fruit with high nutrient and medicinal values that is widely planted in southern China. However, the molecular biology of P. edulis has not been well studied. There are few reports regarding the choice of reference genes for gene expression studies of passion fruit. METHODS AND RESULTS By using three algorithms, implemented in geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper, we have selected ten candidate reference genes to explore their transcriptional expression stability in various tissues and under cold stress conditions. EF1 and HIS were stably expressed in five tissues. Ts and OTU were stably in vegetative organs. 50 S and Liom were stably in reproductive organs. The transcriptional abundance of EF1 and UBQ was stable in cold-treated and recovery treated leaf samples of P. edulis. In all samples, EF1 and Ts exhibited the highest expression stability. Evaluation of selected genes using simple statistical methods (ANOVA and post hoc analysis). Overall, EF1 emerged as the optimum reference gene for qRT-PCR normalize in P. edulis. In addition, the qRT-PCR analysis revealed that expression of ICE1 increases with the duration of cold treatment. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we successfully screened stable reference genes from 10 candidates in P. edulis and verified the results by analyzing the expression level of ICE1. The results provide reliable and effective reference genes for future research on gene expression analysis in P. edulis, and lay a foundation for follow-up research on functional genes in P. edulis.
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